空间低温氧化物熔体晶体生长的数字模拟研究

地面上 ,由于受浮力对流、分层和沉淀等因素的影响 ,难以阐明晶体生产和凝固现象的本质 ,从而无法获得组份均匀、结构完整和性能优良的材料 ,因此自七十年代以来 ,已进行了大量的空间晶体生长实验 ,但由于对空间环境在晶体生长过程中的流体效应参数缺乏了解 ,实验结果往往与设想的不一致。数字模拟方法可以模拟实际晶体生产过程 ,了解晶体生长参数的变化对晶体生长的影响 ,本文利用数字模拟的方法 ,对本实验室建立的空间三维实时观察装置中 ,低温生产NaNO3熔体晶体中的流体效应及温场进行了数字模拟研究 ,结果表明 ,在地面生长 ,熔体内部存在复杂的双涡流动模式 ,重力对熔体中的温场和速度场的分布产生强烈的作用 ,而在空间 ,当微重力水平达到一定程度时 ,可以使熔体中的流动模式简单化 ,从而降低流动效应对传热、传质造成的不稳定性和不均匀性 ,有利于提高晶体生长的质量。同时通过对流场中的温度分布分析表明 ,降低重力可以明显改变晶体生长固液界面附近的温度梯度 ,并使温场 ,速度场分布朝着稳态生长的方向发展     

循环流化结晶过程传质与晶体生长速率模型

依据Whiteman传质膜理论 ,针对循环流化床结晶过程 ,建立了传质和晶体生长速率理论模型 .实验研究表明 ,在较宽的流速范围内 ,晶体生长速率仅与结晶物系的物性、晶种粒度和过饱和度有关 ,其基本规律为 :晶体的平均线生长速率与扩散系数、晶种特征长度、晶体与溶液相对密度差、过饱和度成正比 ;与溶液的黏度、晶体的密度成反比 .仅需结晶物系的物性、过饱和度等数据 ,利用所建模型可方便地预测循环流化床结晶过程的晶体生长速率     

Coupled Mass and Heat Transfer between a Cone and a Power‐Law Fluid

Coupled mass and heat transfer between a cone and a non‐Newtonian fluid was studied when the concentration level of the solute in the solvent is finite (finite dilution of solute approximation). Convective heat and mass transfer between a laminar flow and a stationary cone and between a rotating cone and a quiescent fluid is investigated. Solutions of both problems are found in the form of the dependencies of Sherwood number vs. Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. Coupled thermal effects during dissolution and solute concentration level effect on the rate of mass transfer are investigated. It is found that the rate of mass transfer between a cone and a non‐Newtonian fluid increases with the increase of the solute concentration level. The suggested approach is valid for high Peclet and Schmidt numbers. Isothermal and nonisothermal cases of dissolution are considered whereby the latter is described by the coupled equations of mass and heat transfer. It is shown that for positive dimensionless heat of dissolution, K > 0, thermal effects cause the increase of the mass transfer rate in comparison with the isothermal case. On the contrary, for K < 0 thermal effects cause the decrease of the mass transfer rate in comparison with the isothermal case. The latter effect becomes more pronounced with the increase of the concentration level of the solute in a solvent.     

Transport equations for distillation of ethanol and water from the entropy production rate

We have derived a set of transport equations for heat and mass transfer across a liquid-vapour interface in distillation columns. We have used the entropy production rate on each tray, and integrated through the interface, when the liquid is not in equilibrium with the vapour. The set, that defines overall coefficients of transport, includes contributions from the interface, from the vapour film, and from the liquid film. It is shown, using data for a rectifying column that separates ethanol and water, that the coefficients can be determined by fitting the transport equations to the entropy production rate, with the constant thickness of one of the films as the only adjustable variable. Almost all of the entropy production is due to mass transfer between the phases. Coefficient values were determined for a large and a small value for the film thickness ratio as a function of temperature. The distribution of the entropy production rate between the phases depends largely on the film thickness, but its distribution between mass and heat transfer contribution does not depend on this variable. A contribution from the Soret or Dufour effect is found for large liquid films. The driving force for mass transfer, calculated with coefficients and rates, compared well with average values, which were calculated from the experimental data. The set of equations was compared to the Maxwell-Stefan equation set. Since it contains the interface contribution and coupling, it can be used to asses common approximations.     

