对中国乳业链健康发展的几点建议

2006年，荷兰瓦格宁根大学动物科学组在中国开展了一项以中国乳业链的健康发展为重点的研究项目，研究地点遍及内蒙古、山东、河南、黑龙江等地。研究人员不仅在华参加了一系列重要的展览会和研讨会，其中包括国际奶业大会，并经过了细致的考察，广泛地采集信息，就中国的乳品产业链现状进行了科学地分析。该研究项目组的重要成员柯宁先生来华访问期间，通过与国际乳业先进水平的比较，为中国乳业链的健康发展和如何提高产业的优化程度提出了切实可行的建议。     

世界主要奶业生产国与我国奶业发展对比研究

本文通过分析原料奶价格、乳制品产量以及消费量走势,研究了欧盟、美国、澳大利亚、新西兰以及中国的奶业市场发展现状。通过与国际奶业发达的国家和地区做对比,找出中国在原料奶供给以及乳制品生产、消费存在的问题,为中国乳业健康发展提出合理建议。     

蒙牛洞察消费需求发力产品创新消费

近几年，中国乳制品的生产和消费快速持续发展吸引了全世界的目光．并成为世界上乳制品消费最大的市场之一。中国乳业的发展方面产品种类将更加丰富，质量标准将全面提高．奶源建设将更加扎实．个性化需求将更加突出。中国乳业的优秀品牌为世界乳业的发展承担着更为重要的责任。蒙牛通过奶源、营销．文化的全方位创新．在世界乳业版图中占据有力地位．从一定程度上引领着中国乳业的健康发展。     

展示中国乳业科技成就构筑绿色乳品产业链--第三届中国乳业科技大会即将召开

[本刊讯记者曹实]由中国畜产品加工研究会牵头主办的第三届中国乳业科技大会,将于2006年7月14-16日在北京二十一世纪饭店召开。大会将探索中国乳业的健康发展之路,以科技、质量、诚信、发展,打造我国绿色乳品产业链,引导我国乳业步入理性、平稳的发展阶段。这次大会议题明确,即展示中国乳业科技成果,打造中国乳业知名品牌,构筑中国绿色乳品产业链。大会开幕式上将公布第二届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技人物”。中国乳业科技大会,目前已成功举办了两届,现已成为中国乳品行业中专业性最强、规模最大、最具权威的行业会议。近年来,我国乳业发…     

年轮

30年前,中国乳品工业杂志的创刊为中国乳业发展带来了希望。20年前,中国乳品工业杂志引导中国乳业发展方向。10年前,中国乳品工业杂志为蒸蒸日上的中国乳业注入新鲜活力。     

2007年“最值得信赖的中国乳业供应商”评选

作为中国乳业供应链上的重要组成部分，乳业供应商在中国乳业的技术创新与产品创新过程中发挥了至关重要的作用。为促进中国乳业产业链的健康协调发展和整体竞争水平的提高，中国乳制品工业协会和《乳品与人类》杂志将按照产品质量、服务水平和创新能力三个标准．组织评审团和读者共同开展2007年度“最值得信赖的中国乳业供应商”评选活动。     

2007年“最值得信赖的中国乳业供应商”评选

作为中国乳业供应链上的重要组成部分,乳业供应商在中国乳业的技术创新与产品创新过程中发挥了至关重要的作用。为促进中国乳业产业链的健康协调发展和整体竞争水平的提高,中国乳制品工业协会和《乳品与人类》杂志将按照产品质量、服务水平和创新能力三个标准,组织评审团和读者共同开展2007年度"最值得信赖的中国乳业供应商"评选活动。一、组织机构主办单位:《乳品与人类》杂志特别支持单位:中国乳制品工业协会支持单位:中国企业联合会经济日报中国质量报中国消费者报《包装机械》杂志《中国食品工业》杂志中国食品产业网策划支持:同盛整合营销机构二、供应商类别1、前处理设备企业 2、罐装及包装设备企业 3、包装及包装材料企业4、原奶处理设备企业 5、原料及辅料企业 6、其它     

