EU wrong-footed as Russia moves ahead with new export pipelines

Whilst the European Union (EU) tries to find new sources of gas imports outside Russia, Moscow is pre-empting any such moves to lessen the EU's dependence on Russia by announcing new plans to bring gas to Central and Western Europe. A major new gas export line has been brought nearer by an agreement to route the South Stream gas pipeline via Serbia, whilst another export project has just been agreed under which Russia will provide a conduit to Europe for gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.     

俄罗斯油气输送用钢管标准与国内常用标准对比分析

介绍了目前中国、欧美和俄罗斯常用油气输送钢管标准的使用情况及其发展趋势。我国油气输送钢管国家标准等效采用了国际标准化组织的ISO 3183标准,基本等同于欧美标准,而俄罗斯标准自成体系,和欧美标准有较大的差异。随着我国与俄罗斯、里海地区国家能源合作的深入开展,了解中俄两国油气输送钢管标准的使用情况及其差异,对于我国参与国际管线技术标准的制定和钢管生产都有十分重要的意义。     

俄罗斯出口天然气管道建设规划及对中国引进天然气资源的影响

为避免俄罗斯与乌克兰之间的冲突对俄罗斯出口天然气的影响,俄罗斯开始规划新的天然气出口管道,包括向欧洲供气的北流管道和南流管道,以及面向亚太地区的东部天然气管道。俄罗斯国内陆续出台的天然气发展规划对中国引进俄罗斯天然气资源有重要影响,萨哈林项目和恰扬金气田成为向中国供气的主要资源基地,东线供气方案实施的可能性越来越大。中国石油公司应时刻关注俄罗斯在东部地区的能源政策与发展动向,以推动引进俄罗斯天然气项目的进展。     

Caspian: Plenty of pipelines,but where is the gas?

Governments and oil companies continue to produce proposals for pipelines to export gas from the Caspian to Western Europe. Large volumes are forecast to begin arriving early in the next decade, but there are correspondingly few indications where the gas is going to come from. Production plans by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are modest in comparison with some of the outside export forecasts for these countries. There is also mounting competition for Europe's gas from the countries' own markets and from an energy-hungry China.     

Russia ties-up more oil and gas

An agreement signed in January between Russia and Bulgaria for a gas pipeline between the two countries marks one more step in Moscow's attempts to tie-up as much of the oil and gas trade between Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Complain as it might about growing dependence on Russian energy, the EU is failing to find any realistic alternative as Moscow outmanoeuvres it at every stage.     

Ukraine and Russia again at odds

Ukraine and Russia are having their by now annual dispute over gas deliveries. In recent years, the two countries have argued over the price charged to Ukraine for gas supplied by Russia and about the tariff imposed by Ukraine for the transit of Russian gas through Ukraine to Western Europe ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ).     

The oil and gas resource base of the Caspian region

The Caspian Sea region's oil and gas potential has attracted the attention of the international oil and gas industry since the late 1980s and early 1990s with the breakup of the Soviet Union when investment in the region became possible. The nations in the Caspian Sea region—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—are already major energy producers. Production is expected to increase with additional investment, introduction of international technology, and the development of new export outlets. The Caspian Sea is sizeable (700 miles north to south). Six geologically discernable hydrocarbon basins underlie its waters (the Caspian Sea countries also have additional onshore basins). Uzbekistan does not directly border the Caspian Sea, but is considered to be in the Caspian region because it shares several of the region's hydrocarbon basins, and because its proposed oil and gas export routes are also shared with the other Caspian countries.     

Chinese gas market draws investors

With annual growth of 15% expected between now and 2020, China's booming gas market is attracting increasing numbers of inquiries from potential foreign investors. Consumption is expected to rise sharply once imports of LNG begin in 2006. Six import terminals have already been announced with a further 13 awaiting final approval. In addition, there are proposals to bring in natural gas by pipeline from Russia and Central Asia. By 2020, the Chinese gas market is estimated at 19.5 bn cfd: about half the size of the current Western European market.     

