犊牛肉生产现状及其分级体系

本文阐述了犊牛肉生产现状及其对我国牛肉产业的意义,介绍了犊牛肉分级研究现状,并为我国相关领域研究给出了建议。     

欧盟犊牛福利养殖措施及犊牛肉分级标准

犊牛肉为高档肉品,深受欧美一些国家消费者青睐。本文介绍了欧盟国家为保障犊牛的基本福利采取的福利养殖措施以及犊牛肉分级标准。欧盟先进的养殖措施及分级标准对于有效利用我国丰富的犊牛资源,发展犊牛肉产业具有一定的参考价值。     

国内外犊牛肉发展现状

简要介绍犊牛肉的分类，国内外犊牛业发展的概况。通过对我国养牛业的分析，阐明我国发展犊牛产业的优势。     

建立健全牛肉分级体系

何为牛肉分级?其作用意义何在?发达的肉牛业在国民经济中的作用是什么?由于我国的牛肉生产起步晚、水平低、规模小,所以许多人对此还不甚了解,而牛肉工业的迅速崛起,离不开全民的重视与支持。为此,浅谈对建立健全我国牛肉分级体系的必要性及发展肉牛业的意义。     

犊牛肉烹炒损失的研究

未试验测定了３４头黑白花初生公犊背最长肌和另外３２头黑白花初生公犊腰大肌的系水力和烹炒损失，并对有可能影响烹炒损失的亲本因素也作了测定和分析．犊牛肉货架期系水力良好（背最长肌４８小时滴水损失为３．２±０．２％，腰大肌相应为３．０±０．３％）．这种犊牛肉用于烹炒（背最长肌烹炒损失为３０．５±０．７％，而烹煮损失为３６．６±０．８％）比用于炖煮更合适．腰大肌烹炒损失与Ｓｃｈｌｅｉｃｈｅｒ滤纸评分、压力损失、滴水损失和烹煮损失呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），但背最长肌的烹炒损失与上述参数无显著相关．公犊背最长肌和腰大肌的烹炒损失与其父系血统以及公犊母亲在怀该犊时的生理参数均无显著相关．     

奶公犊牛肉营养成分的分析

检测分析奶公犊牛肉的基本营养成分,奶公犊牛肉中蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分、灰分、碳水化合物含量和能量分别达到23.76%、1.38%、77.66%、1.35%、0.85%和469.43 k J/100 g;奶公犊牛肉含有丰富的微量元素,其中奶公犊牛肉中铁元素和铜元素为成年黄牛肉的10倍之高;奶公犊牛肉中总氨基酸含量略低于成年黄牛肉,风味氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例高于成年黄牛肉。     

犊牛肉质量特点与消费地位

一、犊牛肉定义 犊牛肉是以公犊牛或淘汰的母犊为原料牛,经过全乳、脂肪乳和人工代乳料或配合饲料养育及屠宰后所得的可食部分的肉类.     

犊牛肉开发现状与影响因素

本文简要介绍了犊牛肉的分类及中国犊牛肉产业发展现状,阐明了影响犊牛肉产业发展的因素,提出了利用先进的犊牛肉生产方式改变我国犊牛利用率低的现状,提高我国牛肉生产资源利用效益,促进肉牛养殖业向优质高效商品化生产发展。     

近红外技术在牛肉质量分级体系中的应用研究进展

牛肉等级评价体系旨在使市场形成以质论价、优质优价的优良市场机制,并引导肉牛产业的健康发展.世界主要发达国家都有较完善的牛肉等级评价体系,我国牛肉等级评价体系起步较晚,牛肉自动分级技术处于探索和研究阶段.近红外技术作为一种快速、在线的检测技术,在牛肉质量检测方面得到了广泛的研究.本文对国内外主要的牛肉质量分级标准体系进行了概述,指出了目前国内外的牛肉质量分级技术体系存在的问题,综述了国内外的近红外技术在牛肉质量分级体系中应用现状和研究进展,总之近红外技术在牛肉质量分级技术体系中具有很大的潜力.     