降膜结晶分离技术实验研究

采用萘－硫茚物系对新型高效降膜结晶技术的分离提纯机制进行了实验研究．考察了管外降膜结晶过程中结晶时间、料液流量、冷却水初始进口温度、冷却水降温速率及原料浓度对分离提纯效果的影响．实验发现降膜结晶过程中晶层生长并不完全是光滑界面的生长,而在某些条件下表现为粗糙界面的生长,即生长过程在某些条件下表现为两相区界面的生长．进一步对辅助提纯－发汗过程的工艺参数—发汗时间、发汗初始浓度的影响进行了实验研究．实验结果可用于降膜结晶传热传质机理的数值模拟．     

降膜结晶分离过程热、质及动量传递的数值模拟(Ⅱ)模拟计算

采用液固二相分区域统一模型 ,以二元有机熔体 (萘 -硫茚 )为例 ,对实验管式降膜结晶器的动量、热量和质量传递过程进行了数值模拟 ,获得了液相区和固相区随时间的变化和枝晶状液固两相区内固相含量的变化及全场温度分布以及主组分萘分布及流场速度分布随时间的变化 .由积分得到的结晶层厚度及萘纯度与相应的实验数据进行了比较 ,所得结果在未引入任何经验常数的条件下与实验结果符合较好 .所建立的液固二相分区域统一模型可以较好地处理实际降膜结晶过程中枝晶状固液两相共存区晶体生长现象及不规则液固相变界面     

石蜡在管外凝固过程的理论和实验分析

对使用水作为传热流体的蛇形管式换热器中,进口水温对石蜡在管外凝固过程的影响进行了研究。建立了水温沿流向变化,石蜡温度沿径向变化的传热模型。使用控制容积法及焓法建立了求解水和石蜡耦合温度场的数值方程,这两个温度场的计算结果与实验结果能很好吻合。冷却水进口温度不同,靠近铜管已凝固石蜡中的温度场存在显著差别,离铜管较远石蜡中的温度几乎不受进口水温影响,石蜡的无量纲温度场在离相界面较远处具有相似分布的特点。相界面移动具有先快后慢,然后再变快的特征。研究可为保证蛇形管外石蜡凝固速率选择恰当的进口水温提供计算方法。     

KINETICS OF MELT CRYSTALLIZATION IN FALLING FILMS

An analysis of the solidification rates of binary mixture melts flowing as a thin film on a cold surface, useful in the separation or purification of eutectic mixtures, is presented. The analysis which incorporates the hydrodynamics of the falling film and the convective heat transfer at the melt/crystal interface was used to determine the average crystallization velocity. The effect of parameters such as Stefan number (subcooling), initial superheat and the melt loading rate on the average crystallization velocity was examined. Experiments were performed using three different binary organic mixtures at subeutectic compositions. The results of the theoretical and experimental studies showed good agreement validating the model.     

微藻培养光生物反应器内传递现象的研究进展

微藻规模化培养过程中光生物反应器内传递现象是影响微藻的生长及产量的重要因素。本文重点综述了光生物反应器内传递现象（光传递、传热、传质和传动量传递）及其数学模型研究进展,分析了光生物反应器结构和尺寸对光传递和传质的影响,总结影响各传递现象的重要参数,如光吸收系数、体积传质系数等,为高效光生物反应器的设计、优化及放大提供了参考依据。     

Driving Force of Crystallization Based on Diffusion in the Boundary and the Integration Layers

Crystal growth rates are notoriously difficult to predict and even experimental data are often inconsistent. By allowing for mass and energy diffusion through the molecular and thermal layers surrounding a growing crystal and for the heat effect of crystallization, a new model of crystal growth from solution is proposed and applied to crystallization of potassium chloride from aqueous solution. The driving force for crystal growth was calculated using the solubility at the interface temperature in contrast to the conventional one based on bulk temperature. A positive heat effect at the crystal interface as well as the resistances to the mass and energy transfer processes to and from the crystal surface can reduce the conventional driving force for crystal growth by more than 20 %.     

Flow,Solidification, and Solute Transport in a Continuous Casting Mold with Electromagnetic Brake

A three‐dimensional mathematical model is developed to study coupled turbulent flow, heat, solute transport, and solidification in a slab continuous caster with electromagnetic brake. Based on the analogy analysis, all the governing equations can be expressed as a general differential equation and be solved by a general numerical method. Numerical results show that a small corner‐vortex appears near the free surface due to the interaction between the moving solidified shell and the upward flow. Influenced by the fluid flow, the temperature and solute distribution can also be divided into the upper and lower recirculation zones but the distribution of carbon concentration is opposite to that of temperature. The three‐dimensional magnetic field can effectively damp the local flow and affect heat and solute transfer in the mold.     

