低活化铁素体–马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能分析

文中对9% Cr低活化铁素体-马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能进行了分析.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域微观组织存在明显的差异.搅拌区内奥氏体的动态再结晶引起晶粒细化和马氏体转变,并且晶界M₂₃C₆相溶解,晶内M₃C相析出;热力影响区组织变化与搅拌区相似,但晶粒尺寸明显大于母材;热影响区和母材区均表现回火组织特征.搅拌区硬度显著提高,分布均匀;热力影响区硬度值变化较大;热影响区发生软化,其硬度值在接头区域最低.随着拉伸测试温度的增加,搅拌区的屈服强度单调降低,抗拉强度先增大后减小,而断后伸长率先减小后增大.     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造AlSi14合金焊接接头性能的影响北大核心CSCD

研究了采用不同焊接工艺参数时铸造Al Si14高硅铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明,焊核区组织由于发生动态再结晶,晶粒非常细小;热力影响区紧靠焊核区,在较高转速时出现被拉长的组织;热影响区基体α相及共晶Si晶粒尺寸相对于母材均有所增加。在搅拌头转速为1 300 r/min、焊速为100 mm/min时,获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的92%;断裂发生在前进侧热影响区,断裂方式是韧性与脆性的混合型断裂;接头显微硬度近似呈"马鞍"形分布,在热力影响区附近硬度低于母材硬度。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造AlSi14合金焊接接头性能的影响

研究了采用不同焊接工艺参数时铸造Al Si14高硅铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明,焊核区组织由于发生动态再结晶,晶粒非常细小;热力影响区紧靠焊核区,在较高转速时出现被拉长的组织;热影响区基体α相及共晶Si晶粒尺寸相对于母材均有所增加。在搅拌头转速为1 300 r/min、焊速为100 mm/min时,获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的92%;断裂发生在前进侧热影响区,断裂方式是韧性与脆性的混合型断裂;接头显微硬度近似呈"马鞍"形分布,在热力影响区附近硬度低于母材硬度。     

新型9Cr-1Mo钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能

采用钨铼合金搅拌工具对新型9Cr-1Mo钢进行搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,探讨焊缝成形、组织及性能变化规律. 结果表明,在300和400 r/min的转速,50 mm/min的焊接速度下可获得无缺陷接头;焊缝主要由搅拌区和热力影响区组成,具有明显的马氏体淬硬组织特征;高温热影响区为淬硬马氏体和回火马氏体混合组织,低温热影响区为过回火马氏体组织. 焊缝区具有晶粒细化特征,其晶粒尺寸约为母材69.2%. 焊缝区产生明显硬化,最高硬度约为母材硬度值的2.0倍. 焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材98%以上,搅拌区和热影响区冲击吸收能量分别达到母材的77.8%和87.4%,表明搅拌摩擦焊接头仍具有较好强韧匹配.     

焊接参数对7A04铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用不同的焊接参数对3 mm厚7A04铝合金板进行焊接,并对接头的组织、沉淀相、力学性能及断口形貌进行了分析. 结果表明,焊核区组织发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶粒,热影响区晶粒发生明显粗化. TEM分析结果显示,经搅拌摩擦焊后,焊核区部分沉淀相溶解. 焊核区晶粒尺寸随焊接速度增大而减小. 当焊接速度为120 mm/min,旋转速度为800 r/min时,接头强度达到最大值 454.2 MPa,为母材的95%,断后伸长率为3.97%,为母材的70%. 硬度测试显示搅拌摩擦焊接头发生软化,焊缝区域硬度低于母材,硬度值最低点出现在热影响区;拉伸断口形貌SEM图像表明接头断裂方式为韧性和脆性混合型断裂.     

2A97铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊

文中采用不同搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对2A97铝锂合金的可焊性进行了研究.结果显示,接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率随搅拌头转速的提高而降低,随焊接速度的提高先增后减.在旋转频率为600 r/min,焊接速度200 mm/min时接头抗拉强度最高达到373 MPa,为母材的69%.FSW接头拉伸试验断口位置基本都发生在焊核(NZ)区.焊核区和热力影响区中沉淀相大部分溶解,只有少数存留,热力影响区沉淀相密度高于焊核区.     

30 mm 7A05铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法利用新型搅拌头对30 mm厚的7A05-T6铝合金进行了单道对接,焊后分析讨论了焊缝接头微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,接头焊核区发生动态再结晶,生成细小的等轴晶粒;焊缝两侧热力影响区受机械和热的双重作用,组织存在较大差异,前进侧为窄条状组织,后退侧为扁平状组织;热影响区晶粒粗化;在焊接30 mm板时,工艺参数范围较窄,旋转频率为360 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm/min时,可获得无缺陷、成形好的焊缝;接头抗拉强度为367.7 MPa、屈服强度为280.8 MPa、断后伸长率为14.4%高于母材,接头抗拉强度可达母材的95%.接头显微硬度的分布呈类似W形分布,热影响区软化趋势比较明显.     

