居住分异条件下的和谐社区规划策略研究

居住分异的实质是社会分层在居住空间地域上的反映,居住分异虽然具有促进社区居民和谐生活、便于社区管理、推动社区服务专业化等积极影响,但也存在加剧贫困问题、引起社会群体冲突、导致就业机会分布不均等消极影响.研究表明,"大杂居、小聚居"的混合居住模式通过中间阶层与低收入者混合居住、中间阶层与高收入者混合居住的做法,实现了不同社会阶层的共生,在一定程度上避免了居住分异现象带来的负面效应,是我国针对居住分异现象应采取的最佳策略.     

混合居住模式发展及其价值判断

当前,国内外城市居住分异问题愈趋明显,带来社会资源分配不均、阶层对立等负面影响。针对这一问题,本文提出混合居住模式,分析混合居住模式理论的产生和发展,论述混合居住模式的国内外实践活动,并给出混合居住模式的规划引导策略,为建设和谐社会居住模式指出一条可行之道。     

居住空间分异及贫困阶层聚居的影响与对策

居住空间分异特别是贫困阶层聚居是长期困扰发达国家和很多发展中国家的一个世界性难题.改革开放以来,中国城市社会深刻变化,居住空间分异与极化现象日益突出,由此引发的社会问题也已初见端倪.本文分析研究了我国城市居住空间分异及贫困阶层聚居的五大动因和社会影响,并运用系统理论,从收入分配、政策体制、城市规划,社会管理等方面进行了应对策略的探讨.     

促进混合居住模式发展的思考

目前我国正处于城市化建设快速发展时期,城市居住空间分异成为不可避免的社会现象,造成的负的社会外部性逐渐显现。文章在借鉴国外混合居住理论和实践的基础上,对在我国实行混合居住模式的社会意义及可行性,混合居住模式的规划策略,以及混合居住社区管理策略进行了思考。     

以上海市为例谈城市居住空间分异

介绍了上海居住空间的分异表象,探讨了在上海现行住宅政策的基础上引入的HUD模式,分析了美国不同收入阶层混合居住邻里的经验,并根据经验阐明了其在上海实施该模式的可行性.     

混合居住在公共住房中的实现途径

公共住房在改善了城市低收入人群的居住状况的同时，也在一定程度上促进了低收入者聚居的趋势，加剧了城市居住空间的分异。而混合居住模式则是缓解城市居住空间分异的有效途径。为此，本文将从公共住房带来的居住分异研究入手．结合混合居住模式理论及实践，对公共住房如何应对居住分异和混合居住的实现途径展开研究。     

基于住房需求供给的居住分异机制研究

文章首先引用经典理论,认为不同收入阶层、城市管理者的行为和决策直接影响到空间资源的分配;然后分析住房需求和供给市场对居住空间分异的影响机制。经济收入的分化导致当前城市社会出现了多样的收入阶层和消费群体;城市化的快速推进、旧城更新以及新区建设都不同程度地激发了住房需求的增长。在住房供给方面,地方政府、房产商以及商业银行以不同的角色参与到住房供给的利益分配中,其中地方政府通过土地出让获取丰厚的财政收入,是趋利性住房供应制度的实施者;房产商作为住房开发的主体,是物质居住空间的塑造者;商业银行通过对房产商及个人提供贷款而间接作用于居住空间,是需求方和供给方的资金纽带,客观上推动社会空间居住分异得以形成。     

混合居住模式的探讨

社会经济的不断发展无形中导致了人们收入上的差异,从而选择了不同的居住方式,对于城市居住空间分异这一现象,我们应当鼓励不同收入群体在居住空间上的相互融合.通过对混合居住模式的探讨,希望能够从中总结出它的设计要点,最终达到防止社会分化,创造和谐社区的要求.     

