高温拉压环境下DZ125高温合金的热障涂层失效

采用电子束物理气相沉积法（EB-PVD）在定向凝固Ni基高温合金DZ125基体上制备了NiCoCrAlY粘结层和YSZ陶瓷层，研究了高温拉压环境下热障涂层的失效模式，并对其进行了有限元分析。实验结果表明，热障涂层的失效与仅受热载荷作用下的有很大不同，仅有热载荷作用下的热障涂层裂纹多萌生于热氧化层（TGO）内部，进而扩展引起热障涂层的失效。而高温拉压试验后热障涂层体系存在两种裂纹，分别萌生于TGO／粘结层界面和粘结层／扩散层界面附近。有限元模拟结果显示TGO／陶瓷层和TGO／粘结层处存在应力状态的转变和应力值的突变，径向应力的突变导致了界面分离现象的产生，而轴向应力的突变加速了垂直于界面裂纹的扩展，并导致了试样的最终断裂。     

热障涂层陶瓷层/TGO界面开裂行为的有限元模拟

目的更好地理解热障涂层在热循环条件下的失效行为。方法采用有限元方法引入了内聚力模型,研究热障涂层在多次热循环条件下的界面开裂行为,并且考虑了陶瓷层厚度和粘结层厚度对界面开裂行为的影响。结果涂层最先在陶瓷层/TGO层界面的波峰与波谷之间开裂,此外在界面波谷处也存在开裂现象。当陶瓷层厚度在300~500μm范围内,界面裂纹的平均长度随陶瓷层增厚而增长,裂纹密度也随之增加。粘结层厚度为50μm时,界面裂纹的平均长度为15μm;当厚度增加到100μm时,界面裂纹平均长度减少到10μm;而厚度为150μm时,界面裂纹平均长度又提高至12μm。当粘结层与陶瓷层厚度比在0.2~0.4的范围内时,陶瓷层/TGO层界面上的最大拉应力最小。结论陶瓷层厚度和粘结层厚度对热障涂层界面开裂行为的影响极大,小厚度陶瓷层以及当粘结层与陶瓷层厚度比在0.2~0.4的范围内时,热障涂层具有更好的抗界面开裂能力。粘结层厚度不宜过大,超过一定厚度时反而会降低涂层的抗界面开裂能力。计算结果与文献报道的结果相近,证明了模拟结果的准确性。     

高温合金热障涂层的氧化和失效研究

评述了热障涂层发展的现状，研究了电子束物理气相沉积（EB－PVD）热障涂层的恒温氧化和循环氧化行为。结果表明：热障涂层 1000℃氧化稳定后，基本遵循抛物线氧化规律。循环氧化过程中，微裂纹优先沿陶瓷层柱状晶界形成，并逐渐沿横向及纵向扩展。热障涂层热循环过程中产生的热应力、氧化物长大应力等引起金属氧化物（TGO）／粘结层分界面多处开裂，最终导致热障涂层失效于TGO中或TGO／粘结层的分界面。     

TGO及初始裂纹对热障涂层裂纹形核与扩展影响的有限元分析

针对热障涂层系统裂纹的形核位置变化与扩展失效过程及其机理,提出采用内聚力单元分析热氧化物（TGO）层/陶瓷（TC）层界面裂纹的形核位置及扩展,采用扩展有限元法分析TGO层厚度、粗糙度以及TC初始裂纹对新TC、TGO裂纹形核位置及扩展的影响。结果表明:TGO/TC界面承受热循环载荷后,界面裂纹首先出现在近波峰处同时向两侧扩展;在冷却过程中,随着TGO初始厚度增加,TC裂纹的形核位置由波峰转向近波峰处而裂纹扩展长度没有明显变化,TGO裂纹形核位置不变但裂纹长度明显增加;随着TGO粗糙度的不断减小,TC裂纹形核位置由近波峰向中部转移,而裂纹扩展长度没有明显变化。当粗糙度减小到一定程度,TC裂纹被抑制。而TGO裂纹的形核位置没有变化,但裂纹扩展长度随着TGO粗糙度减小而增大;初始横向TC裂纹越长,TGO裂纹也越长。近波峰与中部的初始竖直TC裂纹能有效地抑制新的TC裂纹形核与扩展。本研究为热障涂层微裂纹失效机理提供了理论支撑。     

