深部片麻岩破坏全过程声发射时频域信号特征及前兆预警研究

针对矿山深部开采中岩石突发性灾害事故频发问题,以揭示岩石破坏前兆特征为目的,以金厂峪金矿深部片麻岩为研究对象,采用单轴压缩声发射试验,研究深部片麻岩承载过程与声发射时频域特征的关联性,并深入分析岩石失稳破坏前声发射时频域参数的前兆特征及两者的耦合性.结果表明:(1)声发射时域参数振铃计数在屈服阶段表现出明显的"单峰"型突增浮动特征;振铃计数率、累计振铃计数和能率、累计能量在临近破坏前呈现"高值突增"现象.(2)岩石破坏全过程声发射主频分为5个频带,低频带信号(0～40 kHz)占比呈现先增大后减小、再增大又减小的规律;中低频带信号(>40～80 kHz)零星分布,无明显特征;中频频带信号(>80～130 kHz)在岩石破坏全过程中占比最大,且呈现稳定变化趋势,临近破坏前呈现快速增大特征;中高频带信号(>130～160 kHz)只在岩石临近破坏前才出现;高频带信号(>160～200 kHz)占比呈现先减小、后增大的规律.(3)临界破坏前振铃计数、能率的"突增"和高频信号在相同时间所表现出的"快速增加"和"下移"特征以及低频信号"缺失"的特征可作为岩石失稳破坏的关键前兆信息.通过分析声发射时频域特征参数变化,可以更加准确地对岩石破坏前兆信息进行判断识别,这对矿山开采及工程施工安全预警具有重要的应用价值.     

单轴压缩下不同层理方向对片麻岩声发射特征影响的试验研究

为探究不同层理方向岩体的损伤演化规律和变形破坏中的声发射特征,选用具有明显层理构造的片麻岩试样开展单轴压缩条件下的声发射试验,分析轴向平行和垂直层理片麻岩试样失稳破裂、声发射时序参数和声发射空间定位演化特征。结果表明:不同层理方向对岩石破裂影响显著,轴向平行层理片麻岩试样峰值载荷稍高于轴向垂直层理的,裂纹起裂应力水平较高,声发射定位点由加载初期离散无序分布转为向沿层理聚集,破裂时主裂隙沿层理面贯通上下端或沿层理扩展形成垮落区,最终表现为典型的张拉破坏,岩石达到峰值载荷后瞬间失稳,呈突发式破坏特征;轴向垂直层理试样起裂应力水平较低,进入声发射剧烈期参数波动更为显著,事件点在试样中部聚集产生倾斜带状剪切裂纹密集区,破裂时出现多种破裂模式,主要以剪切滑移破坏为主。岩石达到峰值载荷后应力发生多次跌落,呈渐进式破坏特征。     

各向异性层状砂岩应变岩爆试验研究

利用在真三轴应力状态下可实现单面突然卸载的深部应变岩爆模拟试验系统,研究了4种层理倾角(0°,30°,60°和90°)的各向异性层状砂岩的应变岩爆破坏特征.通过采集试验过程中的力、高速摄像和声发射信号,以应力曲线和声发射累计能量曲线为基础确定分析关键点.详细描述了不同层理倾角砂岩岩爆后的整体破坏特征和岩爆碎屑特征,分析了4种层理倾角砂岩岩爆试验过程中关键点的声发射累积能量特征.研究发现:层理倾角显著影响岩爆破坏模式,层理倾角较小时更易发生岩爆,岩爆烈度较低,但试样整体破坏更严重.     

基于声发射和分形的钢筋混凝土受剪梁损伤

通过5根不同剪跨比和不同配箍率的钢筋混凝土梁受剪破坏试验,运用声发射检测技术和分形理论对混凝土梁细观和宏观损伤演化过程进行研究.根据梁受剪破坏过程中产生的声发射信号的能量和振铃计数等参数以及裂纹分形特征,定量分析了混凝土梁受剪损伤演化过程.试验结果表明:声发射振铃计数和能量随损伤程度呈三阶段变化,累计振铃计数和累计能量...     

单轴压缩下不同含水状态砂岩损伤演化试验

为了研究不同含水状态岩石损伤演化特性,利用RMT-150C岩石力学试验机、AEwin-USB型声发射信号采集系统和KBD5电磁辐射采集系统,对干燥、自然和饱水状态下的红砂岩进行单轴压缩声电信号监测试验.基于岩石破坏过程中声发射振铃计数、电磁辐射脉冲数和应力变化,建立了砂岩损伤演化模型.结果表明:声发射、电磁辐射信号和损...     

