基于社区发展的单位制社区更新策略研究

单位制社区是我国单位社会下特有的产物,也是特定时期我国城市社会生活的缩影。改革开放以来,单位制社区面临物质环境老化和社会矛盾突出的双重压力。然而我国目前的更新实践多是针对社区物质环境的改善,忽视了社区发展问题,致使单位制社区的社会问题日益突出。基于单位制社区问题的复杂性,单位制社区的更新迫在眉睫。因此,本文在单位制社区更新中引入了社区发展的理念,提出了基于社区发展的单位制社区更新,并从物质环境、社会发展和实施保障三个层面提出了基于社区发的单位制社区更新策略。     

基于社区意识培育的高校单位制社区转型研究——以东南大学社区为例

在单位制社区转型过程中,社区意识问题出现在人们的视野中,并引起关注。该文以东南大学社区为例,重点分析高校单位制社区作为单位制社区的典型,单位型社区向现代社区转型过程中出现的社区意识淡薄的现象。通过对表征社区意识的指标进行分析,总结出高校单位制社区意识薄弱问题出现的原因,进而对转型后的社区意识培育提出可行性建议。     

中国体制转型背景下的单位制社区变迁

体制转型背景下的中国正在经历一场前所未有的城市变迁进程,即"城市转型"。单位制是中国计划经济体制下的基本统治体制,在城市层面表现的最为典型,构成计划经济体制下中国的基本城市管制体制。在城市层面上依据空间维度进行单位组织的划分,就得到了"单位制社区",这正是计划经济体制下中国城市的基本功能单元和管理单元。宏观的体制转型导致原有的"单位城市"发生新的剧变,新一轮的城市空间重构高潮开始。单位制社区的土地利用形态发生显著变化,"单位集体消费"逐渐解体,新形态的单位生活圈形成。     

哈尔滨市单位制社区韧性评价及提升策略研究

单位制社区对于东北老工业基地而言,不仅是居住的承载容器,更是城市的发展缩影.但自单位制解体后,在社会、生态的双重压力下,社区脆弱性增加,御灾能力下降.选取哈尔滨市内三个典型单位制社区为例,通过实地调研和问卷调查梳理其问题,总结韧性影响因素,运用主客观相结合的量化方法,构建单位制社区韧性评价体系,并分析结果,提出韧性提升策略.     

上海城乡结合部社区管理的考察与研究

上海在迈向21世纪,建设现代化国际大都市过程中,实现城市市容与卫生的现代化管理是一个重要标志。从地域空间角度看,城乡结合部社区的环境卫生整治应作为战略重点。本文认为,城乡结合部是一个城乡交融的过渡地带,是一个充满活力和矛盾的地域空间。调查表明,这一被称之为“都市里的村庄”的特殊社区,在市容与环境卫生等方面存在许多问题,是一个制度性整合十分薄弱的社会空间。文章从体制、机制等方面进行了深层次的分析,并提出了合理调整行政区划,理顺管理机制,搞好社区规划,加强城乡结合部社区制度性、认同性整合和提高人口素质等综合整治的对策意见。     

城市更新中精准化的社区品质提升

从目前城市更新中社区品质提升所面临的问题出发,针对不同地域环境、不同地段特点、不同人群需求3个层级梳理当前社区更新面临的差异化问题。以此为基础提出“三层次六方面”的精准化更新思路,即在地域尺度评估城市经济发展水平、地域地理环境特点,在地段尺度分析不同地段历史价值和片区空间功能,在小区尺度满足居民生活环境改善需求和精神文化追求。最后以重庆市渝中区为例,探索精准化社区品质提升的方法实践。     

探寻符合社会原则的适宜性社区空间

探讨了社区空间的社会性,指出目前社区规划仅关注地域社区的培育与社会整合的宏观目标存在矛盾,提出了建立社区精神与社会规划相统一的社区规划理念和实现混合社区的"同质社区异质化"的解决途径,并探索了适宜的混合社区空间形态。     

面向生活圈空间绩效的社区公共绿地布局 优化——基于上海中心城区的实证研究

通过社区公共绿地空间绩效研究对已有的社区公共绿地布局在城市空间结构中的合理性进行评判。以上海市中心城区为例,从空间、数量和规模3个维度探讨了社区公共绿地空间绩效,通过对3个维度空间绩效测评结果进行深入分析,识别出上海中心城区低绩效的生活圈及其绩效低下的主要问题,以此为依据,最终从地域、规划对象和规划指标3个方面讨论社区公共绿地的布局优化。     

