低合金钢焊缝的针状铁素体微观组织

针对X70管线钢多道焊焊缝金属,利用Gleeble1500热模拟机进行了热模拟试验,对焊缝金属中初生针状铁素体组织及其与非金属夹杂物之间的关系以及经历二次热循环后感生形核的针状铁素体组织进行了SEM及TEM分析.结果表明,针状铁素体边界存在着一层富碳的薄膜,其长大既存在切变转变的特征,同时也伴随着C原子的扩散过程.共感生成的二次针状铁索体是在初生针状铁索体基体的高密度位错处形核并以一定的速度迅速长大到有限的尺寸.初生针状铁素体和共感形核针状铁素体都是在奥氏体晶内形核、长大,都具有细化奥氏体晶粒、提高多道焊焊缝金属和焊接热影响区韧性的作用.     

Impact property analysis of weld metal and heat-affected zone for low-alloy carbon steel multi-pass welded joint

Welded joint impact performances of low-alloy carbon steel plates welded by full-automatic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) were evaluated. To clarity the effect of impact temperature on impact properties of weld metal (WM) and heat-affected zone (HAZ), Charpy V impact tests at different temperatures and fracture surface analysis were carried out. The Charpy V impact energy decreases with the decreasing test temperature both for the WM and HAZ, while the proportion of crystal zone on WM and HAZ impact fracture surface increases with the decreasing test temperature. Research results indicate that the welding defects (void and slag) make the impact energy of WM more scattered and lower than that of HAZ.     

焊后热处理对DH36钢焊接接头断裂韧性的影响

文中对DH36钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了焊后热处理,并根据BS7448标准对焊缝和热影响区进行裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD测试,研究焊后热处理对断裂韧性的影响.结果表明,焊后热处理对焊缝断裂韧性的影响并不一定是好的效果,热处理后,焊缝δ值有的升高有的降低;焊后热处理对热影响区粗晶区的断裂韧性有不利影响,热处理后,热影响区粗晶区的δ值均有所下降.经过焊后热处理,90 mm厚焊缝试样的δ值略有下降,60mm厚焊缝试样的δ值明显升高;90mm厚热影响区试样的δ值明显下降,60mm厚热影响区试样的δ值略有下降.     

焊材Ni含量对海工钢EQ47气保接头组织和性能的影响

采用高Ni和低Ni含量两种药芯焊丝对30 mm厚海工钢板EQ47进行了热输入量为17 kJ/cm的多层多道气保焊接试验,通过测试焊接接头微观组织、硬度和冲击性能,分析了Ni含量对焊缝和热影响区组织和性能的影响。结果表明,焊接接头焊缝区主要由针状铁素体（AF）和晶界铁素体构成,高Ni含量焊缝中的针状铁素体体积含量高于低Ni含量焊缝,这也导致高Ni含量焊缝相对于低Ni焊缝具有较高的硬度和低温韧性。两个焊接接头热影响区的组织类别相似,粗晶区和细晶区分别由上贝氏体,铁素体和珠光体构成,而临界粗晶区则在上贝氏体的晶界上出现了M-A组元。高Ni含量接头的粗晶区由于Ni含量高于低Ni接头,导致其硬度（249 HV0.5）高于低Ni接头粗晶区（235 HV0.5）;Ni含量的差异也导致了高Ni接头的临界粗晶区中的硬度（244 HV0.5）高于低Ni接头（233 HV0.5）,这是由于前者的M-A组元的尺寸和含量高于后者。冲击性能结果表明：高Ni含量接头热影响区的冲击性能低于低Ni含量接头,这是由于使用高Ni焊材熔入粗晶区的Ni含量更高,导致粗晶区和临界粗晶区硬度升高,韧性降低。高Ni焊材有助于焊缝区的韧性,而低Ni焊材则有利于热影响区的韧性。     