俄罗斯干线油气管道焊接加热方法探讨

提出了干线油气管道焊接加热的优点和必要性;介绍了俄罗斯焊接加热的技术规范,并与美、英两国的焊接加热方式进行比较。阐述了俄罗斯干线油气管道焊接加热的方法及专家对这些方法的分析和探讨,并针对俄罗斯焊接加热的相关技术文件提出了补充和修改建议。最后,对我国管道焊接加热方式提出了建设性意见。     

俄罗斯干线煤气管道可靠性研究

俄罗斯是世界上最早敷设干线输送管道的国家之一,使用的干线输送管道已有半个多世纪的历史,干线管道在给俄罗斯带来巨大经济利益的同时,也存在着安全隐患.简要介绍了俄罗斯干线煤气管道的概况,并对其干线煤气管道故障的原因进行了分析.研究表明,俄罗斯干线煤气管道故障的主要原因是应力腐蚀、腐蚀龟裂和长期使用所导致的金属材料结构老化....     

俄罗斯焊管厂为生产大直径油气钢管所进行的改造

简述了石油天然气工业的发展对长输油气干线管道建设及安全可靠性提出的新要求,以及俄罗斯制管企业面临的新任务.介绍了乌克兰国立冶金工厂设计研究院对俄罗斯多家直缝焊管厂所进行的技术改造和设备更新,这些制管企业主要有:哈尔楚兹制管集团的第二焊管厂,维克松钢铁公司的TBд焊管厂和沃尔什制管公司的530～1420焊管厂等.技术改造...     

俄罗斯气田开发经验对我们的启示

俄罗斯是一个天然气资源十分丰富的国家,其储量和产量都居目前世界首位。该国在天然气勘探开发和天然气加工处理、天然气管道、地下储气库的建设和运营以及天然气国内国际营销等方面都拥有着丰富的经验,尤其是在酸性气田开发方面有着长期成功的生产管理经验。为此,介绍了俄罗斯天然气工业发展的历程,以及该国典型气田生产、气田开发技术、管理理念、人才储备等方面的经验和做法,以期对我国气田的开发和管理工作,尤其是大型气田的开发和管理工作有所启示。     

Multinational Gas Pipeline Hopeful on Schedule

The Kovykta project, which will transport natural gas from Russia's Eastern Siberia to China and Republic of Korea, might come out ahead over the Sino-Russian oil pipeline project. China and Russia are negotiating the price of the piped gas and the result of negotiations will likely be seen in three to four months, TNK-BP President and Chief Executive Officer Robert Dudley recently said,adding that he is confident that natural gas from Kovykta will start flowing through the pipeline by the end of 2008 as planned.     

Russia pushes ahead with new pipelines

The start of the construction of an oil export pipeline from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean marks an important new phase in Russia's policy of diversifying its exports away from Europe. Sales to the former Comecon nations of Eastern Europe have been eroded over the last decade-and-a-half since the countries there have tried to import crude oil from the North Sea and elsewhere, following the collapse of the Soviet economic bloc with its barter system of trade in oil and major commodities. Recently, Western Europeans have expressed concerns about the share of Russian supplies in their energy balances, particularly since the argument between Russia and Ukraine over gas supplies at the beginning of 2006 ( see 'Gas and Power', February 2006 ). Since then, the European Commission has been warning of the danger of the European Union's becoming over-reliant on Russian energy.     

Ukraine gas crisis rumbles on as west again affected

Russian disagreements with Ukraine have continued despite the earlier settlement of a dispute over gas pricing ( see 'Focus', January 2006 ). Deliveries of Russian gas to the west have again been disrupted amid accusations from Moscow that Ukraine has been abstracting more gas from Russia's export pipeline than it is contractually entitled to. The problem, however, appears to originate in Russia, where cold weather has caused domestic demand for gas to soar, leaving less available for export.     