An experimentally validated heat and mass transfer model for wax deposition from flowing oil onto a cold surface

A transport model is proposed for wax deposition onto a cold finger from flowing wax-containing oils. The model solves transient energy and mass balances simultaneously for a reversible first-order kinetic rate for precipitation of pseudo-single-component wax, and the effects of yield stress using a critical solid wax concentration to withstand flow-induced stress at the deposit-fluid interface. The model can predict the time evolution of the deposit thickness, and the spatial and temporal evolution of temperature and wax concentration as validated using cold finger experiments. It was found that for high wax content oils, deposit thickness growth is dominated by heat transfer. For low wax content oils that are unable to gel, the thickness growth is slow and accompanied by occasional sloughing. Regardless of the mechanism controlling the growth, mass transfer cannot be neglected as wax diffusion into the deposit continues to take place after the deposit has stopped growing.     

Transfer coefficients for the liquid–vapor interface of a two-component mixture

We present the excess entropy production for heat and mass transport across an interface of a non-ideal two-component mixture, using as interface variables the excess densities proposed by Gibbs. With the help of these variables we define the interface as an autonomous system in local equilibrium and study its transport properties. The entropy production determines the conjugate fluxes and forces, and equivalent forms are given. The forms contain finite differences of intensive variables into and across the surface as driving forces. These expressions for the fluxes serve as boundary conditions for integration across heterogeneous systems that are far from global equilibrium.The resistivities to heat transfer and the coupling coefficients for heat and mass transfer were determined using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations in a system of Lennard-Jones spline particles of the same diameter and mass, but with potential depths that differ by a factor 0.8. The coupling coefficients for heat and mass transfer are significant. A relation of the coupling coefficients and the partial molar enthalpy of evaporation is verified for each component. As a consequence, it is not sufficient to use for instance Fourier's law for transport of heat across surfaces.Support is presented for a new method to find coefficients from integral relations. The method was verified using one of the NEMD coefficients, and used to calculate contributions to the remaining resistivities. One would expect kinetic theory to predict the resistivities at low vapor densities, but this is found to be correct only for the thermal resistivity. The interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients are found to differ widely from kinetic theory predictions. Estimates of the resistivities to mass transfer differ by more than an order of magnitude. These results will have a bearing on the dynamic modeling of evaporation/condensation and desorption/adsorption.     

Analysis of moving boundary problem of growth of Bismuth germanate crystal by heat exchanger method

Transient two-dimensional model of the growth of BGO crystal by heat exchanger method has been developed. A finite element method with nonorthogonal mapping technique for the solution of the moving boundary problem is developed where the melt/solid interface shape changes from hemispherical to planar. The moving boundary problems for the melt/solid interface location and the temperature field were solved by two mapping rule method which enables the computation of interface shape changing from hemispherical to planar. The maximum deflection of interface is shown when the melt/solid interface meets the corner of crucible. As the excess heating temperature and the heat exchanger temperature were increased, more growth time for whole process is required but the quality of BGO crystal may be improved. The ratio of the height to the radius of crucible hardly affects the deflection of BGO melt/solid interface when it is greater than 1.5. As the cooling zone radius is decreased, maximum deflection is decreased. The heat transfer between the crucible and the heating element should be suppressed to maximize planarity of the interface shape.     

玻璃吹制成型熔体与模具传热耦合模拟

玻璃吹制成型过程中熔体与模具接触时间短,热交换迅速、剧烈,同时玻璃的黏度对温度极其敏感,微小的温度波动将会引起黏度的剧烈改变,并最终决定制品的厚度分布,因此熔体与模具传热的耦合求解是十分必要的。鉴于此,本文在熔体与模具接触面上引入了界面单元来处理接触面热阻区的热传递问题,建立了熔体流动与模具温度场耦合模拟的控制方程,完成了算法编制,实现了熔体流动与模具温度场的耦合模拟。算例证明,与耦合传热算法相比迭代结果不足以满足吹制成型对温度场准确性的要求;通过模拟与实验对比,在连续生产条件下模具绝大部分的温度保持稳定,但与熔体接触的型腔壁的温度却有大幅的周期性变化;模拟的最终产品壁厚较准确地反映了产品的实际壁厚分布,准确度达到88%以上。     