保护气体对440MPa HSLA钢GMAW焊缝组织及韧性的影响

采用不同保护气体对440 MPa级低合金高强钢(HSLA钢)进行气保焊焊接,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对焊缝微观组织及夹杂物形貌进行了观察,研究了保护气体组成对焊缝组织及韧性的影响,并分析了不同成分保护气体对焊缝夹杂物大小、数量及其成分的影响.结果表明,保护气体为100％ CO2,焊缝金属韧性较差;保护气体(体积分数)为80％ Ar+20％ CO2和90％ Ar+ 10％ CO2,焊缝金属韧性较好.100％ CO2气体保护焊焊缝组织主要为铁素体和贝氏体,混合气体保护焊(20％ CO2和10％ CO2)焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和少量侧板条铁素体.随着保护气体中CO2含量的减少,焊缝金属中夹杂物数量、尺寸均降低,且成分发生变化.对于440 MPa级HSLA钢,合理的保护气体组成可以得到良好的焊接质量.     

船用高韧性埋弧焊焊丝

介绍了Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti-B-Ce和Mn-Mo-Ti-B-Ce-Zr系高韧性埋弧焊焊丝成分设计原则。对所研制的焊丝匹配烧结焊剂进行了熔敷金属的埋弧焊试验。测定了熔敷金属成分、冲击韧度、组织和强度。用扫描电镜分析了断口形貌和夹杂物组成。结果表明，所研制的焊丝在与两种不同的焊剂匹配时都能获得良好的熔敷金属力学性能，尤其是和较高碱度焊剂匹配时腑〉500MPa；ReL〉600MPa；Akv（-20℃）〉150J；熔敷金属组织主要是针状铁素体，少量的先共析铁素体。     

NiCrMoV耐热钢汽轮机转子焊缝韧性薄弱区的成因

采用热模拟的方法研究了30Cr2Ni4MoV汽轮机转子用钢多层多道焊焊缝韧性薄弱区的成因.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了层间局部富碳区域组织对韧性的影响规律.结果表明,焊缝层间局部富碳区域的M-A组元是造成层间韧性薄弱的主要原因之一.M-A组元对韧性的影响与M-A组元的分布、形态、尺寸等因素有关.热模拟二次峰值温度为680℃时,层间回火区M-A组元发生了部分分解;二次峰值温度为820℃时,层间不完全相变区原奥氏体晶界处M-A组元体积增大,晶内M-A组元呈平行的大颗粒链状分布,二次峰值温度为1 050℃时,原奥氏体晶界部分消失,晶内M-A组元部分呈弥散分布.     

微钙钢焊后显微组织中的粒状贝氏体对韧性的影响

研究了焊接热模拟工艺参数t8/5对微钙钢焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)显微组织和冲击韧度的影响.利用Lepera试剂腐蚀法,采用光学金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜分析了不同t8/5条件下粒状贝氏体中MA组元的形态及分布特征.研究结果表明当冷却速度较快时,M-A组元主要以长条状、呈方向性分布;当冷却速度降低时,M-A组元逐渐变成颗粒状,并失去方向性;当t8/5＝40 s时,韧性较好.     

Crystallographic analysis for acicular ferrite formation in low carbon steel weld metals

Inclusions contributing to acicular ferrite nucleation were investigated from a crystallographic point of view in low carbon low alloy steelweld metals. The samples from electro slag welding (ESW) and submerged arc welding (SAW) deposits with various cooling rates were prepared in this study. In those samples, intragranular acicular ferrite formation was observed from inclusions. The inclusions contributing to acicular ferrite formation were of multi-phase type consisting of amorphous phase, spinel type and MnS. They were surrounded by a Ti-enriched layer. It was confirmed by selected area diffraction patterns and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer analyses that the Ti-enriched layer was TiO. The acicular ferrite had a Baker–Nutting orientation relationship with the TiO layer on the inclusion surface. The misfit was 3.0% at the interface between the acicular ferrite and TiO. Therefore, it is considered that TiO on the inclusion surface contributes to the heterogeneous nucleation of acicular ferrite by small lattice misfit. However, themorphologies of ferrite growth which nucleated from inclusions were different in both samples. Whereas the growth of ferrites nucleated from TiO was enough in ESW, the size of nucleated ferrite in SAW was a few hundred millimetres in size. In the early stage of nucleation from TiO, ferrite had small deviation from Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship (K–S relationship) in both ESW and SAW. However, there was a difference in the growth stage of ferrite. The ferrite orientations were gradually changed to fit to the K–S relationship in ESW. On the other hand, the nucleated ferrite in SAW stopped growing and the newly nucleated ferrite which had K–S relationship prior to austenite was formed adjacently because of large super cooling due to small heat input.     

