新型9Cr-1Mo钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能

采用钨铼合金搅拌工具对新型9Cr-1Mo钢进行搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,探讨焊缝成形、组织及性能变化规律. 结果表明,在300和400 r/min的转速,50 mm/min的焊接速度下可获得无缺陷接头;焊缝主要由搅拌区和热力影响区组成,具有明显的马氏体淬硬组织特征;高温热影响区为淬硬马氏体和回火马氏体混合组织,低温热影响区为过回火马氏体组织. 焊缝区具有晶粒细化特征,其晶粒尺寸约为母材69.2%. 焊缝区产生明显硬化,最高硬度约为母材硬度值的2.0倍. 焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材98%以上,搅拌区和热影响区冲击吸收能量分别达到母材的77.8%和87.4%,表明搅拌摩擦焊接头仍具有较好强韧匹配.     

C18000铜合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织与性能

对3.5 mm厚的C18000铜合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊焊接试验. 在焊接速度120 mm/min,转速1 200 r/min工艺下获得无缺陷焊接接头. 在金相显微镜下对接头的宏观形貌、微观组织进行观察,用扫描电镜和透射电镜对母材和搅拌区组织进行观察分析. 结果表明,接头区大致分为母材区、热影响区、热力影响区和搅拌区,搅拌区晶粒细小均匀,热力影响区晶粒沿边界切线方向被拉长;搅拌区Cr₃Si相部分溶解,搅拌区组织中的Cr单质相和Ni₂Si相溶解导致接头硬度和抗拉强度下降. 搅拌区平均硬度为151.4 HV;接头抗拉强度为497 MPa,达到母材的72%;接头电导率下降为35%IACS.     

焊接参数对7A04铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用不同的焊接参数对3 mm厚7A04铝合金板进行焊接,并对接头的组织、沉淀相、力学性能及断口形貌进行了分析. 结果表明,焊核区组织发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶粒,热影响区晶粒发生明显粗化. TEM分析结果显示,经搅拌摩擦焊后,焊核区部分沉淀相溶解. 焊核区晶粒尺寸随焊接速度增大而减小. 当焊接速度为120 mm/min,旋转速度为800 r/min时,接头强度达到最大值 454.2 MPa,为母材的95%,断后伸长率为3.97%,为母材的70%. 硬度测试显示搅拌摩擦焊接头发生软化,焊缝区域硬度低于母材,硬度值最低点出现在热影响区;拉伸断口形貌SEM图像表明接头断裂方式为韧性和脆性混合型断裂.     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造AlSi14合金焊接接头性能的影响北大核心CSCD

研究了采用不同焊接工艺参数时铸造Al Si14高硅铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明,焊核区组织由于发生动态再结晶,晶粒非常细小;热力影响区紧靠焊核区,在较高转速时出现被拉长的组织;热影响区基体α相及共晶Si晶粒尺寸相对于母材均有所增加。在搅拌头转速为1 300 r/min、焊速为100 mm/min时,获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的92%;断裂发生在前进侧热影响区,断裂方式是韧性与脆性的混合型断裂;接头显微硬度近似呈"马鞍"形分布,在热力影响区附近硬度低于母材硬度。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造AlSi14合金焊接接头性能的影响

研究了采用不同焊接工艺参数时铸造Al Si14高硅铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明,焊核区组织由于发生动态再结晶,晶粒非常细小;热力影响区紧靠焊核区,在较高转速时出现被拉长的组织;热影响区基体α相及共晶Si晶粒尺寸相对于母材均有所增加。在搅拌头转速为1 300 r/min、焊速为100 mm/min时,获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的92%;断裂发生在前进侧热影响区,断裂方式是韧性与脆性的混合型断裂;接头显微硬度近似呈"马鞍"形分布,在热力影响区附近硬度低于母材硬度。     