热障涂层高温TGO生长变化

通过Abaqus有限元分析软件对热障涂层在高温氧化过程中的热氧化物层(themally growth oxide,TGO)生长机制进行研究.结果表明,当高温氧化到100 h时,TGO厚度由初始的0.5μm生长至6.7μm且在不同位置TGO的厚度略微不同.随着高温时间的增加,热障涂层在TGO的波峰、波谷以及涂层边界处容易出现应力较大值,且和周围材料相比应力明显较大,此时,这些位置容易达到材料开裂临界应力,形成裂纹萌生点,使得涂层失效.在高温氧化过程中,涂层吸收总能量为43.6 J,其中少部分转化为涂层变形所消耗的能量,剩下的能量为高温氧化过程中涂层成分改变,微观组织改变以及裂纹萌生扩展提供能量.     

界面粗糙度对热障涂层残余应力和裂纹演化的影响

由于残余应力的作用是造成热障涂层失效剥落的主要因素之一,本工作采用不同幅值的正弦曲线来模拟粗糙度对陶瓷层(TBC)-结合层(BC)界面处残余应力分布的影响;以内聚力模型模拟TBC-BC界面,研究了在外加机械载荷作用下粗糙度对界面裂纹萌生和扩展的影响。结果表明,粗糙度对残余应力分布以及裂纹的形核与扩展有很大的影响。随着粗糙度的增大,陶瓷层和结合层靠近界面的波峰波谷处最大拉/压应力也增大。当施加一定拉伸位移载荷时,最大损伤与裂纹首先在幅值最小的波峰波谷处产生。     

航空发动机涡轮叶片热障涂层失效分析研究

采用扫描电镜及能谱对航空发动机涡轮叶片热障涂层进行失效分析,将叶片划分为9个区域,发现其前缘区域由于涂层的使用温度高、粘结层氧化、尖晶石等大量生长,导致在TGO/陶瓷层界面处产生大量的生长应力,呈TGO/Top coat界面分层失效。后缘区域呈粘结层/基体分层分裂失效,同时所有区域都有CMAS腐蚀。CMAS附着在涂层表面,沿着纵向裂纹等缺陷渗透到涂层内部,引发涂层产生横向分层,并导致涂层腐蚀剥落。     

等离子喷涂ZrO2-NiCoCrAlY梯度热障涂层的抗热震性及失效机理

研究了ZrO2-NiCoCrAlY热障涂层的抗热震性和热震失效机理.实验结果表明,梯度热障涂层能明显延缓热震裂纹的形成和扩展,具有较高的抗热震性.热震裂纹形成与扩展主要在粘结层与基体的界面处.随热循环次数的增加,热震裂纹可在表面陶瓷层内和陶瓷层与过渡层的界面处形成.实验表明热障涂层热震失效的过程主要是裂纹形成、扩展及涂层剥落,粘结层的氧化是导致涂层剥落失效的重要原因.     

等离子喷涂热障涂层热震失效过程及残余应力分析

采用等离子喷涂技术在高温合金上制备了热障涂层(粘接层为NiCoCrAlY,陶瓷层为ZrO2-8%Y2O3),利用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(RFS)等试验手段研究了热障涂层热震失效的过程及残余应力大小和分布状态。结果表明:150次热循环后,陶瓷层和热生长氧化物(TGO)生成裂纹,其中陶瓷层的裂纹已扩展至TGO;350次热循环后,出现贯通陶瓷层与金属过渡层的纵向裂纹,涂层局部出现剥离,剥离位置位于TGO与陶瓷层界面;拉曼光谱(RFS)分析结果显示TGO内应力水平分布不均,局部厚大区和凸凹处残余应力较大,是裂纹萌生、扩展的主要部位。     

