Low‐loss TCP/IP header compression for wireless networks

Wireless is becoming a popular way to connect mobile computers to the Internet and other networks. The bandwidth of wireless links will probably always be limited due to properties of the physical medium and regulatory limits on the use of frequencies for radio communication. Therefore, it is necessary for network protocols to utilize the available bandwidth efficiently. Headers of IP packets are growing and the bandwidth required for transmitting headers is increasing. With the coming of IPv6 the address size increases from 4 to 16 bytes and the basic IP header increases from 20 to 40 bytes. Moreover, most mobility schemes tunnel packets addressed to mobile hosts by adding an extra IP header or extra routing information, typically increasing the size of TCP/IPv4 headers to 60 bytes and TCP/IPv6 headers to 100 bytes. In this paper, we provide new header compression schemes for UDP/IP and TCP/IP protocols. We show how to reduce the size of UDP/IP headers by an order of magnitude, down to four to five bytes. Our method works over simplex links, lossy links, multi‐access links, and supports multicast communication. We also show how to generalize the most commonly used method for header compression for TCP/IPv4, developed by Jacobson, to IPv6 and multiple IP headers. The resulting scheme unfortunately reduces TCP throughput over lossy links due to unfavorable interaction with TCP's congestion control mechanisms. However, by adding two simple mechanisms the potential gain from header compression can be realized over lossy wireless networks as well as point‐to‐point modem links. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of header compression schemes for IP-based wireless access systems

For mobile IP-based telephony (voice over IP) and IP-based real-time multimedia over cellular radio systems, an economically viable solution is needed. It is an absolute requirement that, for example, the 60-octet IPv6/UPD/RTP headers on IP telephony packets be reduced in size to conserve bandwidth in the radio spectrum. We evaluate the performance of two header compression schemes, based on RFCs 2508 and 3095, under the conditions of cellular radio access technology. The results presented in this article refer to voice and Web browsing traffic and are based on the implementation of compression/decompression algorithms for the aforementioned standards. We find that RFC 3095 performs significantly better if used for mobile communications.     

一个无线传感器网络中的ipv6协议栈头部压缩方案

提出了一个无线传感器网络中的IPv6协议栈的头部压缩方案,包括IPv6头部、扩展头部和UDP头部的压缩.该方案易于实现,能够较大程度的减少无线传感器网络中报文的传输时间,从而降低能量消耗,延长节点寿命.     

G-SRv6头压缩优化技术研究与应用

SRv6作为新一代IP网络核心技术,逐步成为5G和云时代的网络演进方向。如何解决头部开销过大、承载效率低、现网升级难的问题,使SRv6可实际商用部署,已经成为业界关注的焦点。基于这一技术难题,首先提出头压缩设计需求,包括：兼容标准SRv6头部封装,继承标准SRv6和IPv6优势,兼容当前网络地址规划,达成压缩效率与处理性能的有效平衡,与现有网络互联互通;其次,提出基于公共前缀拼接的G-SID头压缩方案,定义G-SID Container、COC Flavor、SI的关键技术能力,并提出压缩和非压缩网络混合部署的网络编排方式;最后,介绍G-SID方案在业界国际标准的进展,通过多厂商设备互通验证可行,并计划现网试点部署,推进SRv6全网快速落地。     

一种新的IPv6网络带宽测量方法

该文提出一种新的应用于IPv6网络的带宽测量方法PTTS(Packet Train Time Stamp)。源端主动向网络发送报文序列(Mh-L-Mt packets train),序列中负载报文反应网络流量特征,测试报文带有IPv6时间戳扩展报文头,逐跳记录路由器的当前时间,获得报文序列通过链路所花费时间,得到可用带宽。同时利用IPv6基本报文头中流标签字段定义测试流,确保报文列中测试报文和负载报文路径一致;利用流量类型字段,增设用于网络测量的测试级消除其与背景业务的相互影响。仿真证明,报文设计合理,测量方法可行。     

A Lightweight NEMO Protocol to Support 6LoWPAN

The Network Mobility (NEMO) and IPv6 over Low power WPAN (6LoWPAN) protocols are the two most important technologies in current networking research and are vital for the future ubiquitous environment. In this paper, we propose a compressed packet header format to support the mobility of 6LoWPAN. Also, a Lightweight NEMO protocol is proposed to minimize the signaling overhead between 6LoWPAN mobile routers and 6LoWPAN gateways by using a compressed mobility header. Performance results show that our Lightweight NEMO protocol can minimize total signaling costs and handoff signaling delay.     

