一种灌溉施肥新方法

1非水溶性肥料灌溉施肥技术的开发背景 灌溉施肥是指肥料随同灌溉水进入田间的过程,是施肥技术和灌溉技术有机结合的一项新技术,可以大幅度提高灌溉水与化学肥料的利用效率。     

腐植酸改良剂对棚菜硝酸盐含量及产量的影响

对芹菜、萝卜两种蔬菜进行田间改良试验。结果表明,腐植酸改良剂-灌溉型和腐植酸改良剂-喷施型对降低芹菜、萝卜中硝酸盐含量均达到极显著水平,NPK化肥对降低硝酸盐作用显著,改良效果腐植酸改良剂-灌溉型>腐植酸改良剂-喷施型>NPK化肥;供试蔬菜内硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶(NR)的活性呈负相关,腐植酸改良剂-灌溉型最强,其余依次减弱;增产效果明显,腐植酸改良剂-灌溉型>NPK化肥>腐植酸改良剂-喷施型>不施肥。芹菜腐植酸改良剂-灌溉型、腐植酸改良剂-喷施型、NPK化肥处理与不施肥处理均达到极显著差异水平;萝卜腐植酸改良剂-灌溉型处理较NPK化肥、腐植酸改良剂-喷施型、不施肥处理分别增产7.92%、18.94%、28.08%,各处理之间均达到差异显著水平。     

水稻田中氮元素迁移规律研究

以汉中水稻田为研究对象,定期采集某水稻田不同深度的土样和水样,测定土样水解性氮含量和水样总氮含量,分析水稻田氮元素分布迁移规律.结论为：1.水稻田0-10cm土壤水溶性氮含量受施肥和降雨天气的影响不大,而10-15cm土壤水溶性氮含量受施肥和降雨影响较大.2.施肥后,水样中氮元素含量迅速增大;遇到降雨后,水样中氮元素含量迅速降低建议施肥前关注天气变化,合理施肥,减少化肥的损失率.     

聚乙二醇支载紫杉醇给药系统的制备与抗癌活性

利用紫杉醇分子中2′-羟基较高的反应活性,将紫杉醇连接到经氨基酸修饰后的水溶性聚乙二醇（PEG）分子上,制得了新型紫杉醇给药系统（DDS）,测定了DDS的水溶性、紫杉醇含量及体外抗肿瘤活性.研究表明,此类系统水溶性良好（达紫杉醇的200～400倍）,对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞和非小细胞肺癌PG细胞有很强的抑制作用,效果与紫杉醇相当,表明上述方法是解决紫杉醇水溶性及给药方式问题的可能方法之一.     

生物絮凝剂ZL 5-2的絮凝特性研究

ZL 5-2是土壤杆菌M-503产生的一种新型生物絮凝剂。经组分分析和薄层层析分析,表明ZL 5-2是一种含有少量蛋白的多糖类物质。通过对絮凝活性影响因素的研究,发现Ca2+,Ba2+,Mg2+,Mn2+及A l3+对絮凝活性具有促进作用,其中Ca2+助凝效果最好;ZL 5-2在pH值为6—12下保持很高絮凝活性,耐碱性良好;ZL 5-2在4—121℃下保留了绝大部分的絮凝活性,表现出良好的热稳定性;胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、三氯乙酸及α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、-β1,4葡聚糖酶等糖苷酶作用于ZL 5-2,对絮凝活性均无明显影响;-β1,3葡聚糖酶可降解ZL 5-2中的多糖物质,但对絮凝活性无明显影响。     

开封产3种白色菊花提取物的抗氧化活性

采用清除二苯代苦味肼基(DPPH)自由基、清除[2,2′-连氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐](ABTS)自由基及铁离子还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP)测定法,对开封产的3种白色菊花(兼六香白、国华万胜及白玉带)不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化活性进行了评价,将所测定结果与水溶性维生素E(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid,Trolox)及阳性对照二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)进行了比较。结果表明,3种菊花的不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性不同。同一种菊花的甲醇提取物具有很好清除DPPH自由基和还原铁离子的能力,而石油醚提取物几乎无活性。菊花的3个品种中,兼六香白和国华万胜的抗氧化活性较好,其活性远远超过白玉带的抗氧化活性。9个提取物中,兼六香白的甲醇提取物总的抗氧化活性最好。它对DPPH自由基的清除能力(IC50值为20.49 mg/L)比BHT(IC50值为18.92 mg/L)作用略低;其还原Fe3+的能力(FRAP值为731.73±1.77μmol TE/g)比BHT(1 581.68±97.41μmol TE/g)作用低1/2。3种方法测定结果基本一致,其中以DPPH法和FRAP法相关性最好(R=0.982 0)。     

