公式分层的谓词模态逻辑

由于必然模态词□的引入,谓词模态逻辑的公式在一个可能世界中的真假值可能依赖于其可达的可能世界.在谓词模态逻辑中存在个体跨可能世界相等问题.针对这一问题,Lewis提出了对应物理论,并且在对应物理论中用对应物关系来表示个体跨可能世界相等.但是,当一个对象具有一个以上的对应物时,谓词模态逻辑中的跨可能世界相等关系无法与对应物关系建立一一对应.通过限制谓词模态逻辑中全称量词∀的范围,给出了一种公式分层的谓词模态逻辑.它是谓词模态逻辑的一个子逻辑,并且其语言与谓词模态逻辑的语言是相同的.但其公式是分层定义的,使得∀可以出现在□的范围内,并且□不能出现在∀的范围内.由于任意形如∀x□φ（x）的表达式都不是该逻辑的公式,以量词开头的公式在一个可能世界w中的真假值只依赖于w,该逻辑避免了个体跨可能世界相等问题.给出了该逻辑的语言、语法和语义,并证明了该逻辑是可靠的和完备的.     

一种基于规划理论的密码协议形式模型

将规划理论引入到密码协议形式化分析领域,结合密码协议在实际网络环境中的运行特点和规律,提出了密码协议攻击规划理论;建立了一种对密码协议进行安全性验证的形式化模型,即密码协议攻击规划问题模型;给出了模型的一阶语法、形式定义及相关运算语义.同时,分析了Dolev-Yao模型的不足之处,基于基本消息元素策略对其进行了改进;并通过增强应用语义来保证改进模型的可行性,从而避免了"状态空间爆炸"问题的发生,提高了密码协议攻击规划问题模型的完备性;并给出了基于该模型的NS公钥协议分析实例.提出的密码协议形式模型是证伪的,目的在于对密码协议进行验证,并查找协议中可能存在的漏洞,既可以方便地进行手工推导证明,也非常易于自动化实现.     

移动界程模型检测

首次将嵌套谓词等式系应用到带递归的谓词界程逻辑模型检测中,提出了第1个时间复杂性与逻辑公式的交错嵌套深度呈指数关系的局部模型检测算法,这也是目前已知的第2个带递归的谓词界程逻辑模型检测算法.所做的工作有:①讨论了谓词界程逻辑公式与嵌套谓词等式系间语义的等价性,给出了谓词界程逻辑公式转换成嵌套谓词等式系的方法;②讨论了谓词界程逻辑模型检测问题,给出了具体算法,并分析了算法的复杂性.     

不可否认协议时限性的形式化分析

虽然SVO逻辑由于其简单性在对不可否认协议的形式化分析中得到了广泛的应用,但它在时间描述能力上的不足使得它无法分析不可否认协议的时限性.通过向SVO逻辑添加一种简单的时间表达和分析方法扩展了SVO逻辑,并使用扩展后的逻辑对Zhou和Gollmann于1996年提出的一个公平不可否认协议及其一个改进协议进行了分析.分析结果表明,原协议不具有时限性,而改进协议具有时限性,因此也说明了扩展后的新逻辑能够分析不可否认协议的时限性.另外,新逻辑还能用来分析一般密码协议中的时间相关性质.     

分析安全协议密码系统相关缺陷的模态逻辑方法

安全协议未采用适当的密码系统来实现，会使最终的安全协议存在密码系统相关缺陷．对该类缺陷进行形式化分析时，不能使用完善的密码系统假设，这是安全协议形式化分析研究中的一个难点,以CKT5逻辑为基础，以对称密码算法为重点，将序列密码算法和分组密码算法的特性，以逻辑推理规则的形式引入到CKT5逻辑框架中，使得扩展后的逻辑能够用于分析安全协议密码系统相关缺陷,并用实例说明了如何使用扩展逻辑来分析密码系统相关缺陷.     

基于效用的Agent多动作选择承诺机制

研究以KARO为逻辑框架的多动作选择承诺,给出与其相关的效用函数计算方法。在引入模型状态迁移概念和相关函数、谓词后,对各种承诺建立和取消承诺的情况进行了形式化,详细给出了kripke型可能世界语义描述。丰富了KARO逻辑框架关于承诺的研究。使主体在合作时,可以充分考虑自己的情况,理性的作出选择,提高多主体间合作的协调性。     

基于行为逻辑的时序使用控制模型

着眼于单主体访问操作中的原子行为和时序性质,采用时序模态逻辑,提出一种基于行为的时序使用控制模型.该逻辑框架包含了与授权相关的按时间节点预定义的行为、由主客体属性和系统所表达的状态序列及状态谓词.在给出了一种策略语言后,对其语法和语义进行了形式定义,并根据使用控制(UCON)模型族的行为特性给出了控制策略.该逻辑模型不仅可以形式化描述使用控制基本原理,而且有助于准确并自动化地判定策略的可满足性,具有良好的灵活性和表达能力.     

一种基于问题求解理论的密码协议形式模型

提出了一种基于问题求解理论的密码协议模型，给出了模型的基本语法以及基于ρ演算的形式语义，明确了模型推理过程中涉及到的一些关键性的概念和命题。该模型具有以下特点：能够对密码协议进行精确的形式化描述；具有合理可靠的可证明语义；对密码协议安全性的定义精确合理；便于实现自动化推理。所有这些均确保了基于该模型的密码协议安全性分析的合理性和有效性，为正确的分析密码协议的安全性提供了可靠依据。     

密码协议分析的信任多集方法

提出了一种基于逻辑的信任多集方法,它与已有的密码协议安全性分析方法本质上不同:每个参与主体建立的新信任只应依赖于该主体已拥有的信任和接收或发送的包含了信任的新鲜性标识符的消息本身.在基于匹配对话和不可区分性的计算模型下,证明了给出的保证密码协议单方认证安全、双方认证安全、单方密钥安全和双方密钥安全的充分必要条件分别满足4个可证安全定义.实例研究和对比分析表明,信任多集方法有以下特点:首先,安全性分析结果要么证明了一个密码协议是安全的,要么指出了密码协议安全属性的缺失,由安全属性的缺失能够直接导出构造攻击的结构;其次,分析方法与密码协议和攻击者能力的具体形式化描述无关;最后,不仅可用于手工分析,而且便于开发出自动验证系统.     

基于改进语义SVO逻辑的二维认证协议分析

一种基于二维几何距离的实体认证协议无需在非安全信道当中传送密钥,使得认证的过程更加安全与便捷,然而该协议的正确性与安全性并未得到严格论证。考虑该实体认证协议的特点,采用改进语义的SVO逻辑对其进行合理性描述,并对其运行过程进行形式化的具体分析,发现该协议在认证过程中存在着双方认证不确定的缺陷。针对此缺陷提出了一种修正方案,以确保认证协议的正确性,并且通过改进语义SVO逻辑的形式化分析证明了该改进认证协议的安全性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.