铝合金浮动式双轴肩FSW接头组织性能分析

对12 mm厚6082-T6铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织及力学性能进行了分析研究.结果表明,焊核区发生了动态再结晶和沉淀相溶解,热影响区晶粒和沉淀相粗化;沿焊缝横截面硬度的分布呈高-低-高-低-高的W形分布趋势,且接头沿厚度方向上、中、下层硬度分布趋势较为一致,硬度最低值出现在热影响区;断口形貌分析表明,接头断裂模式为韧-脆混合型断裂;主轴旋转频率600 r/min,焊接速度为300 mm/min,搅拌头倾角为0°时,接头抗拉强度达到了231 MPa,可达母材的79%.     

35mm厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊双面焊工艺,对35 mm厚板6005A-T6铝合金型材进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得成形良好、表面光滑、无隧道孔和沟槽缺陷的焊接接头.应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪及电子拉伸试验机等对搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能进行研究.结果表明,接头焊核区组织为细小等轴晶;前进侧出现明显的螺旋纹及清晰的结合线,热力影响区晶粒被明显拉长呈条状组织,热影响区受热晶粒粗大;后退侧未见螺旋纹,晶粒比前进侧细小,过渡区较前进侧宽.在搅拌头旋转频率为650 r/min,焊接速度为200 mm/min工艺条件下接头抗拉强度为213 MPa,达到母材强度的84.8%,断裂起始于焊缝前进侧的热影响区,扩展至双面焊接重合区时,沿着焊缝后退侧热影响区直至断裂;接头显微硬度最低值出现在前进侧热影响区,最低值为50 HV.     

16mm厚T2铜搅拌摩擦焊组织及接头力学性能分析

选用转速300 r/min、焊速30 mm/min的工艺参数对16 mm厚的T2紫铜厚板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,并对其焊接接头的微观组织、力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,焊核区晶粒尺寸比母材细小,其平均硬度为73 HV,稍高于母材,热影响区和热机影响区硬度较低;焊接接头的抗拉强度为229 MPa,是母材的97%,试样断裂的位置均在前进侧热影响区。X射线衍射结果表明,焊接接头只有Cu,无氧化物和其它金属间化合物产生。     

ZL114A铸铝搅拌摩擦焊接头性能

研究了采用不同焊接参数时ZL114A铸铝搅拌摩擦焊接头的金相组织、硬度分布及力学性能。结果表明，ZL114A铸铝的搅拌摩擦焊焊接性良好。焊核区的微观组织是无方向性的、细小的等轴晶粒。细化的硅粒子均匀布满整个焊核区。与粗大的树枝状母材相比，焊核晶粒细小、均匀而致密，没有观察到气孔等缺陷。焊缝区硬度分布较母材稳定，变化范围小。随着焊速增加，硅粒子所占体积比逐渐下降。热一机械影响区晶粒被拉长。接头的力学性能与焊接参数的匹配有关系。采用高焊速及转速与焊速比在3左右，获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的91％。焊后经T6热处理，可与同炉热处理母材等强。     

Microstructural characterisation of stir zone containing residual ferrite in friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

Friction stir welding was applied to a 2 mm thick 304 austenitic stainless steel plate. The microstructural evolution and hardness distribution in the weld were investigated. The stir zone (SZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) showed dynamically recrystallised and recovered microstructures, respectively, which are typically observed in friction stir welds in aluminium alloys. The hardness of the SZ was higher than that of the base material and the maximum hardness was observed at the TMAZ. The higher hardness at the TMAZ was attributed to high densities of dislocations and subboundaries. Microstructural observations revealed that the ferrite was formed along grain boundaries of the austenite matrix in the advancing side of the SZ. It is suggested that the frictional heat due to stirring resulted in the phase transformation of austenite to ferrite and that upon rapid cooling the ferrite was retained in the SZ.     