A hierarchical scheme on achieving all-IP communication between WSN and IPv6 networks

The paper proposes a hierarchical scheme on implementing all-IP communication between wireless sensor networks and IPv6 networks. The paper proposes the cluster-tree architecture for all-IP wireless sensor networks which is consistent with the IPv6 Internet architecture. Based on the cluster-tree architecture, the paper proposes the hierarchical IPv6 address configuration algorithm where the IPv6 configuration for cluster members in different clusters can be performed simultaneously, so the IPv6 configuration delay is shortened. Based on the proposed cluster-tree architecture and the IPv6 address configuration algorithm, the paper proposes the hierarchical routing scheme in the link layer where the intermediate nodes only need to deal with the frame header in the link layer without processing the headers in the above layers, so the routing delay is shortened and the power consumption is reduced. From both theoretical perspective and simulative perspectives, the paper analyze the performance parameters of the proposed scheme. And the data results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is better.     

SRv6头压缩技术方案研究

数字化、智能化承载网络成为网络建设与运营的主要目标,承载协议作为实现网络互联与业务承载的关键技术,直接决定了网络规模部署能力与业务承载效率。面向一致性体验与差异化融合承载需求,IPv6段路由（IPv6-based segment routing,SRv6）作为IPv6演进的关键技术,成为未来网络承载协议的发展方向。基于SRv6技术原理,剖析了SRv6头压缩需求,并结合业界典型的SRv6头压缩方案分析了各方案的优劣,为SRv6技术规模部署提供指引。     

4over6:基于非显式隧道的IPv4 跨越IPv6互联机制

IPv6骨干网正在逐步建成并走向实用,纯IPv6的骨干网(如中国下一代互联网:CNGI)已经出现,而已有的大量互联网应用和服务仍存在于IPv4网络中,因此出现了大规模复杂IPv4网络通过IPv6骨干网互联的需求,然而目前没有满足这种需求的过渡机制.本文提出了一种基于IPv6的IPv4网络互联过渡机制框架,对4over6过渡机制框架进行了阐述和分析,并通过原型系统实现,对4over6机制框架进行了原理和功能验证测试.为减小路由开销,提出了ISP独立部署方案,增强了4over6机制框架的可实施性.4over6过渡机制框架具备对网络和端系统透明性、轻型和可自适应动态选路特性,网络管理维护负担小,可适应于大规模、复杂的网络互联等优点.     

IPv6与IEEE802.15.4网络结合的发展现状

6LoWPAN技术是将IPv6应用在IEEE802.15.4网络上的一种创新技术。本文分析了6LoWPAN适配层结构和报头压缩、邻居发现两项关键技术,介绍了6LoWPAN标准和产业发展现状。     

A terminal-assisted route optimized NEMO management

The NEMO basic support protocol enhances mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) to enable mobile router (MR) to move together with mobile network node (MNN) as a unit. This protocol suffers from pinball routing effect which has triggered research works to enable direct routing between MNNs in the presence of network mobility. Instead of relying on MIPv6, this paper describes network mobility using a novel terminal-assisted IP mobility protocol on MNNs that work cooperatively with MRs and access routers to provide seamless connectivity. This protocol is superior as it neither suffers from pinball routing effect nor requires dedicated infrastructure support such as home agent. It also eliminates the need to dynamically increase the size of IP header in IP tunneling. Through quantitative comparisons with existing protocol, we show that this protocol performs better than existing protocols in terms of average packet delivery overhead and packet generation.     

QoS experiences in native IPv6 networks

Deployment of IPv6 technology in research and commercial networks has accelerated in the last few years. Inevitably, as more advanced services take advantage of the new technology, IPv6 traffic gradually increases. Today, there is limited experience in the deployment of Quality of Service (QoS) for IPv6 traffic in backbone networks that support the Differentiated Services framework. As available software and hardware are designed to handle IPv4 packets, there is a need to accurately measure and validate performance of QoS mechanisms in an IPv6 environment. This paper discusses tests and technical challenges in the deployment of IPv6 QoS in core networks, namely the production dual stack gigabit‐speed Greek Research and Education Network (GRNET) and the IPv6‐only 6NET European test network, using both hardware and software platforms. In either case, we succeeded in delivering advanced transport services to IPv6 traffic and provided different performance guarantees to portions of traffic. The deployed QoS schema was common to IPv6 and IPv4; in most cases both v4 and v6 traffic exhibited comparable performance per class, while imposing no significantly different overhead on network elements. A major conclusion of our tests is that the IPv6 QoS mechanisms are efficiently supported with state‐of‐the‐art router cards at gigabit speeds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Error-resilient packet header compression

Full packet headers consume valuable bitrate, which is especially costly in satellite links and some terrestrial wireless links. This has motivated the compression of packet headers by exploiting their correlation via using finite-state machines. The drawback is that compression in the presence of channel errors (packet loss) may result in error propagation. We offer several designs by adapting error control codes for the requirements of packet header compression in uni-directional and bi-directional links, and explore the tradeoffs in complexity, delay, and system performance. For the bi-directional link, we propose a new design called predictive hybrid ARQ and evaluate its performance. Experiments show significant gains in link-layer throughput as well as improved application layer performance demonstrated via video transfer experiments.     

