Automating concept development by analogical reasoning for advanced decision aids

Compared with conventional knowledge-based decision aids, decision support systems for product concept design must support concept development at the initial stage of human decision making. To support such processes, we must implement both interactive support and automated concept development.

This paper is concerned with the latter, and proposes an automated concept development method using analogical reasoning. The features of the method are that it generates a new product similar to a given product with unique concepts and that it augments domain theory to expand the applicability of the new product.

To validate the performance of the proposed method, we have applied the method to an electric appliance domain. From our experiments, the method has developed not only well-known concepts but also some unique concepts which have not been produced.

Although the proposed method is very simple, it has a highly extensible architecture. Therefore, we conclude that the system can be used to support the initial stage of human decision making.     

活体光学投影断层成像系统与应用

光学投影断层成像（Optical projection tomography,OPT）技术可以对1～10mm 尺度的低散射生物样本进行激发成像,具有微米级的空间分辨率、无辐射、成本低等特点,为小尺寸生物样本的高分辨率三维成像提供了一种新的手段. OPT最早通过对离体生物组织如小鼠胚胎、小鼠器官等成像,进行药物疗效评估、基因表达等研究,但是离体成像不能动态、完整地反映生物组织的变化,因此活体成像技术逐渐成为OPT领域的研究热点.本文详细介绍了我们自主研发的活体OPT系统,该成像系统以准直激光器为光源单元,高精密移动和旋转 电控平台为样本定位单元,低温电子倍增（Electron multiplying,EM） CCD探测器为采集单元,实现了针对果蝇蛹等小模式动物的活体三维成像.该系统的空间分辨率优于10 μm,成像视野1～10mm,扫描时间小于2min,重建时间小于5s.最后,本文通过果蝇蛹的三维活体成像实验展示该系统的操作流程、成像结果和初步的生物应用.     

面向企业管理对象(资源)的系统分析方法──对ERP分析方法的探索

论文运用ERP的思想方法对企业的管理对象（资源）进行了分析,提出了流动的管理对象和静态管理对象的概念,并对他们的变化规律进行了分析,提出了通过三个应用层次来构造企业ERP系统的思想和方法。     

区分3种否定的模糊命题逻辑系统及其应用

在模糊知识表示与推理中,否定信息扮演了一个重要角色.从概念层面上区分了模糊知识中存在的3 种否定关系,即矛盾否定关系、对立否定关系和中介否定关系.为了建立能够完全描述这些不同否定关系的逻辑基础,提出一种区分矛盾否定、对立否定和中介否定的模糊命题逻辑形式系统FLCOM.讨论了FLCOM 特有的性质与意义,给出了FLCOM 的一种语义解释,并证明了可靠性定理.为了表明FLCOM 处理实际问题的适用性,进一步研究了FLCOM在一个模糊决策实例中的应用.具体地,基于FLCOM讨论了决策规则中的模糊命题及其不同否定的区分与形式表示,给出一种确定模糊命题及其不同否定的真值及其真值范围阈值的方法,并采用模糊产生式规则讨论了实例中的模糊推理与决策.从而表明,运用FLCOM 处理具有模糊性并且存在不同否定的实际问题是有效的.     

审服饰之“丑”

哲学体系中"美"与"丑"是一对相对的概念且可以互相转化,因此界限模糊,缺乏恒定的标准。借鉴传统美学思想来界定现代服饰丑的概念,将有助于归纳现代服饰"丑"流行的诸多现象。分析流行现象的原因及现象背后的本质,探悉事物发展的规律,并以此来总结服饰审"丑"观念对现代服装设计带来的启示。     

The optimal location of inspection stations using a rule-based methodology

The location of inspection stations is a significant component of production systems. In this paper, a prototype expert system is designed for deciding the optimal location of inspection stations. The production system is defined as a single channel of n serial operation stations. The potential inspection station can be located after any of the operation stations. Non-conforming units are generated from a compound binomial distribution with known parameters at any given operation station.

Traditionally Dynamic programming, Zero-one integer programming or Non-linear programming techniques are used to solve this problem. However a problem using these techniques is that the computation time becomes prohibitively large when the number of potential inspection stations are fifteen or more. An expert system has the potential to solve this problem using a rule-based system to determine the near optimal location of inspection stations.

The prototype expert system is divided into a static database, dynamic database and knowledge base. Based on defined production systems, the sophisticated rules are generated by the simulator as part of a knowledge base. A generate-and-test inference mechanism is utilized to search the solution space by applying appropriate symbolic and quantitative rules. The goal of the system is to determine the location of inspection stations while minimizing total cost.     

Nonlinear prediction of manufacturing systems through explicit and implicit data mining

Many processes in the industrial realm exhibit stochastic and nonlinear behavior. Consequently, an intelligent system must be able to ndapt to nonlinear production processes as well as probabilistic phenomena. To this end, an intelligent manufacturing system may draw on techniques from disparate fields, involving knowledge in both explicit and implicit form.In order for a knowledge based system to control a manufacturing process, an important capability is that of prediction: forecasting the future trajectory of a process as well as the consequences of the control action. This paper presents a comparative study of explicitaand implicit methods to predict nonlinear chaotic behavior. The evaluated models include statistica; procedures as well as neural networks and case based reasoning. The concepts are crystallized through a case study in the prediction of chaotic processes adulterated by various patterns of noise.     