复合岩层变形及强度特性卸围压试验研究

探索了复合岩层类岩石试样的制作方法,对不同倾角复合岩层试样进行了常规三轴加载和卸围压试验.基于卸围压试验结果,研究了卸载速率对复合岩层试样的极限承载强度和实时围压的影响规律,分析了层理面倾角与复合岩层试样强度变形参数之间的关系,揭示了复合岩层试样在加轴压卸围压过程中的变形破坏机理,讨论了不同卸载速率下复合岩层试样的破坏模式.得出初始围压为15MPa且在同一卸载速率下,θ=0°～90°试样的极限承载强度随层理面倾角的增加出现先降低后升高,最小值均发生在θ=60°试样.θ=0°试样在卸载速率逐渐增加时,破坏模式从与弱面交叉的剪切破坏逐渐转变成与弱面交叉的拉伸破坏;θ=15°～30°试样均为与弱面交叉的拉伸破坏;θ=45°～75°试样均为沿节理面滑移破坏;θ=90°试样均为与弱面交叉的剪切破坏.     

层理板岩巴西劈裂破坏模式的方向效应研究

以贵州铜仁市某矿山层理板岩为研究对象,对其微观结构进行观测分析,然后选取7组不同θ角(加载方向与层理法向夹角)试样进行巴西劈裂试验。结果表明:在微观结构上,赤铁矿等刚性颗粒呈基底式胶结于黏土矿物中,层理面为软弱面;板岩的破坏模式存在显著方向效应,抗拉强度随夹角增大而减小;破坏模式总体上可分为4类,θ为0°时是基质拉伸型破坏,基质被逐层劈裂致使试样破坏,抗拉强度最大;θ为15°和30°时为基质拉剪型破坏,主要由于破坏面处的剪应力大于板岩基质的剪切强度致使试样破坏;θ为45°、60°、75°时为层理拉剪型破坏,层理面处的剪应力大于剪切强度时发生破坏;θ为90°时为层理拉伸型破坏,此时完全由于层面受张拉而破坏。     

直接剪切下页岩的各向异性破坏特征和强度预测模型

了解页岩剪切破坏特性对页岩气储层改造和井壁稳定性控制具有重要意义。然而,由于页岩本身的各向异性属性,页岩的剪切破坏行为复杂。本文对6种不同层理倾角（0°、30°、60°、90°、120°和150°）的立方体页岩进行了系统的直接剪切破坏测试,详细分析了在层理弱面影响下页岩的剪切应力–剪切位移、抗剪强度、剪切模量和破坏模式的各向异性特征。结果表明：页岩的剪切破坏表现为典型的非线性渐进破坏特征;页岩平均抗剪强度和剪切模量随层理倾角的增加均呈现“M”型变化趋势;在90°～180°的层理倾角区间,平均抗剪强度的极值差明显大于0°～90°区间,而剪切模量近似关于90°呈对称变化;当层理倾角从0°变化到180°时,页岩剪切各向异性行为呈现非对称演化规律。在层理倾角和直接剪切荷载作用下,页岩的破坏模式有3类：层理倾角为0°时,沿层理面剪切滑移破坏;层理倾角为30°、60°和90°时,表现为穿透层理和基质的剪切滑移破坏;其他倾角下呈现穿透层理和基质的剪切滑移与沿层理的拉伸劈裂相结合的复合破坏。基于试验结果和组构张量,构建了一个可考虑页岩本征各向异性和剪应力诱导各向异性影响的直接剪切破坏准则,其理论预测值...     

均质度对层理页岩破坏过程声发射影响的数值模拟

采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA~(2D)(realistic failure process analysis),结合所取江西页岩岩芯的室内强度、泊松比、弹性模量等实验结果,对不同均质度的不同方向层理面页岩在单轴压缩破坏下的过程及其声发射特性进行了数值模拟。研究表明:页岩层理面方向和均质度对其抗压强度、破坏模式和声发射特性有显著影响。垂直于层理面加载时的抗压强度大于平行于层理面加载时的抗压强度,而其声发射累计数小于平行于层理面加载的声发射累计数。加载方向与层理面垂直时,层理弱面发生剪切破坏,而基质体发生劈裂破坏。加载方向与层理面平行时,主要发生沿层理弱面的竖向劈裂。随着均质度增大,模型峰值应力增大,声发射计数减少,声发射信号出现时间延迟,持续时间变短。声发射的集中带与基元破坏形成的宏观裂纹的位置一致。     