高镁铝合金搅拌摩擦交叉焊接头微观组织与力学性能

为满足大型铝合金船舶壁板的制造需求,对新一代高镁铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦交叉焊接试验. 结果表明,交叉焊接头成形良好,搅拌区晶粒尺寸最小,热力影响区晶粒形态没有明显方向性,与单道搅拌摩擦焊相比,交叉焊接头搅拌区晶粒组织更细. 显微硬度测试结果表明,交叉焊接头显微硬度变化范围较小,前进侧接头软化明显;拉伸试验测试结果表明,交叉焊接头抗拉强度为340 MPa,为母材强度的87%,对比搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度358 MPa略微降低,在热影响区断裂,断裂方式为45°韧性断裂;疲劳裂纹萌生于焊缝底部,在最大应力150 MPa下循环超2 × 106次未断裂,疲劳性能良好,瞬断区断裂方式为韧性断裂.     

9Cr-1.5W-0.15Ta耐热钢电子束焊缝和搅拌摩擦焊缝组织性能比较

对9Cr-1.5W-0.15Ta耐热钢分别进行电子束焊和搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,研究了不同焊接方法对焊缝微观组织及接头冲击韧性的影响规律. 结果表明,电子束焊缝由粗大的树枝状板条马氏体组成,且原奥氏体晶界处和晶内的析出相发生完全溶解;搅拌摩擦焊缝由细小且均匀的板条马氏体组成,晶界处的M₂₃C₆碳化物发生溶解,晶内球状MX相无明显变化. 由于形成大量的板条马氏体,电子束焊缝和搅拌摩擦焊缝硬度均显著高于母材. 不同焊接方法对其焊缝的冲击吸收功有着显著影响,电子束焊缝冲击吸收能量仅为母材的12.2%,而搅拌摩擦焊缝则表现出较好地冲击韧性,其冲击吸收能量为母材的90%.     

1561铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织分析

采用恒压力控制模式对4 mm厚1561铝合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊接试验,并对接头微观组织进行了研究. 结果表明,随着由母材向焊缝中心过渡,晶粒尺寸呈先增大后减小的趋势,小角度晶界占比和位错密度持续降低. 其中,热影响区晶粒在焊接热循环的作用下发生长大. 热力影响区由被拉长的条状晶粒及细小等轴晶组成,表明此区域发生部分动态再结晶. 搅拌区晶粒呈细小的等轴晶形态,说明该区域发生了完全动态再结晶. 与母材区数量较小且尺寸较大的沉淀相相比,搅拌区存在大量尺寸较小的Al₆Mn相,说明此区域沉淀相发生了先溶解再析出的过程. 同时,搅拌区存在明显的位错墙和亚晶界等亚结构,表现出连续动态再结晶的组织形成特征. 搅拌区内Al₆Mn相主要分布在位错上,起到了钉扎位错并阻碍再结晶晶粒长大的作用.     

6013—T4铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊热输入对焊缝成形及组织性能的影响

针对2 mm厚6013—T4铝合金薄板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接工艺试验,用搅拌头旋转速度和焊接速度的比值ω/v表征搅拌摩擦焊的热输入,试验研究了焊接热输入对接头的焊缝成形和力学性能的影响,并分析了接头的显微组织.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头的综合性能较好,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到母材的83.3%和75.8%;在不同的搅拌头旋转速度下,随着焊接热输入的增加,接头的屈服强度和抗拉强度降低;ω/v在3 r/mm左右,焊缝成形美观,飞边毛刺少.母材为板条状组织;热影响区晶粒与母材相似,但稍微有粗化;热力影响区的晶粒极不均匀,既有等轴晶,也有拉长的带状组织;焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织.     