中国和俄罗斯管道壁厚计算方法差异研究

随着我国长输管道跨越式发展,中亚和俄罗斯成为海外油气战略重点地区。由于中俄标准技术水平差异,可能造成管道投资增加的问题。应通过中国和俄罗斯管道设计标准的差异性研究加以解决,特别是管道壁厚计算方法的差异性。中俄管道设计标准分别基于管道屈服强度和抗拉强度计算壁厚,俄罗斯标准能够反映X65钢及以上高钢级钢管材料特性的变化规律,考虑因素更全面,但壁厚计算值略大,二者差值在1.67~3.8 mm之间。中俄管道设计标准的应用建议是:钢管等级高于X65时,宜按照俄罗斯标准计算管道壁厚,以保证管道安全性,按照中国标准应考虑安全裕量;钢管等级低于X65时,宜按照中国标准计算管道壁厚,以节省管道投资成本。     

Determination of Optimal Parameters of Distributive Gas Pipeline by Dynamic Programming Method

Abstract

In this article we present a model for determination of optimal parameters of main distributive gas pipelines by dynamic programming (DP) methods. The basic characteristic of this gas pipeline system is that the transported gas quantities are variables. This article presents DP techniques for solving the problem of minimizing investment costs of gas pipeline building. The main objective of this program is to determine the optimal location of compressor station and the optimal diameter of gas pipeline under the constraint of pressure value achievement for all users. The proposed model develops an improved numerical searching technique with the purpose of finding the optimal solution quickly.

Applications for this method for optimal parameter determination of gas pipelines and the results are exemplified by the design of a gas pipeline in Belgrade–Valjevo. The model presented will be applied in a feasibility study to define the optimal parameters of a future gas pipeline, South Stream, from the Russian Federation to central Europe.     

俄罗斯页岩油地质特征及勘探开发进展

俄罗斯主要页岩油资源赋存于西西伯利亚地台的巴热诺夫组和东欧地台的多玛尼克地层，页岩油区可采资源总量大，具备大规模开发利用的基础设施和外部环境，是未来开发利用的重要潜力区。巴热诺夫组主要岩性为硅质泥页岩，分布于上侏罗统-下白垩统，平均厚度为30 m，TOC平均为7%，有机质含量一般大于4%，以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型有机质为主，成熟度介于0.5%~1.1%；多玛尼克页岩油层系为一套泥盆系中弗拉阶-石炭系下杜内阶硅质/含硅的泥质石灰岩，整体厚度在100~600 m，有机碳含量在0.5%~24%，以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型有机质为主，在伏尔加-乌拉尔盆地中北部成熟度介于0.5%~1.5%，南部靠近滨里海地区以生气为主。目前虽然受国际油价影响，俄罗斯页岩油资源的勘探开发探索却未停滞：2016年对巴热诺夫组146口垂直井进行测试，在活跃天数范围内日产油流量10.8 t，对36口水平井进行测试，在活跃天数范围内平均日产流量7.5 t；俄罗斯天然气工业股份有限公司2018年成立的巴热诺夫技术中心，目前已将水力压裂的时间减少50%，单位生产成本减少40%。在俄罗斯开发页岩油资源享受矿产开采零税率，不少油田地质资料充分、相互之间距离不远且基础设施完善，未来俄罗斯页岩油有望实现商业开采。     

论新形势下海外油气勘探开发方向

文章从全球油气分布不均一性着手,指出中东、北非、中亚—俄罗斯是重要的油气资源分布区,油气田分布的不均匀性在不同埋藏深度、不同储层类型、不同盆地类型和不同圈闭类型中得以体现.在此基础上提出了俄罗斯、非洲是开拓海外油气勘探开发的主要目标和首选目标,中东地区是开拓油气勘探开发市场的重要地区,滨里海地区、东南亚和南亚地区可作为海外油气勘探开发后备地区.      

俄罗斯干线输气管道用三通连接管的制造与分析

俄罗斯在干线输气管道建设中,倾向于采用高强度等级管线钢(如K65和K55等)制造管道及管道连接件.简要介绍了俄罗斯干线输气管道用10Γ2ФБЮ钢(属于K55)三通连接管的制造工艺.研究了用10Γ2ФБЮ钢制作的三通连接管的金相组织、力学性能和抗脆性破坏能力等,结果表明,在连接管的制造过程中采用淬火+高温回火的最终热处理...