Gas Metal Arc Welding Process Modeling and Prediction of Weld Microstructure in MIL A46100 Armor-Grade Martensitic Steel

A conventional gas metal arc welding (GMAW) butt-joining process has been modeled using a two-way fully coupled, transient, thermal-mechanical finite-element procedure. To achieve two-way thermal-mechanical coupling, the work of plastic deformation resulting from potentially high thermal stresses is allowed to be dissipated in the form of heat, and the mechanical material model of the workpiece and the weld is made temperature dependent. Heat losses from the deposited filler-metal are accounted for by considering conduction to the adjoining workpieces as well as natural convection and radiation to the surroundings. The newly constructed GMAW process model is then applied, in conjunction with the basic material physical-metallurgy, to a prototypical high-hardness armor martensitic steel (MIL A46100). The main outcome of this procedure is the prediction of the spatial distribution of various crystalline phases within the weld and the heat-affected zone regions, as a function of the GMAW process parameters. The newly developed GMAW process model is validated by comparing its predictions with available open-literature experimental and computational data.     

Ballistic-Failure Mechanisms in Gas Metal Arc Welds of Mil A46100 Armor-Grade Steel: A Computational Investigation

In our recent work, a multi-physics computational model for the conventional gas metal arc welding (GMAW) joining process was introduced. The model is of a modular type and comprises five modules, each designed to handle a specific aspect of the GMAW process, i.e.: (i) electro-dynamics of the welding-gun; (ii) radiation-/convection-controlled heat transfer from the electric-arc to the workpiece and mass transfer from the filler-metal consumable electrode to the weld; (iii) prediction of the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of thermal and mechanical fields within the weld region during the GMAW joining process; (iv) the resulting temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the material microstructure throughout the weld region; and (v) spatial distribution of the as-welded material mechanical properties. In the present work, the GMAW process model has been upgraded with respect to its predictive capabilities regarding the spatial distribution of the mechanical properties controlling the ballistic-limit (i.e., penetration-resistance) of the weld. The model is upgraded through the introduction of the sixth module in the present work in recognition of the fact that in thick steel GMAW weldments, the overall ballistic performance of the armor may become controlled by the (often inferior) ballistic limits of its weld (fusion and heat-affected) zones. To demonstrate the utility of the upgraded GMAW process model, it is next applied to the case of butt-welding of a prototypical high-hardness armor-grade martensitic steel, MIL A46100. The model predictions concerning the spatial distribution of the material microstructure and ballistic-limit-controlling mechanical properties within the MIL A46100 butt-weld are found to be consistent with prior observations and general expectations.     

Computational Modeling of Microstructural-Evolution in AISI 1005 Steel During Gas Metal Arc Butt Welding

A fully coupled (two-way), transient, thermal-mechanical finite-element procedure is developed to model conventional gas metal arc welding (GMAW) butt-joining process. Two-way thermal-mechanical coupling is achieved by making the mechanical material model of the workpiece and the weld temperature-dependent and by allowing the potential work of plastic deformation resulting from large thermal gradients to be dissipated in the form of heat. To account for the heat losses from the weld into the surroundings, heat transfer effects associated with natural convection and radiation to the environment and thermal-heat conduction to the adjacent workpiece material are considered. The procedure is next combined with the basic physical-metallurgy concepts and principles and applied to a prototypical (plain) low-carbon steel (AISI 1005) to predict the distribution of various crystalline phases within the as-welded material microstructure in different fusion zone and heat-affected zone locations, under given GMAW-process parameters. The results obtained are compared with available open-literature experimental data to provide validation/verification for the proposed GMAW modeling effort.     

Microcrack Formation During Gas Metal Arc Welding of High-Strength Fine-Grained Structural Steel

The recent development of high-performance-modified spray arc processes in gas metal arc welding due to modern digital control technology and inverter power sources enables a focused spray arc,which results in higher penetration depths and welding speed.However,microcracks occurred in the weld metal while approaching the process limits of the modified spray arc,represented by a 20-mm double layer DV-groove butt-weld.These cracks were detected in structural steel exhibiting a yield strength level of up to 960 MPa and are neither dependent on the used weld power source nor a consequence of the modified spray arc process itself.The metallographic and fractographic investigations of the rather exceptional fracture surface lead to the classification of the microcracks as hot cracks.The effects of certain welding parameters on the crack probability are clarified using a statistical design of experiment.However,these microcracks do not impact the design specification for toughness in the Charpy V-notch test(absorbed energy at —40 ℃ for the present material is 30 J).     