铂铝涂层高温氧化的影响因素研究

研究比较沉积热障涂层和无热障涂层的镍基高温合金铂改性铝化物涂层在900,1000和1100℃空气中高温氧化生成的氧化铝层表面形态和断面结构。发现低铂含量涂层氧化初期热生长层(TGO)表面有放射状裂纹形成和长大,造成氧化铝的局部脱落,并在TGO与铂铝涂层界面形成空洞。涂层900℃循环氧化300h后TGO内部均形成空洞。而在1100℃氧化时,TBC陶瓷层的存在改变了两种铂铝涂层TGO的内应力变化趋势,升高温度使TGO厚度迅速增大,涂层寿命迅速下降。     

Finite element analysis of stress distribution in thermal barrier coatings

A numerical simulation of crack development within APS TBC systems is presented. The TGO thickening and creep deformation of all system constituents is modelled. Two dimensional periodic unit cell is used to examine the effect of interfacial asperity on stress distribution and subsequent delamination of APS TBC. A study of cyclic loading and of creep of the base material on the stress distribution close to the asperity at the TGO/BC interface is made, revealing a small in?uence influence of both on the stress state in the thermal barrier coating system subjected to temperature loading. Cohesive zone elements at the oxide/ceramic interface model the development of the interfacial micro-crack. The finite element analysis shows that the development of the interfacial crack allows for a micro-crack formation within APS TBC. Subsequent TGO growth results in a tensional zone within the oxide layer. Linking of the micro-cracks at the interface and within TBC through TGO could lead to a coating delamination in the unit cell.     

TGO Growth and Crack Propagation in a Thermal Barrier Coating

In thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, a continuous alumina layer developed at the ceramic topcoat/bond coat interface helps to protect the metallic bond coat from further oxidation and improve the durability of the TBC system under service conditions. However, other oxides such as spinel and nickel oxide, formed in the oxidizing environment, are believed to be detrimental to TBC durability during service at high temperatures. It was shown that in an air-plasma-sprayed (APS) TBC system, postspraying heat treatments in low-pressure oxygen environments could suppress the formation of the detrimental oxides by promoting the formation of an alumina layer at the ceramic topcoat/bond coat interface, leading to an improved TBC durability. This work presents the influence of postspraying heat treatments in low-pressure oxygen environments on the oxidation behavior and durability of a thermally sprayed TBC system with high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-produced Co-32Ni-21Cr-8Al-0.5Y (wt.%) bond coat. Oxidation behavior of the TBCs is evaluated by examining their microstructural evolution, growth kinetics of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layers, and crack propagation during low-frequency thermal cycling at 1050 °C. The relationship between the TGO growth and crack propagation will also be discussed.     

Fracture mechanics analysis of microcracks in thermally cycled thermal barrier coatings

The effects from thermal shock loading on pre-existing microcracks within thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been investigated through a finite element based fracture mechanical analysis. The TBC system consists of a metallic bond coat and a ceramic top coat. The rough interface between the top and bond coats holds an alumina oxide layer. Stress concentrations at the interface due to the interface roughness, as well as the effect of residual stresses, were accounted for. At the eventual closure between the crack surfaces, Coulomb friction was assumed. To judge the risk of fracture from edge cracks and centrally placed cracks, the stress intensity factors were continuously monitored during the simulation of thermal shock loading of the TBC. It was found that fracture from edge cracks is more likely than from centrally placed cracks. It was also concluded that the propagation of an edge crack is already initiated during the first load cycle, whereas the crack tip position of a central crack determines whether propagation will occur.     

