30CrMnSiA钢超塑性变形中的机理问题

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了30CrMnSiA钢超塑性变形中组织结构变化。结果表明,变形中合金元素的扩散导致横向晶界的宽化,并且富集了Si、Cr、Mn元素。三角晶界上呈现的显微空洞宏观调节了晶粒的三维重排过程。未溶碳化物与晶格位错、晶界以及晶界位错之间有相互作用关系。扩散和位错运动微观调节了晶界滑动,并导致它的发展。     

在脉冲电流作用下Al—Li—Cu—Mg—Zr合金的超塑形变

研究了在脉冲电流作用下冷轧态２０９１ Ａｌ— Ｌｉ 合金的超塑形变． 脉冲电流的宽度为４０μｓ， 频率为４ Ｈｚ， 电流密度为１ ． ７８ ×１０３ Ａ／ｍ ｍ２ ． 在７７３ Ｋ 的温度下拉伸， 应变速率提高一倍， 流变应力有所降低． 采用前期形变通电的方法， 合金延伸率比常规超塑提高１２ ％ ． 超塑形变中不断产生动态再结晶． 在形变量小于４０ ％ 的第一阶段， 超塑形变机制可用 Ｂａｌｌ— Ｈｕｔｃｈｉｓｏｎ — Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ 的晶界滑动—位错攀移的模型． 第二阶段（ 形变量４０ ％ ） ， 形变是在渗流分布状态的“损伤”晶界上滑动产生． 空位扩散在形变中起了重要调节作用     

高强度低合金调质钢两相区超塑性机理研究

研究了10CrNi3MoV钢超塑性温度拉伸应力应变特征,分析了不同程度变形钢的微观组织和断裂行为,用塑性应变分布场数值模拟研究了高强度低合金调质钢两相区超塑性机理。研究结果表明,低屈服应力的奥氏体相围绕高屈服应力的铁素体相呈网状联通分布,通过自身的塑性变形起到"润滑油"作用;经过一定程度的变形后,强烈的应变硬化使奥氏体相的应力超过铁素体相的屈服应力,促进铁素体相的塑性变形;高应变区的铁素体相转变生成奥氏体相,为后续变形补充"润滑油";持续的"塑变-相变"行为维持大变形中的整体连续性,材料表现为超塑性。     

Li_2O-Al_2O_3-SiO_2微晶玻璃超光滑表面纳米硬度实验研究

介绍了纳米压痕技术的原理和方法.采用三角锥形Berkovich金刚石压头对Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2微晶玻璃的超光滑表面(Ra=0.079 nm)进行了纳米压痕实验.结果表明,当载荷低于300 mN时,微晶玻璃表现出延性特性.此外,在不同的载荷条件(20 mN~300 mN)下微晶玻璃的硬度和弹性模量存在较大的差异,分析其原因分别是纳米压痕的尺寸效应和材料发生了塑形变形.通过将实验得到的微晶玻璃的纳米硬度值与传统计算方法得到的硬度值进行比较,发现传统方法得到的硬度值较大,其原因是传统硬度计算方法忽略了材料的弹性恢复.     

地埋管换热器变热流工况下换热模型及其试验验证

地埋管换热器实际运行时,热流总是变化的。为了研究变热流模型的正确性,本文讨论变热流下叠加原理在无限长线热源模型中的应用,以及此模型下地埋管换热器进出口水温的理论解。先保证热流恒定,对上海市某别墅地源热泵项目进行现场实测,将测试得到的相关参数作为已知。待岩土温度恢复到初始值时,进行变热流试验,通过变热流模型计算的进出口水温与实测的进出口水温比较,相对误差基本小于2％,最大误差不超过3％。     

冷轧态Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金在脉冲电流作用下超塑形变中的位错形态

冷轧态Ａｌ－Ｌｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ－Ｚｒ（２０９１Ａｌ－Ｌｉ）合金在脉冲电流作用下进行超塑形变的过程中不断产生动态再结晶。与此同时,晶内位错由稀少、平直的形态随着形变量的增加而逐渐增殖、弯曲,最后转变成为蜷线位错,脉冲电流加强空位活动,首先影响位错的攀移,其次影响晶界粘滞滑动。     

不同工质对吸收式变热器热力性能的影响

吸收式变热器是一种有广阔应用前景的余热回收利用装置,可以有效回收５０％左右的低品位余热,但还需要进一步分析可用左质对和它们相关的性能参数。本以Ｈ２Ｏ／ＬｉＢｒ、ＴＦＥ／ＮＭＰ、ＴＦＥ／Ｅ１８１和ＴＦＥ／ＰＹＲ为工质对,对单级吸收式变热器进行了热力学分析。结果表明Ｈ２Ｏ／ＬｉＢｒ适用于低温热回收,ＴＦＥ／ＮＭＰ、ＴＦＥ／Ｅ１８１和ＴＦＥ／ＰＹＲ适用于高温热回收。     

基于KANO模型的产后塑形产品情感化研究

目的 产后塑形关乎产后女性生理和心理方面的健康,影响着适龄女性的生育意愿。旨在探索一种分析、分类、排序用户情感需求的设计方法,并指导产后塑形产品的设计实践,以有效解决产后女性生理和心理健康方面的问题。方法 首先在充分调研产后女性情感需求的基础上,从情感化设计理论中本能、行为、反思三个层次分析建立产后塑形产品的用户情感需求模型;其次利用KANO模型对所建立的情感需求模型进行数据校验和功能排序,并根据分析结果进行产品模型设计;最后通过李克特5点量表对设计效果进行检验。结论 以情感化-KANO模型来分析、分类、排序用户情感需求的设计方法,能够准确快速地发现用户真实情感需求,为产后塑形产品的设计提供方向指引和数据支撑。     

大型可展开天线与卫星的热致耦合动力学分析

以带有大型环形可展开天线的航天器为研究对象,采用有限元法,对大型可展开天线进行了在轨进出阴影区的瞬态温度求解;并基于卫星-天线刚柔耦合动力学模型,将时变温度场等效为时变热载荷加载到天线上,对整星系统的热致耦合动力学响应进行了数值模拟。结果表明,天线进出阴影期间,自身温度梯度主要存在于迎光侧与背光侧之间,并基于此可估算出天线的热响应特征时间;时变热载荷会导致天线结构和卫星姿态发生明显的振动响应,天线结构振动响应主要集中在第一、二阶固有模态上,卫星则会发生低频姿态振荡运动;该方法可以合理地预测大型可展开天线系统的热致耦合动力学响应。     

高碳钢超塑性形变组织的研究

本文研究了高碳钢在893k 温度下超塑形变过程中组织结构的变化。尽管含碳1.2wt％的钢形变前的原始组织中存在一些片层状珠光体,但以0.31mm/min 的速度拉伸后仍获得了442％的延伸率。由于这些片层状珠光体在形变过程中迅速球化,因而对钢的超塑性能无明显妨害。在形变中,球状渗碳体发生彼此相连,含碳1.6wt％的钢中的渗碳体形成沿晶界的条状和网状,考虑到钢的室温力学性能,作者建议用于超塑成形的钢的含碳量选择在0.8～1.2wt％范围。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...