Understanding the design of information technologies for knowledge management in organizations: a pragmatic perspective

Abstract.  Researchers report mixed findings on the successful application of information technologies (IT) for knowledge management (KM). The primary difficulty is argued to be the use of information management techniques and concepts to design and develop KM Tools. Also problematic is the existence of a multiplicity of KM technologies, the application and use of which differs across organizations. This paper argues that these problems stem, in part, from the information system field's over-reliance on design concepts from the functionalist paradigm. Hence, our contention that alternative perspectives, which bring into focus issues of ontology and epistemology, need to be brought to bear in order to understand the challenges involved in the design and deployment of IT artefacts in knowledge management systems (KMS). The philosophy of technology, with its emphasis on the primacy of praxis, and which incorporates ontological and epistemological concepts from phenomenology and hermeneutics, is applied to the findings of a participative action research study to illustrate how social actors interpret and understand worldly phenomena and subsequently share their knowledge of the life-world using IT. The outcome of this marriage of situated practical theory and philosophy is a set of design principles to guide the development of a core KM Tool for KMS.     

Automated program understanding by concept recognition

Program understanding can be seen as the process of understanding abstract concepts in the program code. Thus, automated recognition of abstract concepts may greatly assist the human understanding process. This paper describes an approach to automated concept recognition and its implementation. In the approach, we use a concept model and a library of concept recognition rules to describe what the concepts are and how to recognize them from lower-level concepts. Programming language knowledge as well as domain knowledge are used to aid the recognition of abstract concepts.     

基于ISO/IEC 11179的规范化概念系统模型研究

基于ISO/IEC11179-3:2013(E)标准中概念系统模型的组织模式,对概念系统模型中的相关元素进行组织。从形式概念分析的角度出发,分析概念规范化的实质、概念与概念间的关系,并将这些通用概念与ISO/IEC11179系列中的概念相结合,提出规范化的概念系统模型构建方法SCCS,以解决概念模型中信息难以有效地集成与共享的问题。SCCS方法包括,规范化概念描述、DEC构建规则、DEC逻辑关系生成算法、规范化的概念系统构建过程。最后开发DEC注册系统,验证SCCS方法的可行性与有效性。     

概念格在入侵检测中的应用研究

为了发现潜在的、有效的入侵检测规则,提高入侵检测系统的检测率,将概念格与入侵检测技术相结合提出了一种基于概念格理论的入侵检测系统.系统通过对收集的数据进行预处理、数据规范化,使用属性约简得到最小属性集构建概念格,同时分析概念间的蕴涵关系,获得非冗余的分类规则.基于概念格的入侵检测模型与其它检测方法相比要求的训练数据获取简单,实验结果表明,使用该模型减少了实现分类的运算量,提高了入侵检测的检测率,有效控制了检测的误检率.     

Database considerations in manufacturing systems integration

This paper deals with ideas that could form a basis for manufacturing integration. In recent times more attention is being paid to the idea of applying artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to manufacturing. However, very little attention is being paid to the proper use of these techniques. This research work explores three basic ideas:

1. 1. Applications of the entity-relationship approach to knowledge representation.

2. 2. The basic philosophy of expert database systems and

3. 3. Integration of manufacturing systems from the above two concepts.

The approaches for 1 and 2 are explained with actual implementation experiences, while a framework for integration is proposed from a more philosophical perspective.     

Ontological emergence scheme in self-organized and emerging systems

This paper presents the concept of “Ontological Emergence”, a process that seeks to adapt an ontology to the changes and new components in a self-organized and emergent system, through the application of a set of rules that allows the emergence of a new conceptualization (emerging concepts). The Ontological Emergence provides the structuration of the information and knowledge that could be generated in the system, creating conceptual models that can adequately represent the new behavior that is emerging. It arises from the need to represent ontologically a conceptualization of a reality that is dynamic, which cannot be pre-defined or pre-determined, in order to generate emerging knowledge models that follows the scalability and the evolution of it. In that sense, in this paper is proposed an “Ontological Emergence Scheme” based on a set of processes of registration, monitoring, analysis and adaptation of the various conceptual models that interact in the system, as well as on some processing rules in regard to requirements and information of the context, in order to allow the ontological emergence. In this proposal scheme, the Meta-ontologies guide the ontological emergence process through the definition of general categories, to facilitate the integration of concepts from different ontologies or data sources. Finally, the paper presents some case studies, showing its utility in self-organized and emergent systems.     