湿工况下泡沫金属内换热和压降的数值模拟和实验验证

泡沫金属应用到换热器空气侧有望提高析湿工况下的换热性能。为了了解湿空气在泡沫金属内的热质传递和压降特性,建立了泡沫金属内液滴形成、生长和运动特性的数值模型。基于液滴成核数目和成核临界半径得出液滴形成过程的传质率模型;通过建立液滴与湿空气相界面附近湿空气中水蒸气的组分守恒方程,得出液滴生长过程的传质率模型;通过对不同孔棱柱表面液滴的受力分析,建立在重力和风力的共同作用下的液滴接触角模型。将液滴形成及生长的传质率模型和接触角模型分别作为质量源项和表面张力源项,加入连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程组中,实现对泡沫金属内液滴生长、形成和运动过程模拟。模型的实验验证结果表明,换热量预测值与实验结果的最大偏差为11.9%,压降预测值与实验结果的最大偏差为17.7%。     

Ultrareinigung organischer Substanzen durch Schmelzkristallisation

Ultrapurification of organic chemicals by melt crystallization. The need for ultrapure organic compounds is increasing fast. Purities up to 99.999 wt% are required for compounds like caprolactam and phenol. Ultrapurification by melt crystallization is promising from a cost-efficiency point of view, provided that the desired separation can be achieved in a single crystallization operation. When growing the crystals in a suspension a large solid-liquid interface can be made available, permitting a small rate of crystal growth and reducing the rate of solute incorporation. As a consequence, however, complete separation between crystals and melt has to be established. An efficient crystal-liquid separation can be attained using so-called crystal separation columns. Two types can be distinguished: non-packed and packed columns. In a packed column crystal transport is accomplished using a force like pressure. The separation efficiency of a single crystallization operation could be improved further by recrystallization. When procedures become available which are based not only on experimental experience but mainly on physical and technology knowledge, a broad application of suspension crystallization may be expected.     

Mass transfer of sodium chloride in simulated crystallizing pond during the rainfall period

The mass transfer equation describing the transport phenomena of sodium chloride is derived for the simulated crystallizing pond during the rainfall period. According to the theoretical and experimental results, the dissolution rate of NaCl is shown to be controlled by the combination of salt transport including the diffusion and convection of solute in solution and surface dissolution reaction including the desorption and surface diffusion of solute. It is found that both the dissolution and convective mass transfer coefficients are proportional to the total rainfall quantity, and inversely proportional to the brine depth. The variation of dissolution mass transfer coefficient to the total rainfall quantity and brine depth is correlated from the experimental results. Correlation of the convective mass transfer coefficient is also obtained by using the numerical solution of the mass transfer equation.     

INFLUENCE OF NONUNIFORM TWISTED TAPE ON HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT CHARACTERISTICS

An experimental study of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a circular tube fitted by twisted tapes with nonuniform twist ratios is reported. The twisted tapes are used as swirl generators playing roles as heat transfer enhancers. The nonuniform twisted tapes examined in the present work have (1) sequentially increasing twist ratios (SL), (2) sequentially decreasing twist ratios (LS), (3) repeatedly increasing-decreasing twist ratios (SL/SL), (4) repeatedly decreasing-increasing twist ratios (LS/LS), (5) intermittently increasing-decreasing twist ratios (SL→LS), and (6) intermittently decreasing-increasing twist ratios (LS→SL). In addition, three different typical twisted tapes with twist ratios of 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 (TT) were also evaluated. Apparently, LS yields monotonically increasing swirling intensity and SL decreasing swirling intensity, resulting in lower heat transfer rate and friction factor than the other four nonuniform twisted tapes, which possess extra fluid fluctuation. However, among the tapes tested, the SL/SL offers the maximum thermal performance factor of around 1.03, which corresponds to Nusselt number of around 36% and friction factor of 3.57 times over those of the plain tube.     

熔融结晶洗涤分离过程的传递行为

通过对熔融结晶洗涤分离的操作模式和提纯机理进行分析,按照滤饼洗涤原理建立了流体流动模型,得到晶层内的压力分布。同时对晶层进行质量和热量衡算,建立了传质和传热模型,求得了晶层内杂质浓度分布和温度分布表达式。分布表达式表明了压力、浓度、温度与之相关的参数的关系,这个结果对熔融结晶洗涤分离过程的参数确定和操作过程的进一步实验研究具有重要的应用价值。