Microstructure and toughness of local brittle zone of HSLA steel multipass weld metals

By using thermo-simulation,Auger analysis and Charpy Ⅴ impacttest and with the observation of the microstructures in which cleavage crack wasinitiated,the morphology and toughness of the local brittle zone of C-Mn andCr-Ni-Mo multipass weld metals have been investigated.The results indicatedthat the local brittle zone in C-Mn weld metals with low and high Mn％ and Cr-Ni-Mo weld metals is different.With statistical analysis,it has been revealedthat the more the local brittle zone and the lower their toughness,the lower thetoughness of the entire weld metals.The alloy elements have a noticeable influ-ence on the toughness of the local brittle zone,thereby changing the toughnessof weld metals.     

Toughness evaluation of a shielded metal arc carbon-manganese steel welded joint subjected to multiple post weld heat treatment

This study was part of a program to investigate the influence of multiple post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the fracture toughness and defect tolerance of a welded joint. The present work reports base metal data obtained for a quenched and tempered BS7191 Grade 450EM steel (0.10wt%C–1.08wt%Mn), weld metal data for a ferritic multipass weld obtained by shielded metal arc welding using an AWS E9018M type electrode, and heat affected zone (HAZ) data obtained using a modified bead on groove technique for different PWHT conditions. The effect of the repeated heat treatment cycles on the mechanical properties was evaluated by hardness tests and toughness testing assessed by Charpy V-notch and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) techniques. The characterization of the microstructure was undertaken utilizing optical and electron microscopy. As fabrication codes for new equipment do not allow more than three PWHT cycles, the application of more cycles is only justifiable for old equipment when a fitness for purpose criterion is applied and these restrictions are not applicable. The results obtained are currently applied in repair work and revamps of pressure vessels and gas storage tanks.     

埋弧焊焊缝组织与扩散氢的关系

综述了埋弧焊焊缝组织与扩散氢的关系。结果表明,硅酸盐粘合剂中的水分是EM12K焊剂扩散氢的主要来源。镀铜层和表面润滑剂是ER100-S1焊丝中两个主要的氢源。埋弧焊电弧中会发生两个与焊剂中氟化物有关的冶金反应。建立了焊缝组织与扩散氢的关系,其要点是氢在焊缝中的扩散方向和聚集部位,并影响氢致裂纹的发生。所谓低氢化工艺是一种使焊缝中残留的氢很少,不足以引发氢致裂纹的综合工艺措施。提出了低氢工艺合于使用原则。     

焊接热输入对Q890钢焊缝金属组织及韧性的影响

采用熔化极气体保护焊对Q890调质钢进行不同热输入的对接焊试验。利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜和电子背散射衍射技术研究热输入对焊缝组织及冲击性能的影响。结果表明,3种热输入焊缝金属组织主要由板条马氏体和板条贝氏体及少量的粒状贝氏体和残留奥氏体组成。随着热输入的增加,焊缝组织中板条粗化,而粒状贝氏体逐渐增多,部分板条内析出细小针状碳化物;随着热输入的增加,焊缝分析区域内残留奥氏体量逐渐减少分别为1.2%、0.53%、0.41%。焊缝金属冲击断口形貌呈从韧脆混合型断裂特征向脆性断裂特征的变化趋势,与焊缝金属冲击吸收能量变化趋势一致。     

