聚乳酸降解菌的分离鉴定及其产酶和降解特性

以山东潍坊使用聚乳酸/聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二酯共混物(PLA/PBAT)地膜的土壤为样本,采用以聚乳酸(PLA)为惟一碳源的无机盐培养基筛选PLA降解菌。使用形态学观察、生理生化实验、16Sr RNA基因序列分析及构建系统发育树等方法鉴定降解菌。通过水解圈法确认产蛋白酶活性高的降解菌为研究对象,并采用福林酚法结合单因素及响应曲面法对外源营养源与产酶条件进行了优化。采用SEM、FTIR和XRD等方法分析了降解前后PLA的形貌和结构变化,研究了降解菌对PLA的降解情况。结果表明:从土壤中筛选获得了一株产蛋白酶的PLA降解菌(门多萨假单胞菌Pseudomonas mendocina);优化得到的最佳产酶条件为:在100 mL筛选培养基中,加入质量分数为2%的葡萄糖和质量分数为1%的胰蛋白胨作外源营养源,pH为7.4,接种量为1.4 mL,培养温度32℃。在此条件下,蛋白酶活性最高为32.15 U/mL,较未优化前提高约26倍;PLA降解菌产蛋白酶可催化降解PLA材料中的酯键,5 d内PLA降解率可达29.35%。     

芽孢杆菌应用于聚乳酸的降解及其降解条件的研究

采用液体培养法,将巨大芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌应用于聚乳酸生物降解,探究降解过程中培养条件的改变,对蛋白酶活性以及薄膜降解过程的影响。结果表明：不同种类的诱导物能够提高芽孢杆菌的蛋白酶活性,巨大芽孢杆菌的最高蛋白酶活性约为23.79 U/mL,枯草芽孢杆菌的最高蛋白酶活性约为11.61 U/mL,解淀粉芽孢杆菌的最高蛋白酶活性约为21.23 U/mL。三种芽孢杆菌中,巨大芽孢杆菌对聚乳酸的生物降解影响最大。初始pH值为8.0,接种2%(V/V)种子液,1%酵母浸粉作为降解诱导物,可以有效加快巨大芽孢杆菌对聚乳酸的降解速率,5 d后降解率可达20.96%。薄膜表面存在菌生长,生物降解后出现轻微裂痕。     

聚乳酸/芦苇纤维复合材料降解性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了不同比例的聚乳酸/芦苇纤维（PLA/RF）共混物,并通过吹塑制备了相对应的薄膜。研究了在蛋白酶K的作用下不同RF含量的PLA/RF薄膜的生物降解性能,同时用差示扫描量热法（DSC）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测定了样品降解过程中的结晶行为以及表面形貌变化。结果表明,RF对PLA的酶解降解有促进作用,随着RF含量的增加PLA/RF复合材料的酶解速率提升,其中含有30 %（质量分数,下同）芦苇纤维的PLA/RF薄膜的降解速率最大,16天内可降解81.11 %。研究还表明,加入芦苇纤维可以降低PLA的结晶度,从而影响降解速度。     

聚乳酸的酶促降解研究

采用蛋白酶K对聚乳酸(PLA)薄膜进行酶促降解,考察了溶液起始pH值、降解温度、蛋白酶K浓度、降解时间等因素对薄膜降解率的影响,并研究了后3种因素对溶液pH值变化趋势的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪观察和分析了薄膜降解前后的形态和结晶情况。结果表明,随溶液起始pH值、降解温度、蛋白酶K浓度的增加,PLA薄膜降解率先增大后降低,随着降解时间的增加,PLA薄膜的降解率先逐渐增大,在6 h后趋于稳定;获得了最合适的降解工艺参数:溶液起始pH值为9.0、降解温度为160℃、蛋白酶K浓度为0.5 mg/mL、降解时间为6 h,在此条件下蛋白酶K对PLA薄膜的降解率可达(94.3±0.8)%。溶液pH值随后3种因素的变化趋势与降解率大体相反,间接反映了PLA薄膜在降解过程中生产了大量单体乳酸。SEM观察到降解后的薄膜表面形成了孔洞及蚀痕。XRD分析结果表明降解后薄膜的相对结晶度降低,晶体区域发生降解。     