熔化极气体保护焊保护气体选择研究

系统总结了保护气体物理特性、混合种类与比例、气体流量等参数对熔化极气体保护焊焊缝外观与性能的影响。结果表明,保护气体对焊缝力学性能、化学组成和表面成型性有重要影响,正确选择保护气体种类、混合种类与比例和气体流量,对于熔化极气体保护焊至关重要。     

CO2焊、MAG焊焊接对比试验及其在工程机械制造中的应用

通过对CO2焊、MAG焊、焊条电弧焊三种焊接方法的焊接工艺对比试验，表明CO2焊具有成本低、效率高、焊接质量好等优点。介绍了CO2焊、MAG焊对接焊缝工艺和角焊缝工艺在工程机械制造中的应用     

熔化极气体保护焊发展中的问题及对策

熔化极气体保护焊（ＧＭＡＷ）是焊接生产中最常采用的焊接方法这一。目前ＧＭＡＷ工艺的研究着重于：抑制焊接飞溅，提高焊接效率，以及实现焊接设备的脱技能化。本文综述了该领域近年来的研究成果，并对将来的研究方向和重点作一展望。     

CO_2焊、MAG焊焊接对比试验及其在工程机械制造中的应用

通过对CO2焊、MAG焊、焊条电弧焊三种焊接方法的焊接工艺对比试验,表明CO2焊具有成本低、效率高、焊接质量好等优点。介绍了CO2焊、MAG焊对接焊缝工艺和角焊缝工艺在工程机械制造中的应用     

低活化马氏体钢激光焊接工艺与性能研究

研究了不同激光焊接工艺下低活化马氏体钢的焊缝形貌、显微硬度、常温拉伸和-40℃冲击性能,并对冲击断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明,当焊接热输入分别为1.2、1.4和1.8 k J·cm~(-1)时,低活化马氏体钢焊接接头均未出现未焊透现象。随着焊接热输入的增加,焊接接头上下表面的焊缝熔宽均呈逐渐增加的趋势。不同焊接热输入下,焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度都明显高于低活化马氏体母材,且断裂位置都在母材处,而断后伸长率与母材相当。焊接热输入为1.4和1.8 k J·cm~(-1)时,焊缝区-40℃冲击功略高于基材,而热影响区-40℃冲击功与母材相当。     

熔滴过渡类型光谱信号自动识别软件系统

根据模式识别原理和方法,在Windows环境下以Visual Basic为开发语言,成功地开发了一套熔化极气体保护焊（MIG、MAG、CO2）熔滴过渡模式识别软件系统,通过试验在特征谱线下,采集了大量熔化极气体保护焊五种熔滴过渡光谱信号波形。该软件系统根据熔滴过渡与光谱信号的对应关系,以及溶化极气体保护焊五种熔滴过渡的光谱信号波形的几何特征,经数据的预处理,创造性地抽取了多个关键性的特征参数,建立了相应的识别函数和最小距离法分类器,结果表明,利用该系统较好地对MIG、MAG和CO2焊熔滴过渡类型进行自动识别,具有较高的准确性和识别精度,为实现熔化极气体保护焊溶滴过渡自动控制提供了信号处理基础。     

A Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties for the Autogenous Single-Pass Butt Weldment of a Ferritic/Martensitic Steel Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

A 12%Cr ferritic/martensitic steel,HT-9,has been used as a primary core material for nuclear reactors.The microstructure and mechanical properties of gas tungsten arc butt welded joints of HT-9 in as-welded,and as-tempered conditions have been explored.In as-welded condition,the fusion zone (FZ) contained a fresh martensite matrix with delta (δ)-ferrite.Theδ-ferrite was rich in Cr and depleted in C compared with the matrix.The heat-aff ected zone (HAZ) could be divided into three areas as the distance from the fusion line increased:δ-ferrite/martensite duplex zone,fully recrystallized zone,and partly recrystallized zone.Prior austenitic grains did not coarsen in theδ-ferrite/martensite duplex zone due to the newly nucleatedδ-ferrite grains and incompletely ferritizing (δ-ferrite) during the welding thermal cycle.The weldment microhardness distributed heterogeneously with values above 600 HV _(1.0 )in the HAZ and FZ and 250 HV _(1.0 )in the base metal (BM).Solute C in the matrix,induced by the dissolution of carbide during the welding process,dominated the microhardness variation.Low toughness was observed in the FZ with a quasi-cleavage fracture tested from-80 to 20℃.The tensile fracture occurred in the relatively soft BM tested from 20 to 600℃.In as-tempered condition (760℃ for 1 h),M _(23 )C _6-type carbides precipitated within the martensitic laths,the lath boundaries,and theδ-ferrite/martensite interfaces.Moreover,V,Cr,Mo-rich nitrides with very small size also precipitated in theδ-ferrite/martensite interface.The tempering treatment improved the homogenous distribution of weldment hardness significantly.Tensile fracture still occurred in the BM of the weldment specimens tested from 20 to 600℃.The impact toughness improved significantly,but the ductile–brittle transaction temperature was-12℃ which was higher than that of the normalized and tempered (NT) BM.δ-ferrite was considered to be one of the major factors aggravating the impact toughness in the FZ.     

马氏体不锈钢的CO2气体保护焊

分析了马氏体不锈钢CO2气体保护焊的焊接特点,基于其焊接冷裂纹、残余内应力、焊接后组织发生改变等问题,介绍了马氏体不锈钢CO2气体保护焊的焊接工艺要点,通过这些措施可以很好地解决上述问题,保障焊接质量.     