EB-PVD热障涂层系统界面应力的理论分析

目的获得热障涂层系统危险界面应力解析解及其变化规律。方法基于弹性理论,推导出能同时考虑氧化物热生长及其形貌、CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(CMAS)沉积、温度变化、材料参数不匹配的危险界面应力分布的解析解。分别研究热循环中氧化层热生长和CMAS沉积对热障涂层界面应力的影响,并从应力演化的角度对危险界面微裂纹的萌生和扩展进行预测。结果理论分析显示,当系统经历24个热循环后,陶瓷层/氧化物层界面波谷应力σv从最初的0增加到301.44MPa。氧化物层/粘结层界面波峰应力σp从最初的617MPa增加到1189.89MPa。当CMAS沉积深度hCMAS从0增加到150μm时,应力σv从170.26MPa增加到443.37 MPa,应力σp从1317.83 MPa减小到1050.17 MPa。结论氧化物热生长可以促使陶瓷层/氧化物层界面波谷和氧化物层/粘结层界面波峰裂纹的萌生和扩展。CMAS沉积将进一步促使陶瓷层/氧化物层界面开裂,然而对氧化物层/粘结层界面的开裂有抑制作用。解析解的计算结果与先前的有限元分析结果和模型试验结果相近,证明了该理论方法计算界面应力的准确性。     

Pre-oxidation and TGO growth behaviour of an air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating

In thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, spinel and nickel oxide formed in an oxidizing environment are believed to be detrimental to TBC durability during service at high temperatures. The present study shows that in an air-plasma-sprayed (APS) TBC with Co–32Ni–21Cr–8Al–0.5Y (wt.%) bond coat, pre-oxidation treatments in low-pressure oxygen environments can suppress the formation of the detrimental oxides by promoting the formation of an Al₂O₃ layer at the ceramic topcoat/bond coat interface. The development of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer generally exhibits a three-stage growth phenomenon that resembles high temperature creep. The pre-oxidation treatments reduce the growth rate and extend the steady-state growth stage, leading to an improved durability. Crack propagation in the TBC proceeds via opening and growth of pre-existing discontinuities in the ceramic topcoat, assisted by crack nucleation and growth associated with the TGO. Crack propagation during thermal cycling appeared to be controlled by TGO growth, and the maximum crack length and TGO thickness generally have a power law relationship.     

Influence of Thermal Cycle Frequency on the TGO Growth and Cracking Behaviors of an APS-TBC

The durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is controlled by fracture near the interface between the ceramic topcoat and the metallic bond coat, where a layer of thermally grown oxide (TGO) forms during service exposure. In the present work, the influence of thermal cycle frequency on the oxidation performance, in terms of TGO growth and cracking behavior, of an air-plasma-sprayed (APS) Co-32Ni-21Cr-8Al-0.5Y (wt.%) bond coat was studied. The results show that while TGO growth exhibited an initial parabolic growth behavior followed by an accelerated growth stage, higher cycle frequency resulted in a faster TGO growth and a higher crack propagation rate. It is found that a power-law relationship exists between the maximum crack length and the TGO thickness, which is independent of the cycle frequency. This relationship may warrant a TBC life prediction methodology based on the maximum crack length criterion.     

A mechanistic study of oxidation-induced degradation in a plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating system.: Part I: model formulation

The effect of the oxidation induced degradation of a typical plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (PS-TBC) system on the local ceramic–metal interfacial stresses responsible for the nucleation of mesoscopic cracks is investigated. A coupled oxidation-constitutive approach is proposed to describe the effect of the phase transformations caused by local internal and external oxidation processes on the constitutive behaviour of the metallic coating. The coupled constitutive framework is implemented into the finite element method and used in parametric studies employing periodic unit cell techniques. The effects of service, microstructural and ceramic–metal interface parameters on the peak interfacial stresses during service and cooling to room temperature are quantified. The results of the parametric unit cell FE analyses revealed a strong dependency of the local stresses responsible for mesoscopic crack nucleation and growth on the local morphology of the oxidised interface, the sintering of the ceramic coating, stress relaxation effects due to creep, the thickness of the thermally grown oxide (TGO), and the applied mechanical loads. When no mechanical straining of the TBC system is considered, local tensile stresses normal to the coating surface within the ceramic top coating reach values of up to 330 MPa at room temperature for a critical TGO thickness of approx. 3 μm.