非水溶性钾矿烧结-明矾石法并联工艺利用初探

提出并研究了非水溶性钾矿烧结-明矾石法并联处理工艺。以霞石、钾长石等非水溶性钾矿为原料,采用碱石灰烧结法生成含钾铝酸钠溶液,用该溶液在一定条件下溶出明矾石矿或合成纯明矾石,为溶液中引入SO2-4,在高浓度、低温度的条件下使K2O、Na2O与SO2-4结合成钾芒硝析出,实现铝钾分离和溶液净化,形成循环。同时提出钾芒硝纯化为硫酸钾的方法和新工艺优化途径。     

生物降解水溶性聚合物的研究进展

一、前 言 水溶性聚合物又称水溶性树脂或水溶性 高分子,在水中能溶解或溶胀而形成溶液和 分散液。它具有特殊的亲水性能。这是来自 其分子中含有的亲水基团,最常见的亲水基 因是羧基、羟基、酰胺基、胺基、醚基等。 由于它的分子量可以控制,高到数千万,低 到几百,其亲水基团的强弱和数量可以按要 求加以调节。而其亲水基团等活性官能团还     

新型水溶性Hg~(2+)荧光探针的合成及光谱性能研究

以N,N-二甲基丙二胺、萘酰亚胺、三嗪杂环为主要原料,通过酰亚胺化、亲电取代、亲核取代等方法合成了一种水溶性1,8-萘酰亚胺荧光探针。研究了最终产物紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱及对金属离子的识别作用。同时考察了温度,p H对探针-Hg2+体系荧光强度的影响。结果表明,产物在乙醇水溶液中能对汞离子有专一识别作用。产物对汞离子响应的线性方程为IF=49.050c+46.006,线性相关系数R=0.9946,检测限1×10-6g/m L。是一种具有水溶性良好的Hg2+荧光探针。     

基于水溶性探针法测镁的高纯碳酸锂快速质检

碳酸锂生产过程及最终产品中,微量镁的掺杂会直接影响碳酸锂的产品品质及其下游产品的加工应用,而高纯碳酸锂中微量镁的快速检测仍是一个难点。研究提出利用水溶性荧光探针检测碳酸锂中微量镁的方法,以水溶性极强的三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷对2-(2-羟基苯基)苯并噁唑进行修饰,构建了具有高灵敏度和高选择性的水溶性Mg²⁺荧光探针A。该方法可实现对碳酸锂溶液中Mg²⁺的快速荧光检测,并确定了探针A被Mg²⁺所激发的荧光信号强度与Mg²⁺浓度之间的定量关系。结果表明在水溶条件下检测含镁杂质的碳酸锂时,该方法对微量镁的检出限为2.014 9μmol/L,检测工作曲线相关系数达到0.991 5,检测灵敏度高,对高纯碳酸锂中微量镁的检测时间为3.666 s,可实现对Mg²⁺的快速质检。     

Principles of fertilizer use for trickle irrigated crops

Under trickle irrigation only a portion of the soil volume around each plant is usually wetted. Typically this is an eliptically shaped volume directly below the emitter. Crop root growth is essentially restricted to this volume of soil and nutrient reserves within that volume can become depleted by crop uptake and/or leaching below the root zone.If nutrients are applied outside the wetted soil volume they are generally not available for crop use. Fertilizer placement is therefore an important consideration for trickle irrigated crops. Thus, applications banded close to the emitters are preferable to broadcast applications. In general, injection of nutrients into the irrigation water (fertigation) gives a better crop response than either banded or broadcast applications. Fertigation gives a flexibility of fertilization which enables the specific nutritional requirements of the crop to be met at different stages of its growth. In comparison with conventional methods of irrigation and fertilization it appears that trickle fertigation can, under some conditions, produce comparable or higher crop yields with substantial savings (of up to 50 percent) in fertilizer useage.Fertilizer materials used for fertigation must be completely soluble in water and must not react with substances in the irrigation water to form insoluble precipitates. An uneven distribution of nutrients within the crop rooting zone occurs under fertigation since immobile nutrients such as phosphate become concentrated around the emitter while mobile ions such as nitrate and potassium move downward and outward with the wetting front and accumulate at the periphery of the wetted soil volume. Plants, however, appear to have the ability to adapt to spatial variability of available nutrients in soils.     