转型期城市社区空间组织的探究——基于实证研究的若干思考

首先从社会、经济、技术和体制四个方面对转型时期影响社区空间的主要因素进行分析。随后通过实证研究,在整体层面分析社区空间单元、空间单元分异和社区空间类型,在分地区层面定义核心地区、混合地区和城郊地区三个典型地域,并从住宅设施空间、居民属性、服务设施、环境景观、邻里意识六个方面进行比较分析,研究和揭示三个地区各自的空间特点和现状问题。最后分整体和地区两个层面,讨论转型时期城市社区发展的若干重要议题和策略建议。     

正在走近的小城镇社区服务业

计划经济背景下“单位制”已经逐渐被打破,各项服务的载体则逐渐从单位过渡到了一个个微型的社区。而随着城镇化步伐的加快,我国小城镇在经济规模、人口数量、产业带动力等方面发生了重要变化。与此相适应,小城镇基层社区的功能及其实现方式也在发生变化,社区服务业正在走近小城镇居民的日常生活。因此,研究新形势下小城镇社区服务业的发展趋势,探索其发展规律,对广大社区工作者具有很强的指导意义。小城镇社区服务业发展现状改革开放以来,乡镇企业突飞猛进、人民生活水平逐步提高、城镇化进程不断加快、小城镇社区数量规模迅速扩展,这些都…     

REFRAMING COMMUNITY PRACTICE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: MULTIPLE TRADITIONS,MULTIPLE CHALLENGES

ABSTRACT: “Community” in the twenty‐first century seems to be everywhere and nowhere. On the one hand, the rhetoric of community is omnipresent, as nonprofit organizations, civic associations, government agencies, and even multinational corporate entities routinely describe their activities to be community‐oriented. On the other hand, community in the broader sense of shared interests or solidarities appears to be under unrelenting attack, challenged by sociopolitical forces and intellectual currents that point toward more fragmented social orders. Locating community as a particular field of practice poses similar dilemmas. This article summarizes the broad outlines of the history of “community organization” in the United States, emphasizing both its multiple traditions and the enduring nature of its practical and strategic dilemmas. It provides an analysis of the key intellectual and social challenges facing the field and the different kinds of pressures they may be exerting on the different traditions of community action. Finally, it suggests four “boundary‐crossing” areas of activity that cut across the inherited traditions and may represent emerging sources of innovation for community‐based action.     

大都市社区公共服务设施供给研究——基于“三三制”的体系构建

大都市区中心和外围空间一体化演化过程中,社区空间和人口结构急剧变化,社区公共服务设施供给面临挑战。本文从设施供给全过程,构建了以“建控用”为核心,“三阶段贯通,三条线协同”的“三三制”大都市区社区服务设施供给体系,强调“全覆盖供给、全环节管控、全周期运营”框架。结合常州新北区进行实证校验,探讨都市区社区服务设施供给体系的转型。供给环节应结合居民需求,明确分类设施供给标准、供给主体和空间模式,保障设施供给的公平性;管控环节要优化专项规划和控规规划编制,加强实旅过程的环节控制,保障空间供给的有效性;运营环节推进社区规划和社区规划师制度建设,建构监管与沟通并重的运营管理机制,提高社区设施供需匹配效率。     

FROM TOXIC TOURS TO GROWING THE GRASSROOTS: TENSIONS IN CRITICAL PEDAGOGY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT: Structural inequalities in American public education are inextricably tied to deep‐seated patterns of racial and economic segregation. Children in poor neighborhoods are less likely to have the household resources, neighborhood institutions, or school amenities necessary for a good, challenging education. In response, a growing number of organizations have launched initiatives to simultaneously revitalize neighborhoods and improve public education, emphasizing youth participation as an essential component in their efforts. We draw upon ethnographic data from two such organizations to examine their practice of place‐based critical pedagogy in community development. We focus on how they engage marginalized, “hard‐to‐reach” youth via (1) experiential learning, to counter high‐stakes testing models and cultivate a sense of ownership in the local community, and (2) empowered deliberative action, in contextualized ways. The tensions embedded in these organizations’ complex efforts have implications for other groups of marginalized youth engaged in community development, especially in their attempts to help students gain concrete outcomes in community development and achieve long‐term sustainability.     

CAN COMMUNITY AND EDUCATION ORGANIZING IMPROVE INNER‐CITY SCHOOLS?