Development of novel heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In this work, a new heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) process was developed, and its impacts on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructure observation, tensile tests and microhardness tests. An increase in the heating tool temperature resulted in a decrease in the grain size of the stir zone (SZ) and an increase in the grain size of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The rising heating tool temperature also aggrandised the bonded zone width and enhanced the tensile shear load strength per unit area of the HT-FSSW welded joints. With an increase in the heating tool temperature, the microhardness of SZ increased while that of the TMAZ decreased. Moreover, the slope of the Hall–Petch relationship between microhardness and grain size of the TMAZ is larger than that of the SZ.     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头沉淀相析出行为

利用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)技术对厚度为6 mm的7075铝合金进行平板对焊,使用金相显微镜、显微维氏硬度仪对7075铝合金FSW接头进行微观组织观察和显微维氏硬度测试,使用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对合金进行物相分析,使用透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)对接头焊核区(welding nugget zone,WNZ)、热机影响区(thermal-mechanically affected zone,TMAZ)、热影响区(heat affected zone,HAZ)及母材(base metal,BM)中的沉淀相分布、形貌等进行观察,并对沉淀相的晶格条纹间距进行计算。研究结果表明,7075铝合金FSW接头的组织及显微维氏硬度分布极其不均匀;接头中沉淀相主要有棒状MgZn_2和椭圆状AlCuMg两种,沉淀相种类与形状不同,强化效果不同,AlCuMg强化效果好于MgZn_2;WNZ中沉淀相主要是AlCuMg,加之细晶强化,显微维氏硬度较高;相比WNZ,TMAZ中沉淀相AlCuMg数量少,MgZn_2相对增多,强化效果相对减弱,导致显微维氏硬度降低;HAZ中的MgZn_2相对更多,加工硬化和细晶强化效果减弱,HAZ与TMAZ交界处显微维氏硬度达到接头的最低值。     

Microstructures and ion-irradiation behaviour of friction stir welded 12Cr-ODS steel

12Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel was successfully joined by friction stir welding (FSW), and the joints were irradiated with 3?MeV Au ions at 500°C. The morphology of grains, dislocations, sizes and distributions of nano-sized oxide particles (NPs) in different zones of the FSW joints were analysed. It was found severe plastic deformation occurred and fine equixed grains were formed in stir zone (SZ). The NPs coarsen obviously in thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side (AS) due to the relative movements of plastic materials with high-velocity gradient. The size distributions of the NPs in base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and RS-TMAZ are concentrated in a smaller range than those in SZ and AS-TMAZ. Finer grains and high density of dislocations result in hardness increasing obviously in SZ. Irradiation introduced higher hardening in HAZ because of its less grain boundaries and dislocation density compared with SZ and BM.     

Effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al−Mg−Mn−Zr−Tialloy sheet during friction stir welding

Effects of welding speed on the microstructure evolution in the stir zone (SZ) and mechanical properties of the friction stir welding (FSW) joints were studied by OM, XRD, SEM, TEM, EBSD and tensile testing. Compared with the base metal (BM), an obviously fine dynamic recrystallization (DRX) microstructure occurs in the SZ and the DRX grain size decreases from 5.6 to 4.4 μm with the increasing of welding speed. Fine DRX microstructure is mainly achieved by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) mechanism, strain induced boundary migration (SIBM) mechanism and particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism. Meanwhile, the geometric coalescence and the Burke−Turnbull mechanism are the main DRX grain growth mechanisms. Among all the welding speeds, the joint welded at rotation speed of 1500 r/min and welding speed of 75 mm/min has the greatest tensile properties, i.e. ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of (509±2) MPa, yield strength (YS) of (282±4) MPa, elongation (El) of (23±1)%, and the joint efficiency of 73%.     

7475铝合金回填式FSSW接头微观组织与力学性能研究

本文针对7475铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊展开研究,首先采用不同工艺参数对2mm 7475铝合金进行焊接,然后对焊点表面和横截面进行观察,同时对试样进行硬度测量和拉伸剪切测试。结果表明,根据焊缝微观组织可以将焊点分为四个部分,不同部位的晶粒尺寸不同;并在微观组织中发现了Hook、孔洞和未连接等由于材料流动性不佳造成的微观组织缺陷;同时,母材区和搅拌区的硬度明显高于热影响区和热机影响区;另外,焊点的最高硬度和拉伸剪切强度随着焊具旋转速度、搅拌套下压深度的变化而呈现规律性变化,但是搅拌套运动速率对焊点力学性能的影响不明显。     

氧化物弥散强化材料的搅拌摩擦焊分析

为了探索搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于氧化物弥散强化材料的可焊接性及其基本特点,文中对厚度为4 mm的氧化物弥散强化铜合金进行了焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微维氏硬度进行了分析. 发现焊接接头横截面由搅拌区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材区4部分组成. 前进侧热影响区与热力影响区形成明显的分界线,后退侧则相对模糊. 搅拌区的组织为细小的等轴晶粒,出现了洋葱环和L线,热力影响区晶粒沿一定方向发生形变,热影响区组织粗化. 沿焊缝横截面的显微维氏硬度呈V形分布,其中搅拌区硬度值最低.