LD10铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀特性

利用搅拌摩擦技术对LD10铝合金板材进行焊接,观察了搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌区、热机械影响区、热影响区及母材区的微观组织。通过浸泡试验、盐雾腐蚀试验、动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱评估了接头的腐蚀特性,分析了LD10铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀机理。发现搅拌摩擦焊接头区域的开路电位高于母材区,同时腐蚀电流密度小于母材区,且接头区域的容抗弧半径比母材区更大。LD10铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头耐蚀性好于铝合金母材,这同搅拌区晶粒细小和Cu Al2析出相分布均匀有关。     

Microstructures and ion-irradiation behaviour of friction stir welded 12Cr-ODS steel

12Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel was successfully joined by friction stir welding (FSW), and the joints were irradiated with 3?MeV Au ions at 500°C. The morphology of grains, dislocations, sizes and distributions of nano-sized oxide particles (NPs) in different zones of the FSW joints were analysed. It was found severe plastic deformation occurred and fine equixed grains were formed in stir zone (SZ). The NPs coarsen obviously in thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side (AS) due to the relative movements of plastic materials with high-velocity gradient. The size distributions of the NPs in base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and RS-TMAZ are concentrated in a smaller range than those in SZ and AS-TMAZ. Finer grains and high density of dislocations result in hardness increasing obviously in SZ. Irradiation introduced higher hardening in HAZ because of its less grain boundaries and dislocation density compared with SZ and BM.     

ZL114A铸铝搅拌摩擦焊接头性能

研究了采用不同焊接参数时ZL114A铸铝搅拌摩擦焊接头的金相组织、硬度分布及力学性能。结果表明，ZL114A铸铝的搅拌摩擦焊焊接性良好。焊核区的微观组织是无方向性的、细小的等轴晶粒。细化的硅粒子均匀布满整个焊核区。与粗大的树枝状母材相比，焊核晶粒细小、均匀而致密，没有观察到气孔等缺陷。焊缝区硬度分布较母材稳定，变化范围小。随着焊速增加，硅粒子所占体积比逐渐下降。热一机械影响区晶粒被拉长。接头的力学性能与焊接参数的匹配有关系。采用高焊速及转速与焊速比在3左右，获得的接头抗拉强度可达到母材的91％。焊后经T6热处理，可与同炉热处理母材等强。     

氧化物弥散强化材料的搅拌摩擦焊分析

为了探索搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于氧化物弥散强化材料的可焊接性及其基本特点,文中对厚度为4 mm的氧化物弥散强化铜合金进行了焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微维氏硬度进行了分析. 发现焊接接头横截面由搅拌区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材区4部分组成. 前进侧热影响区与热力影响区形成明显的分界线,后退侧则相对模糊. 搅拌区的组织为细小的等轴晶粒,出现了洋葱环和L线,热力影响区晶粒沿一定方向发生形变,热影响区组织粗化. 沿焊缝横截面的显微维氏硬度呈V形分布,其中搅拌区硬度值最低.     

Development of novel heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In this work, a new heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) process was developed, and its impacts on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructure observation, tensile tests and microhardness tests. An increase in the heating tool temperature resulted in a decrease in the grain size of the stir zone (SZ) and an increase in the grain size of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The rising heating tool temperature also aggrandised the bonded zone width and enhanced the tensile shear load strength per unit area of the HT-FSSW welded joints. With an increase in the heating tool temperature, the microhardness of SZ increased while that of the TMAZ decreased. Moreover, the slope of the Hall–Petch relationship between microhardness and grain size of the TMAZ is larger than that of the SZ.     

Microstructural characterisation of stir zone containing residual ferrite in friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

Friction stir welding was applied to a 2 mm thick 304 austenitic stainless steel plate. The microstructural evolution and hardness distribution in the weld were investigated. The stir zone (SZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) showed dynamically recrystallised and recovered microstructures, respectively, which are typically observed in friction stir welds in aluminium alloys. The hardness of the SZ was higher than that of the base material and the maximum hardness was observed at the TMAZ. The higher hardness at the TMAZ was attributed to high densities of dislocations and subboundaries. Microstructural observations revealed that the ferrite was formed along grain boundaries of the austenite matrix in the advancing side of the SZ. It is suggested that the frictional heat due to stirring resulted in the phase transformation of austenite to ferrite and that upon rapid cooling the ferrite was retained in the SZ.     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on joint properties of dissimilar friction stir welded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys

The effect of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075 and AA2024 joints was studied. After welding in constant parameters, solution heat treatment and various aging treatments were given to the welded joints. Microstructural and phase characterizations were done using optical microscope, SEM, FE-SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. Finally, mechanical properties of post-weld heat treated joints were evaluated and compared with as-welded joints. Results show that both 2024-T6 and 7075-T6 post-weld heat treatment procedures considerably improve the mechanical strength of the welded joint, with higher strength obtained for the 7075-T6 procedure, in comparison with the as-welded joint. This is explained by the formation of fine precipitates during the aging process, despite the abnormal grain growth. Fracture occurs at the interface between thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) on the retreating side (AA7075) of as-welded joint, while by applying post-weld heat treatment fracture location shifts towards the stir zone (SZ) of the welded joint. Also, for post-weld heat treated samples, fracture surface is predominantly inter-granular, while in as-weld joint, fracture surface is mostly trans-granular. This is explained by dissolution and coarsening of precipitates within grains in post-weld heat treated joints.     

Microstructure and Properties of TIG/FSW Welded Joints of a New Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy

A new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy with low Sc content was welded by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW) techniques. The microstructure and properties of those two welded joints were investigated by property tests and microstructural observations. The results show that the new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy has desirable welding property. The ultimate tensile strength and welding coefficient of the TIG joint reach 405 MPa and 76.7%, respectively, and in FSW joint those property values reach 490 MPa and 92.6%, respectively. The studied base metal has a deformed fibrous subgrains structure, many nano-scaled Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, and very fine aging precipitates. In the TIG joint, the fusion zone consists of coarsened dendritic grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has fibrous micro-scaled subgrains. The FSW welded joint is characterized by a weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. Due to plastic deformation around the rotating pin and anti-recrystallized effectiveness of Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, the weld nugget zone has a very fine subgrain structure. The TMAZ experiences some dissolution of aging precipitates. Coarsening of aging precipitates was observed in the HAZ. The better mechanical properties of the FSW joint are derived from a fine subgrain structure and homogeneous chemical compositions.     

2219-T6激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊性能与组织分析

对2219-T6铝合金激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头的宏观形貌、力学性能及显微组织进行了研究.结果表明,激光辅助热源的加入有助于消除金属塑性流动不充分引起的隧道缺陷,提升接头性能,但激光功率过大会加剧焊缝软化而使性能下降.激光辅助热源使焊核区扩大,且焊核区中θ相（Al₂Cu）增大,但对热力影响区的显微组织无明显影响.通过固溶+人工时效方法的焊后热处理以显著提升接头强度（从母材强度的76%提升100%）.加入激光的焊核区及热力影响区在热处理后晶粒尺寸相比不加入激光有所减小,且激光功率越大,对应的晶粒尺寸越小.     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头沉淀相析出行为

利用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)技术对厚度为6 mm的7075铝合金进行平板对焊,使用金相显微镜、显微维氏硬度仪对7075铝合金FSW接头进行微观组织观察和显微维氏硬度测试,使用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对合金进行物相分析,使用透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)对接头焊核区(welding nugget zone,WNZ)、热机影响区(thermal-mechanically affected zone,TMAZ)、热影响区(heat affected zone,HAZ)及母材(base metal,BM)中的沉淀相分布、形貌等进行观察,并对沉淀相的晶格条纹间距进行计算。研究结果表明,7075铝合金FSW接头的组织及显微维氏硬度分布极其不均匀;接头中沉淀相主要有棒状MgZn_2和椭圆状AlCuMg两种,沉淀相种类与形状不同,强化效果不同,AlCuMg强化效果好于MgZn_2;WNZ中沉淀相主要是AlCuMg,加之细晶强化,显微维氏硬度较高;相比WNZ,TMAZ中沉淀相AlCuMg数量少,MgZn_2相对增多,强化效果相对减弱,导致显微维氏硬度降低;HAZ中的MgZn_2相对更多,加工硬化和细晶强化效果减弱,HAZ与TMAZ交界处显微维氏硬度达到接头的最低值。