含瓦斯型煤破坏临界慢化前兆特征研究

针对煤岩破坏前兆信号的有效性,开展了等效围压下的含瓦斯型煤加载试验,采集了加载破坏过程中的声发射信号,基于临界慢化原理计算了声发射计数-时间序列的方差和自相关系数,分析了煤样破坏的前兆信号.结果表明:等效围压下,含瓦斯煤在压缩破裂过程中,声发射累计计数随时间的响应经历了初始活跃期、稳定增长期、加速增长期和峰后衰减期;不同围压-孔隙压力下煤样压缩破裂声发射特征均存在临界慢化现象,声发射计数序列的方差和自相关系数在煤样破坏前均出现了增大并持续增加的趋势,可以作为煤样破坏的前兆信号.相比声发射累计计数所表征的前兆信号,缩短了前兆信号与破坏点之间的时间差,前兆信号对应的载荷也更接近试样所能承受的最大载荷,更加表明试样确实进入危险破裂阶段.     

Influence of maximum principal stress direction on the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels

To investigate the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels under different maximum principal stress directions θ, true-triaxial tests were conducted on cubic sandstone samples with a through D-shaped hole. The test results show that the failure process can be divided into 4 periods: calm, buckling deformation, gradual buckling and exfoliation of rock fragment, and formation of a V-shaped notch. With an increase in θ from 0° to 90°, the size of the rock fragments first decreases and then increases, whereas the fractal dimension of the rock fragments first increases and then decreases. Meanwhile, the failure position at the left side shifts from the sidewall to the corner and finally to the floor, whereas the failure position at the right side moves from the sidewall to the spandrel and finally to the roof, which is consistent with the failure position in underground engineering. In addition, the initial vertical failure stress first decreases and then increases. By comparing the results, the failure severities at different maximum principal stress directions can be ranked from high to low in the following order: 90°>60°>30°>45°>0°.     

振动环境中螺栓连接结构声发射特性的实验研究

振动环境中螺栓连接结构会发生碰摩现象,产生声发射信号。利用振铃计数率与能量等特征参数对声发射检测信号进行时域分析,结果表明：频率与加速度的改变都可以引起振铃计数率和能量的变化,振铃计数率和能量均随振动台加速度以及频率的提高而提高;螺栓连接结构在碰摩作用下产生出的能量与施加给螺栓的预紧扭矩的取值呈现一定的规律性：当预紧扭矩小于10Nm时,能量随预紧扭矩的增加而减少;预紧扭矩等于10Nm,产生的能量最小;预紧扭矩大于10Nm以后产生的能量反而很高。     

Failure mode and strength anisotropic characteristic of stratified rock mass under uniaxial compressive situation

A stratified rock mass model was founded by FLAC^3D. The failure mode and anisotropic characteristic of strength for stratified rock mass were analyzed. The analysis results show that the numerical simulation can visually reflect the failure modes of rock samples under different inclination angles β of structural plane. The stiffness of rock sample before peak strength changes in the compressive procedure. With the increase of β, the compressive strength σ _c of rock sample decreases firstly and then increases; when β is in the range of 20°–30° and 80°–90°, σ _c has the largest sensitivity to β; while β falls in the range of 30°–70°, σ _c varies little. When ϕ _j <β<90° (β _j is friction angle of structure plane), the results obtained from numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are in almost the same values; while β⩽ ϕ _j or β=90°, they are in great different values. The results obtained from theoretical analysis are obvious larger than those from numerical simulation; and the results from numerical simulation can reflect the difference of compressive strength of rock samples for the two situations of β⩾ ϕ _j and β=90°, which is in more accordance with the real situation. Foundation item: Project (50099620) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Space–time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system, a series of acoustic emission (AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure, increasing the axial stress. The AE space–time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared, the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied, combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens, and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher, the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier. The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate, and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities. When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity, the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious “step”, which can be defined as the first failure precursor point. Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92–98%, which can be defined as the other failure precursor point. As the loading rate is smaller, the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one, so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.     