微量元素水溶肥料(水剂)在油菜上的应用效果研究

为了提高油菜产量和质量,制备了微量元素水溶肥料(水剂)含有氮、磷、钾和硫[(N +P2O5 +K2O+S)总量≥50 g/L],微量元素以硼、锌为主[(Zn +B +Cu +Fe+Mn+Mo)总量≥100 g/L].在油菜上喷施的应用效果表明,该肥料能改善油菜生物学性状,优化油菜的产量结构,提高油菜的产量,产量可达9....     

Squash yield, nutrient content and soil fertility parameters in response to methods of fertilizer application and rates of nitrogen fertigation

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate squash yield and nutrient content in response to different fertigation nitrogen (N) rates and method of fertilizer N application. The following treatments were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications: zero N (N0), 50 (N1), 100 (N2) and 150 (N3) mg l^–3 N concentration in the irrigation water (IW) (fertigation treatments) and a soil application treatment (NS) equivalent to the N2 treatment. Irrigation was applied to replenish 80% of the Class A pan evaporation twice a week. Compared to the control (N0), shoot dry matter and yield were increased by all fertigation N rates and by the soil application treatment. However, soil application gave a lower yield than the equivalent fertigation N rate, indicating the comparative advantage of fertigation. The lowest fertigation N rate was adequate to give the highest yield in the first season, while in the second season a higher rate was necessary to achieve the maximum yield. The growth and fruit yield were higher in the second season as a result of the more favorable climatic conditions. Regression relationships indicate that the yield and the shoot dry weight were related to the fertigation N rates by polynomial quadratic relationships. The response to N in the second season was greater, as indicated by the steeper positive slope. The fruit yield was linearly related to both fruit number and fruit size in both seasons. N contents in shoots increased with N addition and were higher in both fruit and shoot during fruiting with the fertigation method. Soil salinity slightly increased with N application, especially in the top 15 cm, but remained low and acceptable for normal plant growth. Soil P increased mainly in the top soil following phosphoric acid application to all plots. Restricted P movement to deeper soil is attributed to the expected precipitation and/or sorption reactions with Ca and Mg in calcareous soils. It can be concluded that fertigation is more effective than soil application in increasing the yield and with fertigation lower N rates would be adequate to produce higher yield, thus lowering fertilization cost and minimizing environmental impact of over-fertilization.     

氟化氢铵／氟化铵制氟化氢副产的酸液用于分解磷矿生产含氮过磷酸钙的实验研究

为了利用硫酸分解氟化氢铵／氟化铵制氟化氢副产的酸液（称残液）,实验研究残液分解磷矿制取过磷酸钙的适宜残液用量、熟化温度等对磷矿分解率及产品养分含量、性能的影响。实验结果：获得制取过磷酸钙适宜工艺条件,虽然最终磷转化率仅75％～85％,需对游离酸中和,达过磷酸钙合格品Ⅱ等品要求,但残液中有NH4^＋,产品总养分W（P2O5有效＋N）可达到16％以上。     

采用微波封闭溶样电感耦合等离子体法测定磷矿组成

研究了在微波作用下,用HF+HCl+HNO3+EDTA混合介质溶解磷矿样品,直接稀释后运用电感耦合等离子体法(ICP)同时测定磷矿石中多元素的方法。实验表明,所建立的方法简便,准确,快速。     