首届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技人物”即将诞生

本刊讯从中国乳业科技大会组委会获悉,由中国畜产品加工研究会牵头组织评选的首届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技人物”即将评选产生。改革开放以来,我国乳品加工业取得了快速发展,涌现出了一大批杰出的科技人才。他们在乳品加工业发展中,以科技为先导,以服务为宗旨,充分发挥各自的优势,为农民致富、经济发展和产业结构调整,做出了积极的贡献,产生了良好的社会影响,为全国树立了新时期科技创业的楷模。为进一步突出和宣传这些杰出科技人物,促进中国乳业健康、有序发展,中国畜产品加工研究会决定牵头组织评选道届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技…     

首届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技人物”即将诞生

本刊讯从中国乳业科技大会组委会获悉,由中国畜产品加工研究会牵头组织评选的首届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技人物”即将评选产生。改革开放以来,我国乳品加工业取得了快速发展,涌现出了一大批杰出的科技人才。他们在乳品加工业发展中,以科技为先导,以服务为宗旨,充分发挥各自的优势,为农民致富、经济发展和产业结构调整,做出了积极的贡献,产生了良好的社会影响,为全国树立了新时期科技创业的楷模。为进一步突出和宣传这些杰出科技人物,促进中国乳业健康、有序发展,中国畜产品加工研究会决定牵头组织评选首届中国乳品加工业“十大杰出科技…     

奶业大国如何成为奶业强国

国务院《关于促进持续健康发展的意见》发布之后,引发了行业内热烈的讨论,我们想说的是,中国乳业的发展,需要全体乳业行业内人士的共同努力,群策群力,共同推动中国乳业走向更加持续和健康,在此,我们希望听到的是更多的中国乳业基层建设者的心声.[编者按]     

Measuring the financial risks of New York dairy producers

The financial risks of a group of New York dairy producers were measured from 1988 through 1997 and were decomposed by source of risk by two procedures. Decomposition of the variance suggested major contributors to variability in returns to New York dairy farms were variabilities in purchased feed quantities and milk production; milk price variability contributed substantially less. Similarly, decomposing the Gini measure of income dispersion indicated that milk revenues and purchased feed expenditures contributed most to farm return inequality over time. Controlling feed costs and maintaining high and stable milk production appear to be the principal approaches that dairy producers can use to control their financial risks.     

Dairy farmer use of price risk management tools

Volatility in milk and feed prices can adversely affect dairy farm profitability. Many risk management tools are available for use by US dairy farmers. This research uses surveys of Michigan dairy farmers to examine the extent to which price risk management tools have been used, the farm and operator characteristics that explain the use of these tools, and reasons farmers have not used these tools. A 1999 survey was used to benchmark the degree to which dairy producers had used milk and feed price risk management instruments to compare with 2011 use rates. The surveys collected information about the farm characteristics such as herd size, farmland operated, business organization, and solvency position. Farm operator characteristics collected include age, education, and experience. Dairy farmer use of both milk and feed price risk management tools increased between 1999 and 2011. In 2011, herd size was positively related to the use of milk price risk management tools, whereas farms organized as a sole proprietorship were less likely to use them. Also in 2011, herd size and land operated were positively related to feed price risk management tools, whereas operator age was negatively related. Reasons why farmers had not used price risk management tools included basis risk, cost, lack of management time, cooperative membership, and lack of understanding. Conclusions include the need for educational programming on price risk management tools and a broader exploration of dairy farm risk management programs.     

The diversity and proteolytic properties of psychrotrophic bacteria in raw cows' milk from North China

Most psychrotrophic bacteria have the ability to produce thermoresistant proteases that can destroy the quality of milk and dairy products. To investigate the population dynamics of psychrotrophic bacteria during refrigeration, three raw cows' milk samples (sample A comprising milk from 10 farms in Beijing, sample B comprising milk from 5 farms in Heihe, and sample C comprising milk from 7 farms in Harbin) were refrigerated at 0–5 °C and 5–10 °C. PCR-DGGE (Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) analysis revealed that the bacterial community profiles varied from geographical site to site, and with refrigeration temperature. The dominant psychrotrophic bacteria among the samples after storage were affiliated with the order Pseudomonadales. Following isolation and identification, 8 psychrotrophic isolates were selected as stronger protease producers and their growth and proteolytic activities were assessed. The results indicate that the composition of psychrotrophic bacteria play an important role in the determination of the quality of milk and dairy products.     