Multicast for small conferences: a scalable multicast mechanism on IPv6

Many new Internet applications require data transmission from a sender to multiple receivers. Unfortunately, the IP multicast technology used today suffers from scalability problems, especially when used fro small and sparse groups. Multicast for small conferences (MSC) is a novel approach aimed at providing more efficient support for audio conferences, for example. It makes use of an IPv6 routing header. The unicast addresses of a small receiver group are put into the extension header in order to be forwarded to all group members. The results indicate that MSC has the potential to replace IP multicast for many delay-sensitive small group applications, even with very limited support from the network infrastructure.     

CERNET IPv6试验床

CERNET IPv6小组自1998年上半年开始了CERNETv6试验床的建设及IPv6技术的研究工作，目前已建成了覆盖全国8大地区的基于IPv4隧道连接的CERNETv6主干网。CERNETv6从6bone申请到了／24的试验地址，并从APNIC申请到了／35的正式使用地址。同时，在试验床上还开展了IPv4/IPv6过渡技术、路由技术、搜索引擎技术等等IPv6相关技术的研究工作。     

Performance Analysis of a Header Compression Protocol: The ROHC Unidirectional Mode

The performance of IPv6 in the radio link can be improved using header compression algorithms. The 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) consortium in its technical specification has adopted the ROHC (RObust Header Compression) protocol of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) standard track for real-time applications using RTP/UDP/IPv6 and UDP/IPv6. This paper presents the analysis of the proposed standard ROHC deployed in an UMTS radio link and discusses different schemes to increase compression performance. The results are based on our IPv6 implementation of the ROHC header compression algorithm and on a simple and accurate analytical model used to evaluate the packet loss probability.     

集成AAA的HMIPv6认证与注册方案

在下一代互联网中,需要使用AAA保证网络安全和网络资源合理使用,但是AAA与移动IPv6的结合,对切换性能及网络安全带来影响,而切换与安全是移动环境的关键问题。论文提出了新的解决方案,将HMIPv6与AAA结合,实现认证与注册过程的统一及本地认证,提高切换性能,并在注册与认证的过程中对消息进行加密,保证传输的安全。分析表明,本方案实现了AAA机制与移动管理机制安全高效的融合。     

美军GIG3．0进展研究

全球信息栅格（GIG）是美军正在建设的重要基础设施,是美军实现网络中心战而制定的最优先计划。文章跟踪了GIG的发展历程,在分析GIG2．0缺点的基础上,引出GIG3．0的几个关键点和重要概念,包括作战网络域、敏捷虚拟飞地、虚拟安全飞地等。GIG3．0立足于以作战司令部为中心的赛博空间作战,通过MPLS、IPSEC、GRE、虚拟化等重要技术构建穿越不同军事网络的虚拟安全飞地,同时,用户客户端也支持对不同安全等级军事网络的访问,这使得美军的网络化作战能力得以安全、高效地实施。     

美军GIG基于VPN的作战网络域构建技术

全球信息栅格（GIG）是美军正在建设的重要基础设施,其重要的功能就是实现各个军兵种的互联互通。GIG3．0中提出了作战网络域的概念,明确采用VPN隔离技术实现不同安全等级网络的互联。首先介绍了GIG不同版本间的演进关系,进而给出了GIG3．0的变化,包括网电联合作战区域和作战网络域的提出,重点阐述了OND与DISN的连接关系,以及OND的网络构成,最后列举了支撑OND的四种关键VPN技术。     

Mobile IPv6-based ad hoc networks: its development and application

The Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)-enabled network architecture has recently attracted much attention. In this paper, we address the issue of connecting mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to global IPv6 networks, while supporting IPv6 mobility. Specifically, we propose a self-organizing, self-addressing, self-routing IPv6-enabled MANET infrastructure, referred to as IPv6-based MANET. The proposed self-organization addressing protocol automatically organizes nodes into tree architecture and configures their global IPv6 addresses. Novel unicast and multicast routing protocols, based on longest prefix matching and soft state routing cache, are specially designed for the IPv6-based MANET. Mobile IPv6 is also supported such that a mobile node can move from one MANET to another. Moreover, a peer-to-peer (P2P) information sharing system is also designed over the proposed IPv6-based MANET. We have implemented a prototyping system to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the IPv6-based MANET and the P2P information sharing system. Simulations are also conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed routing protocols.