CO高温变换催化剂浸渍条件研究

采用γ-Al₂O₃作载体,Ni^2＋、Cu^2＋和Mn^2＋水溶液为浸渍液,进行制备无铬CO高温变换催化剂浸渍条件的研究。由实验数据回归出Ni^2＋、Cu^2＋和Mn^2＋活性组分在载体上的浸渍动力学方程,得到Ni^2＋、Cu^2＋和Mn^2＋组分在载体上浸渍的速率常数为：k_Ni2＋= 0.000 2,k_Cu2＋=0.000 2,k_Mn2＋=0.001 6。Freundlich等温吸附表达式为：lnC_Ni2＋=－0.000 2 t＋4.447 4,lnC_Cu2＋=－0.000 2 t＋4.590 9和lnC_Mn2＋=－0.001 6 t＋3.589 5。考察了催化剂中活性组分含量与共浸渍组分浓度的关系,并得出从浸前液浓度来预测和控制催化剂成品中Ni^2＋、Cu^2＋和Mn^2＋活性组分含量的经验式。     

Thirty years fertilization and irrigation in Dutch apple orchards: A review

Fertilizer levels increased during the 1960s in The Netherlands because of a move towards all grass orchards in which the grass competed with apple trees for nutrients. During the 70s, many apple orchards kept the soil bare around the trees which lessened the demand for fertilizer. Also the need to avoid storage disorders and improve crop quality prompted a reduction in fertilizer use. Since the late-seventies fertilizer applications have stabilized at a low rate, as a result of the emphasis moving from fruit yield to fruit quality.Due to the prevailing wet weather conditions there was little interest in additional water supply until the mid-seventies. After 1976, an extremely dry year, growers became interested in irrigation. Experiments, in which the fertilizer was broadcast in early spring, showed that additional water promoted shoot growth. Flower-bud formation and therefore production did not always keep pace with the increased vegetative growth. However, fertigation, i.e. adding fertilizer to the irrigation water, not only resulted in strong shoot growth and proper leaf colour, but also in sufficient flower-bud formation. Also with fertigation production was greater than with broadcast fertilization in combination with trickle irrigation.Fertigation may also permit control of the root environment because water and nutrient supply become independent of climatic conditions; this method of fertilizer application may facilitate optimizing the nutrient availability in the root zone, and minimize leaching.     

Deposition of Lead Phosphate by Lead-Tolerant Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Water near an Abandoned Mine

Specialist bacteria can synthesize nanoparticles from various metal ions in solution. Metal recovery with high efficiency can be achieved by metal-tolerant microorganisms that proliferate in a concentrated metal solution. In this study, we isolated bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. strain KKY-29) from a bacterial library collected from water near an abandoned mine in Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. KKY-29 was maintained in nutrient medium with lead acetate and synthesized hydrocerussite and pyromorphite nanoparticles inside the cell; KKY-29 also survived nanoparticle synthesis. Quantitative PCR analysis of genes related to phosphate metabolism showed that KKY-29 decomposed organic phosphorus to synthesize lead phosphate. KKY-29 also deposited various metal ions and synthesized metal nanoparticles when incubated in various metal salt solutions other than lead. The present study considers the development of biotechnology to recover lead as an economically valuable material.     

Fertigation for minimizing environmental pollution by fertilizers

Intensification of agriculture by irrigation and enhanced use of fertilizers may generate pollution by increased levels of nutrients in underground and surface waters. Most of the irrigation is by open systems having a relatively low efficiency of water application. A higher efficiency may be gained by pressurized irrigation systems. Drip irrigation generates a restricted root system requiring frequent nutrient supply that may be satisfied by applying fertilizers in irrigation water, i.e. by fertigation. Maximization of crop yield and quality and minimization of leaching below the rooting volume may be achieved by managing fertilizers concentrations in measured quantities of irrigation water, according to crop requirements.     

钙水制备磷酸二氢钾过程中母液的净化研究

为了提高磷酸二氢钾的纯度、白度以及透明度,在以钙水为原料生产磷酸二氢钾过程中,采用活性炭脱色,调节母液pH脱除Ca2+,加入BaCl2饱和溶液脱除SO24-。结果表明,磷酸二氢钾粗母液中加3.5g/100mL活性炭脱色,经过滤后用KOH饱和溶液调节pH至6.0左右,然后按n(BaCl2)/n(SO24-)=1.0加入BaCl2饱和溶液脱除SO24-,在净化过程中磷和钾有少量损失,Ca2+、SO24-脱除效果较好,并且对其它金属阳离子也有一定的脱除效果。净化母液经蒸发、结晶后得到的磷酸二氢钾产品达到国家工业级一等品标准。