Organic dairy production systems in Pennsylvania: a case study evaluation

The current market demand and price for organic milk is encouraging dairy producers, particularly those on smaller farms, to consider organic production as a means for improving the economic viability of their operations. Organic production systems vary widely in scale, in practices, and across agroclimatic settings. Within this context, case studies of 4 actual organic dairy farms were used to characterize existing systems in Pennsylvania. Based on data from these farms, a whole-farm simulation model (Integrated Farm System Model) was used to compare 4 production systems representing organic grass, organic crop, conventional crop with grazing, and conventional confinement production. The performance of each of these systems was simulated over each year of 25 yr of central Pennsylvania weather data. Simulation results indicated that farm level accumulation of soil P and K may be a concern on organic farms that use poultry manure as a primary crop nutrient source, and that erosion and runoff loss of P may be of concern on organic farms producing annual crops because more tillage is required for weed control. Whole-farm budgets with prices that reflect recent conditions showed an economic advantage for organic over conventional production. A sensitivity analysis showed that this economic advantage depended on a higher milk price for producers of organic milk and was influenced by the difference in milk production maintained by herds using organic and conventional systems. Factors found to have little effect on the relative profitability of organic over conventional production included the differences between organic and conventional prices for seed, chemicals, forage, and animals and the overall costs or prices assumed for organic certification, machinery, pasture fencing, fuel, and labor. Thus, at the current organic milk price, relative to other prices, the case study organic production systems seem to provide an option for improving the economic viability of dairy operations of the scale considered in Pennsylvania. To motivate transition to organic systems, the economic advantage found requires the persistence of a substantial difference between conventional and organic raw milk prices.     

Improving food safety within the dairy chain: an application of conjoint analysis

This study determined the relative importance of attributes of food safety improvement in the production chain of fluid pasteurized milk. The chain was divided into 4 blocks: "feed" (compound feed production and its transport), "farm" (dairy farm), "dairy processing" (transport and processing of raw milk, delivery of pasteurized milk), and "consumer" (retailer/catering establishment and pasteurized milk consumption). The concept of food safety improvement focused on 2 main groups of hazards: chemical (antibiotics and dioxin) and microbiological (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus). Adaptive conjoint analysis was used to investigate food safety experts' perceptions of the attributes' importance. Preference data from individual experts (n = 24) on 101 attributes along the chain were collected in a computer-interactive mode. Experts perceived the attributes from the "feed" and "farm" blocks as being more vital for controlling the chemical hazards; whereas the attributes from the "farm" and "dairy processing" were considered more vital for controlling the microbiological hazards. For the chemical hazards, "identification of treated cows" and "quality assurance system of compound feed manufacturers" were considered the most important attributes. For the microbiological hazards, these were "manure supply source" and "action in salmonellosis and M. paratuberculosis cases". The rather high importance of attributes relating to quality assurance and traceability systems of the chain participants indicates that participants look for food safety assurance from the preceding participants. This information has substantial decision-making implications for private businesses along the chain and for the government regarding the food safety improvement of fluid pasteurized milk.     

Management practices and reported antimicrobial usage on conventional and organic dairy farms

The primary objective was to compare reported antimicrobial usage between conventional and organic dairy farms. A secondary objective was to contrast selected management characteristics of conventional and organic dairy herds. A questionnaire was administered on site to selected dairy farmers located in Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin. Organic herds (n = 32) were smaller and produced less milk than conventional herds (n = 99). Lactating cows in organic dairies were more likely to be housed in tie stalls, whereas most conventional dairies housed cows in free stalls and milked in a parlor. Total mixed rations and purchased feeds were used on more conventional dairy farms compared with organic dairy farms. Conventional dairy producers were more likely to use advice from veterinarians for recommendations of treatment, and organic dairy producers were more likely to rely on advice from other farmers. Based on recall of antibiotic usage in the previous 60 d, 5.1, 84.9, 9.1, and 0.9% of farmers with conventional herds reported treatment of none, 1 to 10%, 11 to 25%, and >25% of milk cows, respectively. Most organic farmers (90.6%) reported no antibiotic treatments of milk cows, whereas 9.4% reported treating 1 to 10% of milk cows. Ceftiofur was the most commonly reported antibiotic for both farm types. Milk replacer containing antibiotics was reportedly used on 49.5% of conventional herds but only on one organic herd (3.1%). Antibiotics were used in heifer calves on 74.7% of conventional herds versus 21.9% of organic herds. Antibiotics to treat mastitis were used on 79.8% of conventional herds but on none of the organic herds. Most organic farms were in compliance with standards in advance of implementation of regulations.     