20钢蒸汽管道氩电联焊焊接工艺

本文分析了对20钢蒸汽管道采用的TIG打底焊、SMAW焊条填充、盖面时的焊接工艺,采用该工艺减少了气孔、夹渣和未焊透等缺陷,提高了焊接接头的射线检验合格率,保证了焊接质量。     

1Cr13Mo马氏体不锈钢的焊接工艺研究

1Cr13Mo不锈钢是以马氏体组织为基体的不锈钢,具有很好的力学性能,但是其焊接性能较差,在一定程度上了限制了其应用.本文在研究1Cr13Mo不锈钢焊接特性的基础上,提出了其焊接的工艺方案,大大提高了焊接的成品率和焊接质量,具有很大的借鉴价值.     

Linear Friction Welding Process Model for Carpenter Custom 465 Precipitation-Hardened Martensitic Stainless Steel

An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite-element analysis is combined with thermo-mechanical material constitutive models for Carpenter Custom 465 precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel to develop a linear friction welding (LFW) process model for this material. The main effort was directed toward developing reliable material constitutive models for Carpenter Custom 465 and toward improving functional relations and parameterization of the workpiece/workpiece contact-interaction models. The LFW process model is then used to predict thermo-mechanical response of Carpenter Custom 465 during LFW. Specifically, temporal evolutions and spatial distribution of temperature within, and expulsion of the workpiece material from, the weld region are examined as a function of the basic LFW process parameters, i.e., (a) contact-pressure history, (b) reciprocation frequency, and (c) reciprocation amplitude. Examination of the results obtained clearly revealed the presence of three zones within the weld, i.e., (a) Contact-interface region, (b) Thermo-mechanically affected zone, and (c) heat-affected zone. While there are no publicly available reports related to Carpenter Custom 465 LFW behavior, to allow an experiment/computation comparison, these findings are consistent with the results of our ongoing companion experimental investigation.     

Development of Process Maps in Two-Wire Tandem Submerged Arc Welding Process of HSLA Steel

Appropriate selection of welding conditions to guarantee requisite weld joint mechanical properties is ever difficult because of their complex interactions. An approach is presented here to identify suitable welding conditions in typical two-wire tandem submerged arc welding (SAW-T) that involves many welding variables. First, an objective function is defined, which depicts the squared error between the mechanical properties of weld joint and of base material. A set of artificial neural network (ANN)-based models are developed next to estimate the weld joint properties as function of welding conditions using experimentally measured results. The neural network model-based predictions are used next to create a set of process map contours that depict the minimum achievable values of the objective function and the corresponding welding conditions. In typical SAW-T of HSLA steel, welding speed from 9.0 to 11.5 mm/s, leading wire current from 530 to 580 A, and trailing wire negative current from 680 to 910 A are found to be the most optimal.     

Effect of Pulse Parameters on Weld Quality in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding: A Review

The weld quality comprises bead geometry and its microstructure, which influence the mechanical properties of the weld. The coarse-grained weld microstructure, higher heat-affected zone, and lower penetration together with higher reinforcement reduce the weld service life in continuous mode gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Pulsed GMAW (P-GMAW) is an alternative method providing a better way for overcoming these afore mentioned problems. It uses a higher peak current to allow one molten droplet per pulse, and a lower background current to maintain the arc stability. Current pulsing refines the grains in weld fusion zone with increasing depth of penetration due to arc oscillations. Optimum weld joint characteristics can be achieved by controlling the pulse parameters. The process is versatile and easily automated. This brief review illustrates the effect of pulse parameters on weld quality.     

铸铜ZCuAl10Fe3与Q235B钢气体保护焊焊接工艺研究

采用气体保护焊(GMAW)焊接方法对铸铜ZCuAl10Fe3与Q235B钢的焊接工艺进行了试验和研究,制定了详细的焊接规范,并提出了焊接时的注意事项。通过在实际产品中的焊接应用,表明此工艺可以获得成型较好的焊道,同时可以获得较为理想的焊接接头。     

大厚度Z向钢CO2气体保护焊的立焊工艺

针对焊接大厚度正火钢Q420C-Z15时出现的层状撕裂问题,采用Z向钢,运用高效、优质实芯焊丝CO2气体保护焊的立焊焊接工艺,正确选材,优化规范,合理布置焊缝层道,把握合适的预热温度和层间温度,经焊接工艺评定,各项指标符合规定要求,取得了满意的焊接效果。     

不锈钢在等离子弧焊过程中的温度场变化及计算机仿真分析

基于等离子穿孔型弧焊(K-PAW)的焊缝成形结构特点,通过对多种不同的热源作用模式进行比较,获得了适合K-PAW焊接成形工艺的体积热源组合式作用模式。把组合式模式应用到K-PAW焊接成形热过程中的SYSWELD软件有限元数值模拟分析中,计算了不锈钢K-PAW焊接工艺中的温度场及成形焊缝的结构尺寸大小,结果表明了所采用热源模式的准确性。