Team Coordination in Escalating Situations: An Empirical Study Using Mid‐Fidelity Simulation

The performance of teams, with different levels of domain and crisis management experience, managing unexpected and escalating situations was observed using a mid‐fidelity ship‐bridge simulation and analysed by applying the central concepts of joint activity coordination as well as Woods's theory building on data overload. The coordination strategies used by the teams were evaluated by applying coordination process indicators and the concept of control. The paper discusses how different aspects of team coordination in unexpected and escalating situations, e.g. that teams that maintain a high level of control in escalating situations, avoid or minimize the effects of data overload by using explicit and agreed‐upon goals rather than sharing as much incoming information as possible. The results presented in this paper show the benefits of applying a broad set of theoretical concepts to shed light on the actual demands that escalating situations pose on people's data processing capacities and processes. It also provides guidance on the successful performance of teams in such situations and thus support for the development of successful strategies for their management.     

基于属性度的属性排序算法

形式概念分析是一种从形式背景进行数据分析和规则提取的强有力工具。属性拓扑作为一种新型的形式背景表示方法,直观地描述了属性之间的关联。利用属性拓扑可以更方便直观地计算形式概念和概念格。经过对现有属性拓扑的算法与流程的研究,分析了现有属性排序算法的特异性和层次局限性,通过结合度的概念,提出了一种属性衡量的新方式--属性度,并提出了基于属性度的属性排序算法。这种排序算法得到的结果更加灵活,消除了属性排序的层次局限性,对父属性的查找有明显的优势,为基于属性拓扑中的属性排序方法提供了指引方向。     

OPT++ : an object-oriented implementation for extensible database query optimization

In this paper we describe the design and implementation of OPT++, a tool for extensible database query optimization that uses an object-oriented design to simplify the task of implementing, extending, and modifying an optimizer. Building an optimizer using OPT++ makes it easy to extend the query algebra (to add new query algebra operators and physical implementation algorithms to the system), easy to change the search space, and also to change the search strategy. Furthermore, OPT++ comes equipped with a number of search strategies that are available for use by an optimizer-implementor. OPT++ considerably simplifies both, the task of implementing an optimizer for a new database system, and the task of evaluating alternative optimization techniques and strategies to decide what techniques are best suited for that database system. We present the results of a series of performance studies. These results validate our design and show that, in spite of its flexibility, OPT++ can be used to build efficient optimizers. Received October 1996 / Accepted January 1998     

形式概念分析的概念之间包含度理论

在形式概念分析中的概念之间引进了包含度理论,利用包含度理论描述了概念之间的量化关系,对概念格中概念之间的亚概念和超概念进行了刻画.同时,采用包含度在概念格中进行关联规则的提取,给出了由包含度进行无冗余关联规则的提取算法,并由实例验证了该算法是有效的.     

A flexible MRP-DSS with an emphasis on leadtime variations

The conventional MRP systems translate plant requests into production and inventory scheduling actions of the factory. However, the assumption of constant leadtime policy limits MRP's capability in supporting the decision-making processes for better production scheduling control. Obviously, the assumption of constant leadtime is unrealistic in real-world problems.

This paper focuses on the leadtime variations associated with both internal and external manufacturing logistics. Two modeling techniques are used to study the variation of leadtime. First, a stochastic model using simulation and statistical concepts is developed in the analysis of shipment leadtime. Second, a variable leadtime matrix model is used to determine production leadtime. As a result, a flexible material requirements planning decision support system (FMRP-DSS) is developed to determine more accurate leadtimes, and to protect against the uncertainty of the conventional MRP systems. Moreover, the system can be viewed as a transition from the conventional MRP systems to the “Just-In-Time Manufacturing” (JITM) systems.

A “whatif” scenario is designed to integrate the capacities of the FMRP-DSS as a whole to support the decision-making process and to provide a better production and inventory planning environment. FMRP-DSS, which is designed to be highly user-friendly, menu-driven, and interactive, will help the decision-makers in their decision making process of production and inventory planning more effectively and efficiently.     

基于ITIL体系的安全服务级别管理研究

通过引入IT服务管理的理念,将安全运营管理定位为IT基础设施库ITIL中的服务,同时综合借鉴BS7799、NIST SP800系列以及其它有关信息安全标准的特点,构建基于ITIL的网络安全运营管理体系,帮助解决安全运营管理平台相关技术和产品的研究开发过程缺乏标准和规范的问题.服务级别管理是基于ITIL的网络安全运营管理体系保证安全服务达到组织或客户的期望并获得认可的关键,是基于安全服务级别协议的协商、定案、监控、报告和总结的过程.详细阐述了安全服务级别管理的相关概念、流程以及与安全运营管理体系其它过程间的关系.     

概念格对象渐减维护与关联规则更新

研究概念格对象渐减维护与关联规则更新符合动态环境下概念格应用的需求。提出了对象渐减时概念的更新原则和概念间关系调整方法,并在其基础上设计了概念格对象渐减维护算法;采用了内涵缩减来获得概念蕴含的关联规则,从父子概念内涵差集的变化中发现了对象渐减时的内涵缩减更新规律;获得了对象渐减时的关联规则更新方法。