A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in pennsylvania

A 2-part study was conducted to determine the risk of exposure to human pathogens from raw milk. The first part of the study focused on determining raw milk consumption habits of dairy producers. A total of 248 dairy producers from 16 counties in Pennsylvania were surveyed. Overall, 105 (42.3%) of the 248 dairy producers consumed raw milk and 170 (68.5%) of the 248 dairy producers were aware of foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Dairy producers who were not aware of foodborne pathogens in raw milk were 2-fold more likely to consume raw milk compared with dairy producers who were aware of foodborne pathogens. The majority of dairy producers who consumed raw milk indicated that taste (72%) and convenience (60%) were the primary factors for consuming raw milk. Dairy producers who resided on the dairy farm were nearly 3-fold more likely to consume raw milk compared with those who lived elsewhere. In the second part of the study, bulk tank milk from the 248 participating dairy herds was examined for foodborne pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni (2%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (2.4%), Listeria monocytogenes (2.8%), Salmonella (6%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (1.2%) were detected in the milk samples. Salmonella isolates were identified as S. enterica serotype Typhimurium (n = 10) and S. enterica serotype Newport (n = 5). Of the 248 bulk tank milk samples, 32 (13%) contained ≥1 species of bacterial pathogens. The findings of the study could assist in developing farm community-based educational programs on the risks of consuming raw milk.     

Impacts of dairy diagnostic teams on herd performance

This study evaluated impacts of educational diagnostic teams of consultants used to transfer technology to dairy farms. Herd management performance changes were measured by comparing Dairy Herd Improvement data from 38 project farms to data from herds that were geographical contemporaries. The value of focused goals for effecting change was also assessed. Interviews provided producers' perception of project outcomes and insight on organization and conduct of dairy diagnostic teams. Changes observed in project herds were small compared with controls with tendencies for increased herd size and improved milk production per cow. Focused goals had greater impacts on increasing herd size, milk per cow, first lactation peak milk, reducing age at first calving, and percentages of cows with subclinical mastitis. Time, money, facility limitations, labor, and alternative priorities were the most cited constraints to implementing changes. Satisfaction scores of producers were significantly related to the degree that team recommendations were followed. Improved attitudes, quality of life, and financial well-being were benefits listed by a majority of producers from participation in the project. If similar projects were to be offered, 83% said they would participate again, and 69% indicated they would pay at least some of the costs. Project farms served as demonstration farms for 1930 other producers in their respective locales, resulting in a multiplier effect of original advice given by consultant teams. Suggestions by farmer participants for improvements in dairy diagnostic teams included needs for at least some unbiased team members, more frequent meetings, more follow-up on recommendations, and consistency of recommendations with family goals.     

Factors affecting the decision to exit dairy farming: a two-stage regression analysis

Substantial attention has focused on the dairy industry because of a concern that many producers are getting out of dairying. Although low milk prices are postulated as a primary reason for exits from dairying, other factors may be important as well. Data from a representative 64-farm subset of a 2002 survey of dairy producers in Maine were used in the current study. Of the 64 farms, 15 indicated an imminent exit from dairying, whereas 49 dairy farms expected to remain in business for > or =5 yr. A binary choice logit regression model, based upon the dependent variable decision to exit or remain in the industry, was used as part of a 2-stage regression process to ascertain why dairy producers are choosing to leave the industry. The hypothesis states that the decision is a function of 3 independent variable categories: demographic, efficiency, and opportunity costs. Four variables were revealed that significantly influence the exit decision. Older producers, higher off-farm income, lower returns over variable cost, and greater diversification of farm income were more likely associated with a decision to leave dairy farming. Because factors other than milk price are involved in exit decisions, perhaps national or regional dairy programs should consider strategies beyond price supports to provide for a stable dairy industry and a reduction in the rate of dairy farm exits.