南京市居住空间分异特征及其形成机制

自改革开放以来， 中国城市社会地理格局中， 分异不仅出现在社会实体的分化， 而且这一结果已在一定程度上通过居住空间予以表征。通过对空间分异的机制研究表明， 改革开放以来政治经济的转变、城市及房地产发展组织方式和规划方法以及价值观的转化影响社会分化的空间化过程实现。在此基础上发现， 目前南京市已出现由６ 个阶层聚居的居住空间分异格局。     

珠三角小城镇社区转型与居住空间重组策略

分析珠三角小城镇居住空间的现状问题,并结合新城市主义理论等社区营建方法,提出居住空间重组策略,主要分为居住空间组织重构、社区管理模式改革、社区服务体系重组、混合社区营造等方面。具体内容包括,在居住空间组织上,提出"社区-住区-邻里单元"的居住空间重组模式;在社区管理模式上,提出"村改居"为基础的空间管理模式;在社区服务体系重组方面,提出构建多层次服务设施体系以满足多样化的需求;在混合社区营造方面,以社区融合为导向,针对阶层分化提出不同阶层住区的组织策略。     

欧美城市居住混居的理论、实践与启示

市场经济转型背景下出现的贫富差距带来日益明显的居住空间分化,社会群体空间分异居问题成为当前政府、社会和城市居民普遍关注的焦点议题。居住分化问题在欧美国家普遍存在,而欧美国家近年已经开始倡导采取住房混合战略以实现混居格局。本文从理论和实践两个层次分析了欧美国家城市近年来的居住分化与混居模式,并对其进行了系统评述。     

居住隔离现象的内在机制探索与对策研究——法国大型社会住宅建设对中国大型保障房建设的启示

二次世界大战后,法国为解决住房危机曾进行大规模社会住宅建设。受《雅典宪章》功能分区思想影响,法国的社会住宅建设采取郊区化的"大型社会住宅区"模式,导致严重的居住隔离现象,其消极影响延续至今。本文尝试探索法国的社会住宅建设中居住隔离现象产生的内在机理,回顾此后法国政府为消除居住隔离所采用的一系列政策措施,并对中国如何在大型保障性房建设中避免居住隔离现象提出政策建议。     

Swedish social mix policy: a general policy without an explicit ethnic focus

Neighbourhood social mix is currently a pressing issue for both researchers and policy makers in the Western world. In an international perspective, Sweden offers an interesting case as both the structure of the housing market and the focus of the social mix policy differs from other countries’ policies. The introduction of a policy for social mixing in Sweden in 1974 was a reaction to the increasing socioeconomic segregation in the housing market. Swedish city planning and the conditions in the housing market have however changed dramatically since the policy was first introduced. This article is based on official housing policy documents and interviews with public actors. It seeks to analyse the policy makers’ understanding of Swedish social mix policy and how the policy is translated into practical planning. The overall aim is to analyse the Swedish policy in relation to similar policies in other countries, this to point at some of the existing differences, especially the different perspective on ethnic segregation. On the basis of document analysis and interviews with public actors, we come to the conclusion that the understanding and practice of the social mix policy in Sweden have been rather consistent over time. Even though Sweden has experienced increasing immigration, which has added an ethnic dimension to housing segregation, the Swedish social mix policy has remained a general policy for counteracting socioeconomic segregation, rather than ethnic segregation. This is an important difference compared to other mixing strategies in Europe and North America where ethnic mix has been, and still is, at the top of the agenda.     

城市居住空间分异的规划对策研究

以上海不同类型住区的典型调查为基础 ,从规划角度对居住水平差距大、社会阶层分化明显、居住价值取向差异显著等当前城市居住空间分异的现象进行了分析和思考 ,并建议从住区建设与管理模式上进行改进 ,对此提出 :加大住区周边的城市公共设施投入 ,缩小住区外部环境的差异 ;物质环境应与社区文化并重 ,创造出多样化的交往空间 ;对历史保护型住区的更新应注重保护性开发 ,提升其历史价值和使用价值 ;强化住区多层次的综合服务功能 ,健全社会化服务体系。     