我国犊牛肉产业发展看好

牛肉,指屠宰加工健康牛只获得的可食肉品,分为:牛肉(beef)——屠宰加工性成熟后健康牛只(8-9月龄以后)获得的可食肉品,其商品可分为混合型、趋肥型、趋瘦型三类;犊牛肉(veal)——屠宰加工性成熟前健康牛只获得的可食肉品,又分为初生犊牛肉(出生后屠宰获得的可食肉类)和幼仔牛肉(bob veal犊牛出生后哺乳或饲喂     

国内外粮食标准体系的对比分析

粮食标准体系的建设对于我国的粮食标准化工作非常重要。本文研究了国际组织、欧盟、美国和我国的粮食标准体系现状,介绍我国粮食标准体系建设情况,分析了我国粮食标准体系存在的主要问题,并对完善我国粮食标准体系提出了相应的建议。     

国内外食品安全监管体系建设比较研究

本文对国内外食品安全追溯体系、监管队伍和农药残留限量标准建设等方面进行了比较研究。结果表明,发达国家已经建立了较为完善的食品安全追溯体系、有效运转的食品安全监管员制度和严格的食用农产品与食品中农药残留限量标准,我国食品安全监管体系与发达国家还存在一定的差距。针对我国相关方面的工作提出了建议,认为我国应按照《食品安全法》要求,尽快建立食品安全追溯体系,加强食品安全监管员队伍建设,加强农药使用管理,完善食用农产品及食品中农药残留限量标准。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法检测小白牛肉的挥发性成分

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法（Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry）分析检测了小白牛肉的挥发性风味物质,共分离检测得到125种化合物,定性和定量鉴定得到49种化合物,占总化合物的93.994%,其中醛类15种、醇类10种、烃类8种、酯类3种、酚类3种、酸类2种、杂环类2种、酮类6种。初步判断己醛、壬醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、1-（2-硝基丙基）-环己醇、庚醛、二叔丁基对甲酚、N-己酸乙烯酯、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛醇等为小白牛肉的主体香味成分。     

国内外食品分类系统研究

食品分类系统是食品安全监管工作的基础。本文通过整理和分析国内外主要食品分类系统，指出我国现有食品分类系统中存在的主要问题，并提出建议，为完善我国食品分类系统提供参考。     

表面活性素的国内外研究进展

表面活性素（surfactin）是一种主要由芽孢杆菌属次级代谢产生的脂肽型生物表面活性剂,与化学表面活性剂相比,具有抗粘连、抗生物膜剂、抗菌消炎、抗支原体、抗病毒等优势,在生物制药、环境修复、油田开采、化妆品及日用品等领域有广泛的应用前景,但生产表面活性素的生物技术合成和回收成本过高在一定程度上限制了其商业价值。该文针对表面活性素的生物合成,传统和改进的定量分析,传统和新颖的分离纯化以及应用展开了叙述,并对表面活性素未来的发展进行展望。     

Prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders recorded at postmortem inspection in white veal calves and associated risk factors

The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of poor rumen development, presence of rumen plaques, rumen papillae hyperkeratinization, and abomasal lesions in veal calves and to investigate risk factors for their occurrence at the farm level. Within a wide cross-sectional study, a sample of 170 veal farms representative of the European veal meat production systems was considered in the 3 major producing countries (99 in the Netherlands, 47 in France, and 24 in Italy). An average of 59 ± 10 (SD) rumens and abomasa belonging to calves from a single batch per farm were inspected at the abattoir by trained observers to assess the incidence of these gastrointestinal disorders. Potential risk factors for their occurrence related to farm management, housing, and to the feeding plan were obtained by a questionnaire submitted to the stockperson. Prevalence of poor rumen development (almost no papillae present), rumen plaques, and hyperkeratinization were 60.4, 31.4, and 6.1% of rumens, respectively, whereas abomasal lesions in the pyloric area were recorded in 74.1% of abomasa. Independent variables related to the feeding system confirmed to be the main risk factors for the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders in veal calves. However, additional risk sources for each given problem were identified among housing and management variables. The provision of a low amount of solid feed (≤50 kg of dry matter/head per cycle) was a relevant risk for rumen underdevelopment. Rumen wall alterations (plaques and hyperkeratinization) and abomasal lesions were instead associated with the administration of large quantities of solids (151-300 kg of dry matter/head per cycle) in calves receiving milk replacer during the entire fattening cycle. Among the types of solid feed, cereal grain acted as a preventive measure for low rumen development, whereas it was a risk factor for the occurrence of rumen plaques, papillae hyperkeratinization, and abomasal lesions. Some housing and management options adopted to improve veal calf welfare (i.e., higher space allowance and use of heating) were associated with lower risk for gastrointestinal disorders.     