Q460耐候钢焊接粗晶热影响区中M-A组元及其对韧性的影响

利用模拟试验机对Q460耐候钢不同热输入条件下的焊接粗晶热影响区进行模拟,分析粗晶热影响区中显微组织及其中马氏体-奥氏体(M-A)组元的数量、形态、分布及大小对韧性的影响。结果表明,t8/5较小时,组织由板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体构成,M-A组元尺寸较小;t8/5为100 s时,组织中板条贝氏体量逐渐减小,粒状贝氏体含量逐渐增多,M-A呈块状,尺寸变大,有效晶粒尺寸增加,韧性降低;当t8/5达到150~200 s时,即使组织粗大,M-A组元的量有所减少,出现部分残留奥氏体,韧性也会增加。     

G115钢管埋弧自动焊焊缝冲击性能不足的原因分析及热处理修复措施

采用埋弧自动焊(SAW)对大口径厚壁G115钢管进行焊接,焊后经785℃回火后发现焊缝冲击吸收能量低于标准要求的最低值。通过对焊接方法、焊材及回火温度的分析和试验表明,焊缝的回火温度超出了熔覆金属的Ac₁点,产生不完全相变组织,且碳化物回溶、沉淀强化作用减少、马氏体亚结构和位错密度降低、析出相长大粗化等多种因素的交互作用最终造成了焊缝冲击性能的下降。采用1080℃×3 h正火+770℃×6.5 h回火的热处理修复后,焊缝的冲击性能得到大幅度的提升。     

高强度桥梁钢焊接粗晶热影响区中粒状贝氏体对韧性的影响

采用热模拟试验机模拟高强度桥梁钢Q460q不同焊接工艺参数t8/5条件下的CGHAZ（粗晶热影响区）,并分析了CGHAZ的显微组织及组织中的粒状贝氏体对韧性的影响。结果表明,当t8/5〈60 s时,组织中板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体相互交错,且粒状贝氏体内的脆性长条状M-A组元较少,使韧性保持较高的水平。当t8/5〉100 s后,晶粒粗大,组织中先共析铁素体和粒状贝氏体量不断增加,M-A组元尺寸变大从而使裂纹扩展中的有效晶粒尺寸粗大,导致韧性显著下降。     

热输入对F69A4-ECM4-M4金属芯埋弧焊丝熔敷金属组织和力学性能的影响

采用F69A4-ECM4-M4金属芯埋弧焊丝在不同的热输入(18.67,20.57,22.56,24.63 kJ/cm)下焊接熔敷金属,并通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其组织进行了观察分析,采取冲击试验方法测试冲击韧性. 结果表明,不同热输入的熔敷金属其组织形态和数量也有着明显的差异;随着热输入的增加,其熔敷金属中柱状晶的宽度逐渐增大,-40 ℃的冲击韧性逐渐降低,断口形貌中放射区比例逐渐增加. 当热输入为18.67 kJ/cm时,熔敷金属显微组织主要由细小的针状铁素体组成,冲击吸收功达到最大值139 J. 随着热输入的增加,熔敷金属高温停留时间长,熔敷金属组织中针状铁素体晶粒急聚长大,从而导致熔敷金属冲击韧性的下降.     

汽车车桥直焊缝焊接设备控制系统的研制

选取Q460低合金高强钢及其埋弧焊焊接接头,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和显微硬度计等测试手法研究焊缝组织及性能;通过电化学极化曲线的测试研究焊缝腐蚀行为。试验结果表明,焊缝组织为针状铁素体和珠光体,经过淬火加高温回火后的焊缝晶粒最为细小;焊缝的硬度大于母材的硬度;焊缝的抗腐蚀性能低于母材,在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl腐蚀环境下,较于同为低合金高强钢的Q510和Q345,Q460焊缝耐腐蚀性也略差。