Delivering Mixed Communities: The Relationship between Housing Tenure Mix and Social Mix in England's Neighbourhoods

For a number of years, housing and regeneration policy in Britain has focused on creating social mix through changing housing tenure mix, particularly in deprived social housing areas. Policies are founded on the perception that segregation of rich and poor is increasing, and this reinforces disadvantage. Little work has examined the degree of correspondence between social and tenure mix. We examine the relationship between these variables in English neighbourhoods, using occupational mix to measure social mix. We examine the regional differences in this relationship. We show neighbourhoods are generally more mixed in occupation than tenure. Tenure mix has a positive relationship with occupational mix, but the relationship is moderate and contrary to conventional wisdom; occupational mix and tenure mix increase with level of area deprivation. Regional analysis shows that tenure mix is higher in the tighter housing markets of London and the South. If policy is genuinely concerned with increasing social mix, attention needs to focus on affluent areas.     

A PREDICTIVE MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION

ABSTRACT The residential mobility model presented in this paper is specifically designed in capture the potential sources of bias embedded in the residential mobility processes that give rise to the segregation of minority populations within West German cities. The hypothesized existence of a dual housing market (with foreign workers restricted to vacancies not chosen by Germans) is supported by the analysis. Geographically defined submarkets and areal variation in housing quality, in conjunction with economic and class differences between members of German and foreign worker cohorts. are also found to account for significant differences in the observed mobility patterns across age and ethnicity cohorts.     

THE RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS OF MICHIGAN

American Indian or Native American residential segregation is viewed within the general framework of ecological theory. According to theorists of human ecology, variation in segregation between groups relates directly to measurable differences on social and economic variables. This study uses 1980 census tract data and the index of dissimilarity to measure the extent of residential segregation in Michigan's 12 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Correlation coefficients were computed to assess whether a strong relationship exists between the residential segregation of American Indians and the spatial distribution of housing value and rent. The findings revealed that Indian-white residential segregation is lower than black-white segregation and that American Indians are more segregated from blacks than from whites. The segregated distribution pattern of American Indians is not strongly related to the cost of housing.     

城市居住隔离的模式--兼析上海居住隔离的现状

探讨了居住隔离的物质景观特征和社会经济特征,归纳概括了居住隔离的若干动态模式,并对上海现阶段的居住隔离模式进行了整体上的描述.     

1990年代以来西安城市居住空间重构与分异

依据1990年代以来西安市523个住宅开发项目及相关信息资料,分3个时段8个区段5个档次5种类型,对西安市居住空间的重构、分异、隔离化动态与特征进行了分析。通过危旧房拆迁改造、老城区内填充插补、新区开发建设等途径,在土地制度、房改政策、城市规划、基础设施等因素的影响作用下,西安城市居住空间正经历着分化与重构。而居民收入差距拉大、住房需求多样化及住宅供给多样化等则是导致居住空间分异的主要因素,其结果是产生基于收入差距的居住空间隔离化。     

“It’s all in the mix”: constructing ethnic segregation as a social problem in Germany

The creation of a balanced ethnic mix at the neighbourhood level is a common objective of contemporary housing policies in many European countries. According to its proponents, these policies aim to stimulate social mobility and social integration, often within a wider attempt at urban regeneration. Germany is looking back at a long tradition of mixing strategies aimed at ethnic desegregation. Whereas other countries take a more subtle approach, targeting ethnic segregation indirectly by means of a social or housing mix, some German cities have tried to prevent ethnic concentrations by imposing moving-in bans or quotas on foreigners in certain quarters, restrictions that are still maintained under the recent anti-discrimination legislation. In applying a constructionist approach, the article critically discusses the reasoning behind the German policies. It tries to shed light on some shared features in the discourse on ethnic segregation across Europe and highlights the particularities of the German strategies. It further tackles the question of future prospects for desegregative housing policies against the background of demographic realities, the entrance of financial investors in the (German) housing market and the ongoing shrinkage of the social housing sector.