Flavourzyme蛋白酶酶解牛骨制备低聚肽的处理条件研究

采用酶法可有效地将骨中蛋白质水解成低分子肽,提高其营养价值和功能特性。实验采用酶制剂Flavourzyme蛋白酶对牛骨粉进行水解,测定水解率和氮溶出率,确定了水解最佳处理条件。结果表明,牛骨粉经121℃,30min的加热预处理显著提高水解度和氮溶出率。风味酶在pH7.0、温度50℃、底物浓度9%、酶量与底物蛋白量之比为50LAPU/g的条件下,水解5h,水解产物的水解度和氮溶出率分别为20.6%和95.5%,且水解产物在不同pH条件下氮溶解指数均达90%左右,三氯乙酸氮溶解指数为90.1%,可见,采用风味酶水解牛骨粉,其酶解产物绝大部分为小分子肽且具有高的溶解性,可直接作为营养强化剂应用于食品中。     

Risk factors associated with mortality at a milk-fed veal calf facility: A prospective cohort study

The veal industry experiences calf losses during the growing period, which represents a challenge to animal welfare and profitability. Health status at arrival may be an important predictor of calf mortality. The objectives of this prospective cohort study were to describe the health status of calves arriving at a veal farm and determine the risk factors associated with early and late mortality. Using a standardized health scoring system, calves were evaluated immediately at arrival to a commercial milk-fed veal facility in Ontario, Canada. Weight at arrival and supplier of the calf were recorded. The calves were followed until death or the end of their production cycle. Two Cox proportional hazard models were built to explore factors associated with early (≤21 d following arrival) and late mortality (>21 d following arrival). A total of 4,825 calves were evaluated from November 2015 to September 2016. The overall mortality risk was 7%, with 42% of the deaths occurring in the first 21 d after arrival. An abnormal navel, dehydration, housing location within the farm, arriving in the summer, and the presence of a sunken flank were associated with increased hazard of early mortality. Drover-derived calves and calves with a greater body weight at arrival had lower hazard of early mortality. Housing location within the farm, being derived from auction facilities, and an abnormal navel were associated with higher hazard of late mortality. These results demonstrate that risk factors for mortality can be identified at arrival, which represents a potential opportunity to selectively intervene on these calves to reduce mortality. However, methods of preventing the development of these conditions before arrival need to be explored and encouraged to improve the welfare of the calves entering the veal industry.     

国内外食品质量安全监管体系的比较与分析

食品安全不仅关系着人民群众的切身利益,还关系着我国社会稳定和经济的发展,食品质量安全监管问题已经成为国际国内普遍关注的问题,我国食品质量安全监管体制和机制反映出的问题尤为突出。从政府监管体制、法律标准体系、日常监管制度3个方面分析我国食品质量安全监管体系现状和存在的问题,提出食品质量安全监管体系的整体框架,从该框架的实施主体、原则依据、监管制度以及保障体系4个方面,比较我国与国外发达国家食品质量安全监管的差异,研究产生差异的原因,提出我国食品质量监管体系待改进的问题,得到国外食品安全监管模式对我国的启示。     

国内外生物农药研究的文献计量分析

目的 检索CNKI 1962-2018年和WOS 2000-2019.01间有关生物农药的文献, 全面了解生物农药的研究现况和发展趋势。方法 基于文献计量学原理采用Vosviewer软件对相关国家、机构、作者, 文献数量, 研究动向等信息进行分析。结果 中国被WOS收录的相关文献数量排名第3位; 进行生物农药研究的相关科研机构以高校为主, 在国内, 浙江大学发文的被引频率最高, 国际上发文量排名前十的机构大多来自美国, 中国农业科学院被WOS收录32篇相关文献, 位列第7。结论 国内外有关生物农药的文献总体呈增长趋势, 美国在发文量上占绝对的优势; 中国生物农药领域发文量名列前茅, 但目前在国际间的研究合作较为匮乏, 有待与处于科研前沿的国家加强合作共享成果; 根据Vosviewer构建的关键词演化网络图可推测未来生物农药将以生物农药的应用、潜在问题和新型生物农药的研发为主要热点。