单轴压缩下含杂质盐岩的声发射特征试验研究（岩土会议）

针对中国能源地下储库盐岩高杂质的问题,基于水不溶物含量及类型将取自某拟建储库的盐岩试样加工后分为纯盐岩组（纯盐岩）、含泥岩杂质盐岩组（泥质盐岩和盐质泥岩）、含钙芒硝岩杂质盐岩组（钙芒硝质盐岩和钙芒硝岩）,然后开展了单轴压缩破坏全过程的声发射测试试验。通过试验研究,得到了以下结果：（1）泥岩杂质和钙芒硝岩杂质均能提高盐岩的抗压强度,减小其变形能力,钙芒硝岩杂质使得盐岩屈服阶段大幅度减小;（2）随着泥岩杂质含量的增加,振铃计数率活跃区会后移,能量率大值集中区向后推移,累计振铃计数曲线和累计能量曲线呈现出由上凸到下凹的变化过程;（3）随着钙芒硝岩杂质的增加,振铃计数率最大值出现时间是向后推移的,整个试验过程中振铃计数率和能量率相对不稳定,累计能量-应变曲线台阶状增长更明显。     

Feasibility analysis for monitoring fatigue crack in hydraulic turbine blades using acoustic emission technique

In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the characteristics were compared with those of background noise received from a real hydraulic turbine unit. It is found that the AE parameters such as the energy and duration can qualitatively describe the fatigue state of the blades. The correlations of crack propagation rates and acoustic emission count rates vs stress intensity factor (SIF) range are also obtained. At the same time, for the specimens of 20SiMn under the given testing conditions, it is noted that the rise time and duration of events emitted from the fatigue process are lower than those from the background noise; amplitude range is 49–74 dB, which is lower than that of the noise (90–99 dB); frequency range of main energy of crack signals is higher than 60 kHz while that in the noise is lower than 55 kHz. Thus, it is possible to extract the useful crack signals from the noise through appropriate signal processing methods and to represent the crack status of blade materials by AE parameters. As a result, it is feasible to monitor the safety of runners using AE technique. Foundation item: Project(50465002) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

An experimental investigation on acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone rockburst with different moisture contents

Rockburst occurred frequently during deep mining in China. The mechanism of rockburst is very complicated and related to many factors. In order to investigate the influence of moisture contents of rockmass on rockburst, we conducted a series of laboratory rockburst experiments of sandstone under three different moisture contents by the Modified True-Triaxial Apparatus (MTTA), in which the acoustic emission (AE) system was employed to monitor the internal damage of rock mass. A high-speed video camera was utilized to record the detail of rockburst. Based on the experimental results, the AE characteristics, such as AE count, AE energy, and AE frequency, were analyzed. The rockburst process, type, and indensity under different moisture contents were discussed. The research results show that with the increase of moisture contents, rock strength was soften, the elastic and the cumulative damage of the rock were reduced, resulting in a gradual decrease in AE cumulative counts and cumulative energy over the course of rockburst. This study provides an experimental basis and reference for better understanding to the rockburst mechanism and control.     

单轴压缩条件下花岗岩声发射事件空间分布的分维特征研究

基于声发射事件空间分布的柱覆盖分形模型,利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2声发射（AE）三维定位实时监测系统,对瀑布沟水电站地下厂房花岗岩单轴压缩损伤破坏过程中声发射事件空间分布的分形特征进行了研究。结果表明,声发射事件随应力增加逐渐活跃,加载初期声发射数量较少,应力接近峰值强度时,声发射事件累计数曲线呈指数上升。声发射事件的空间分布随应力增加是一个降维过程,其空间分维D在3~2内变化,峰值强度时,其值最小。弹性阶段后期,岩石内部微破裂开始向破坏面集聚,声发射空间分维D下降幅度明显增大。声发射空间分维恰当地表征了声发射事件空间分布的复杂程度。研究结论揭示了岩石声发射事件空间分布的分形特征,室内试验结果与文献对岩爆研究结果相吻合,可为现场监测应用提供理论指导。     

Effect of the layer orientation on mechanics and energy evolution characteristics of shales under uniaxial loading

The uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the cylindrical shale specimens with bedding plane inclined at 0° and 90° to the axial loading direction, respectively. Effect of the bedding orientation on the mechanical property and energy evolution characteristics of shales was revealed. The failure mechanisms of the specimens with layers in 0° orientation showed splitting failure along weak bedding, while the specimens with layers in 90° orientation were failed by shearing sliding. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and shear modulus of samples at 0° were higher than those of samples at 90°and there was little difference of Poisson's ratio between samples at 0° and 90°. The analysis of the stress–strain energy and acoustic emission(AE) energy indicated that the growth rate of absorbed energy density and elastic energy density at 0° was significantly faster than that at 90°, hence their final values at 0°were relatively larger than the latter. Moreover, higher energy release was observed for specimens at 0°.The energy release and rapid growth of energy dissipation also appeared more early at 0°. The stress ratio63% was a critical point of energy distribution at which differences started to arise between samples at 0°and 90°. These results indicated that the failure of shale at 0° was more violent and devastative than the failure of shale at 90°.