降解六硝基茋废水用复合型微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及应用

从一种单体猛炸药-六硝基茋生产废水及被其污染的土壤和杨树枝中分离筛选具有较高活性的复合型微生物絮凝剂产生菌,通过常规分离、纯化、驯化获得对六硝基茋生产废水的高效降解菌,采用单因素试验进行培养基及絮凝条件优化,获得最佳絮凝条件,将其应用于六硝基茋生产废水的处理。试验结果表明,成功筛选出了对六硝基茋生产废水具有较高降解能力并且絮凝活性较高的MBF4菌株,该菌产絮凝剂的最适碳源为可溶性淀粉,最适氮源为蛋白胨,最适初始pH为5.0,最佳投加比例为D1:D3=2:1,最佳絮凝条件为:投加量为3 mL,pH为8,金属离子为1 mL Ca2+,对六硝基茋生产废水的色度、浊度、COD去除率分别为93.33%、51.13%、73.08%,可为六硝基茋生产废水的后续处理提供有利条件。     

蛋白酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件的优化

筛选了植物蛋白加工用蛋白酶产生菌,为酶的分子改造和植物蛋白加工提供材料基础。通过不同菌株筛选,获得了一株蛋白酶的高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌X12。经过单因子实验,确立了产酶的最适培养基配方:蔗糖7.5 g/L,黄豆粉6.0 g/L,MnSO40.04 g/L,初始pH=7.0,装液量75 mL/250 mL。结论:按照所优化的产酶条件于37℃,180 r/min,经60 h培养,发酵液最终酶活达1 868.4 u/mL。     

敌草隆内生降解真菌筛选

[目的]筛选可降解敌草隆菌株,并研究其降解特性,为微生物降解敌草隆提供新途径。[方法]采用平板涂布法从植物体内分离内生真菌,并通过摇瓶富集法筛选有降解作用的菌株;通过形态学特征和ITS鉴定菌株;采用高效液相色谱法检测分离的内生菌对敌草隆的降解效果,并研究其降解的最适温度、pH值、营养源和降解动力学特性。通过标准品比对鉴定降解产物。[结果]从牛筋草中分离得到一株具有降解除草剂敌草隆能力的真菌,命名为D12,鉴定为镰刀菌属(Fusarium Lk.ex Fr.)。降解条件优化试验结果表明,该菌的最佳营养源为淀粉,在35℃和pH值6的条件下对敌草隆具有良好降解作用。以敌草隆50 mg/L为起始质量浓度进行研究,经过7 d培养,降解率达57.42%,半衰期为7.30 d。鉴定其降解产物为1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methylurea。[结论]镰刀菌属D12具有降解敌草隆得能力,在微生物降解除草剂领域具有良好的应用前景。     

产蛋白酶菌Planomicrobium sp.L-2发酵条件的优化

通过优化从长蛸胃肠道筛选得到的产蛋白酶菌Planomicrobiumsp.L-2菌株的发酵条件,提高其产蛋白酶的活力。采用单因素实验研究发酵培养基的最佳碳源、氮源以及最佳发酵条件,采用Box-Behnken设计方法进行响应面实验设计,进一步优化培养基组成。结果表明,最佳培养基组成及发酵条件为:可溶性淀粉0.73%、蛋白胨0.68%、酵母膏0.15%、磷酸高铁0.01%、海水,培养基初始pH值8.0,接种量8%,发酵温度25℃,发酵时间3.5d。优化后,所产蛋白酶的最高酶活力为1 457U·mL-1,比优化前提高约2倍。     

产纤维素酶放线菌的筛选鉴定及其对玉米秸秆的降解

从寒地黑土中筛选得到一株对纤维素具有降解能力的菌株,观察该菌株的形态特征并对其进行分子生物学鉴定。采用响应曲面法对该菌株降解玉米秸秆的条件进行优化,并对玉米秸秆降解前后的结构变化、主要成分变化进行观察和测定。结果表明:该菌编号为GS-4-21,其透明圈与菌落直径的比值(D/d)为5.54±0.20,滤纸酶活、纤维素外切酶活、纤维素内切酶活和β-糖苷酶酶活分别为11.94±0.51、12.07±0.43、32.94±0.83和30.87±1.04 U/mL。经鉴定菌株GS-4-21属于链霉菌属。当以体积分数3%接种至pH为6的发酵培养基中,28℃、160 r/min发酵5 d时,玉米秸秆的降解率可达23.54%。SEM结果表明:菌株GS-4-21具有较好的纤维素降解能力。玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为30.33%、31.95%、18.91%。     

选择性降解木质素白腐菌筛选的研究

对国内外15种产漆酶的白腐菌进行初步筛选,从中获得7株产漆酶活性较高的菌株。经对木材降解能力的分析及在培养过程中所产各种酶酶活的测定,得到了2株产漆酶酶活高、降解木质素选择性优良的菌株,其中Flammulinavelutipes和My-1两菌株经14天液体培养,漆酶酶活高达214IU/mL和231IU/mL。杨木经其处理30天后木质素降解率达到22.67%和15.46%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.