ABSTRACT: Traditional community organizing processes and tactics are being applied throughout American cities in order to transform inner‐city public schools. This paper utilizes a theory of change to demonstrate how the growing “education organizing” movement seeks to improve both schools and communities by focusing on problem issues, cultivating social capital, developing indigenous leaders, building power, and demanding greater public accountability. We apply a series of indicators to highlight both community and school outcomes achieved by a variety of groups to date, with a case study of several local affiliates of the national Industrial Areas Foundation. Specifically, we find that education organizing has made a qualitative difference in the lives of students, parents, teachers, and school administrators; this process has turned former adversaries into allies for change. However, certain school outcomes, such as increased student achievement, and advancements in curriculum and instruction, are lagging behind expectations. Overall, education organizing achievements stand out significantly against the backdrop of urban disinvestment, poverty, and segregation. Importantly, while education organizing flows from overall community organizing, successes in schooling help overall community development efforts.     

ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND ITS IMPACT ON COMMUNITY SOCIAL COHESION AND NEIGHBORLY EXCHANGE

Putnam's “constrict theory” suggests that ethnic diversity creates challenges for developing and sustaining social capital in urban settings. He argues that diversity decreases social cohesion and reduces social interactions among community residents. While Putnam's thesis is the subject of much debate in North America, the United Kingdom, and Europe, there is a limited focus on how ethnic diversity impacts upon social cohesion and neighborly exchange behaviors in Australia. Employing multilevel modeling and utilizing administrative and survey data from 4,000 residents living in 148 Brisbane suburbs, we assess whether ethnic diversity lowers social cohesion and increases “hunkering.” Our findings indicate that social cohesion and neighborly exchange are attenuated in ethnically diverse suburbs. However, diversity is less consequential for neighborly exchange among immigrants when compared to the general population. Our results provide at least partial support for Putnam's thesis.     

COMMUNITY INPUT AND THE CITY BUDGET: GEOGRAPHICALLY BASED BUDGETING IN NEW YORK CITY

This article examines decentralization in New York City by analyzing that city's recent experiences with community based budgeting. Specifically, using budgetary data from fiscal years 1982 through 1985, the research addresses the spatial a location of capital budget projects among New York's fifty-nine community districts each of which is represented by a community board. Borrowing from the literature on intra-city variations in the distribution of public services, we examine whether “success rates” in having local budget priorities accepted for inclusion in the city's capital budget are functions of the racial and/or economic characteristics of the community districts. Alternatively, borrowing from organizational theory, we address the same issue from the perspective of community boards' interorganizational relationships. The findings indicate that although each emphasis…social area and interorganizational…contributes independently to our understanding of spatial variations concerning local budget priorities, the latter is a more important factor than the former.     

上海城市社区的发展与规划研究

上海的社区建设大体经历三个发展阶段 :开展社区服务 ,创建文明社区 ,推行“两级政府 ,三级管理”新体制。上海的社区建设、规划多以“街道”为地域单元 ,社区规划的内容比较广泛。随着建设国际化大都市的迅速推进 ,上海的社区建设规划将纳入国民经济发展计划和城市总体规划 ;包括人文社会科学和规划、建筑、艺术等学科在内的广大科学工作者应积极参与规划工作。     

上海城市社区的发展与规划研究

上海的社区建设大体经历三个发展阶段:开展社区服务,创建文明社区,推行"两级政府,三级管理"新体制.上海的社区建设、规划多以"街道"为地域单元,社区规划的内容比较广泛.随着建设国际化大都市的迅速推进,上海的社区建设规划将纳入国民经济发展计划和城市总体规划;包括人文社会科学和规划、建筑、艺术等学科在内的广大科学工作者应积极参与规划工作.     

采空区群的亚稳定“短板”单元甄别

尝试性的提出模态分析甄别方法,甄别金属矿采空区群的亚稳定"短板"单元。通过构建单元损伤与空区群结构模态参数之间的关系式,研究各单元的影响权值,评价空区各单元对群落整体稳定的影响。利用数值方法计算的应力、位移变化值,校验甄别结果。空区单元要素的分析结果表明,体积小、规整的空区影响权值小;体积大、围岩约束少的空区影响权值大,是系统亚稳定"短板"单元。间(顶)柱单元要素的分析结果表明,随着深度的增加,间柱对采空区群整体稳定性的影响逐渐增大,顶柱的影响则逐渐减小;浅部开采时,亚稳定"短板"单元多为顶柱,深部开采时,亚稳定"短板"单元多为间柱。该方法为甄别采空区群亚稳定"短板"单元提供了一条新的思路。