Error-bounded biarc approximation of planar curves

Presented in this paper is an error-bounded method for approximating a planar parametric curve with a G¹ arc spline made of biarcs. The approximated curve is not restricted in specially bounded shapes of confined degrees, and it does not have to be compatible with non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). The main idea of the method is to divide the curve of interest into smaller segments so that each segment can be approximated with a biarc within a specified tolerance. The biarc is obtained by polygonal approximation to the curve segment and single biarc fitting to the polygon. In this process, the Hausdorff distance is used as a criterion for approximation quality. An iterative approach is proposed for fitting an optimized biarc to a given polygon and its two end tangents. The approach is robust and acceptable in computation since the Hausdorff distance between a polygon and its fitted biarc can be computed directly and precisely. The method is simple in concept, provides reasonable accuracy control, and produces the smaller number of biarcs in the resulting arc spline. Some experimental results demonstrate its usefulness and quality.     

Data Approximation Using Biarcs

. An algorithm for data approximation with biarcs is presented. The method uses a specific formulation of biarcs appropriate for parametric curves in Bézier or NURBS formulation. A base curve is applied to obtain tangents and anchor points for the individual arcs joining in G 1 continuity. Data sampled from circular arcs or straight line segments is represented precisely by one biarc. The method is most useful in numerical control to drive the cutter along straight line or circular paths.     

NURBS曲线自动光顺的一种有效算法

提出了一种局部光顺NURBS曲线的算法。算法建立在重复删除和插入节点的过程中，这个重复删除和插入的节点通过一个光顺准则自动选择。此算法自动找出NURBS曲线需要修改的那一点，局部修改控制多边形，使生成的新曲线更加光顺。     

Isogeometric topological shape optimization using dual evolution with boundary integral equation and level sets

An isogeometric topological shape optimization method is developed, using a dual evolution of NURBS curves and level sets; the NURBS curves feature the exact representation of geometry and the level sets help to detect and guide the topological variation of NURBS curves. The implicit geometry by the level sets is transformed into the parametric NURBS curves by minimizing the difference of velocity fields in both representations. A gradient-based optimization problem is formulated, based on the evolution of the NURBS curves. The control points of NURBS curves are taken as design variables. The necessary response and design sensitivity are computed by an isogeometric boundary integral equation method (BIEM) using the NURBS curves. The design sensitivity is obtained on fixed grids and utilized as the velocity to update the Hamilton–Jacobi equation for the level sets. To obtain the whole velocity field on the fixed grids, an interpolation and velocity extension scheme are employed. The developed method provides accurate response and enhanced sensitivity using isogeometric BIEM. Also, additional post-processing is not required to communicate with CAD systems since the optimal design is represented as NURBS curves. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy of design sensitivity on fixed grids and the feasibility of shape and topological optimization.     

Biarc approximation of polygons within asymmetric tolerance bands

We present an algorithm for approximating a simple planar polygon by a tangent-continuous approximation curve that consists of biarcs. Our algorithm guarantees that the approximation curve lies within a user-specified tolerance from the original polygon. If requested, the algorithm can also guarantee that the original polygon lies within a user-specified distance from the approximation curve. Both symmetric and asymmetric tolerances can be handled. In either case, the approximation curve is guaranteed to be simple. Simplicity of the approximation curve is achieved by restricting it to a ‘tolerance band’ which represents the user-specified tolerance and which takes into account bottlenecks of the input polygon. The tolerance band itself is computed by means of a regular grid and so-called k-dops. The basic algorithm is readily extended to compute biarc approximations of collections of polygonal curves simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm computes biarc approximations of an n-vertex polygon with a close-to-minimum number of biarcs in roughly time.     

Interactive Rendering of Deforming NURBS Surfaces

Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) has been widely accepted as a standard tool for geometry representation and design. Its rich geometric properties allow it to represent both analytic shapes and free-form curves and surfaces precisely. Moreover, a set of tools is available for shape modification or more implicitly, object deformation. Existing NURBS rendering methods include de Boor algorithm, Oslo algorithm, Shantz’s adaptive forward differencing algorithm and Silbermann’s high speed implementation of NURBS. However, these methods consider only speeding up the rendering process of individual frames. Recently, Kumar et al. proposed an incremental method for rendering NURBS surfaces, but it is still limited to static surfaces. In real-time applications such as virtual reality, interactive display is needed. If a virtual environment contains a lot of deforming objects, these methods cannot provide a good solution. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for interactive rendering of deformable objects by maintaining a polygon model of each deforming NURBS surface and adaptively refining the resolution of the polygon model. We also look at how this method may be applied to multi-resolution modelling.     

One-sided offset approximation of freeform curves for interference-free NURBS machining

Generating valid tool path curves in NURBS form is important in realizing an efficient NURBS machining. In this paper, a method for computing one-sided offset approximations of freeform curves with NURBS format as tool paths is presented. The approach first uses line segments to approximate the progenitor curve with one-sided deviations. Based on the obtained line approximating curve and its offsets, a unilateral tolerance zone (UTZ) is constructed subsequently. Finally, a C¹-continuous and completely interference-free NURBS offset curve is generated within the UTZ to satisfy the required tolerance globally. Since all of the geometric computations involved are linear, the proposed method is efficient and robust. Interference-free tool path generation thus can be achieved in NURBS based NC machining.     

等距曲面的NURBS放样插值方法

本文给出了等距曲面的一种NURBS放样插值生成方法，该方法主要是在原始NURBS曲面上取得一个能较好反映曲面特征的型值点阵，再交这个型值点阵按某种算法矢方向外推，从而得到原始曲面的等距曲面上的型值点阵，然后，再用NURBS放样插值曲面来逼近等距曲面，本文给出的算法几何意义明显，易于编程实现，且得到的等距曲面其u向和v向参数曲线仍是NURBS曲线，且具有C^2连续性，最后，给出了一个实例。     

A robust efficient tracing scheme for triangulating trimmed parametric surfaces

An efficient, robust parametric trimmed surface triangulation method is presented. Efficiency is gained during trimmed curve tracing by minimising the number of cells processed. Key feature is the efficient tracing algorithm, and knowledge of orientation of the trimming curves is not required. The method is applicable to NURBS surfaces and operates on the untrimmed surface, constructing a rectangular parametric grid onto which the trimming curves are traced. This approach also minimises the occurrence of degenerate triangles and copes with holes independently of the grid size.     

Using a biarc filter to compute curvature extremes of NURBS curves

A method to compute curvature minima and maxima of parametric curves (represented in NURBS format) is presented in this paper. Since the curvature changes vary rapidly along the path of (even smooth) curves, a biarc filter is employed to approximate the curvature function with a piecewise constant function. This allows the isolation of curvature extreme values that are found within-engineering tolerances via repeated biarc approximation followed by golden section search. Because the derivative of the curvature is numerically very unstable, only optimization without derivatives is feasible. However, given the excellent isolation property of biarc filters, curvature extremes are found within 10–20 steps even for high accuracy requirements ranging from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁶.     

曲率连续的三角B样条曲线与曲面

给出了一种二次参数三角样条曲线,基函数由一组特殊的二次三角多项式组成;曲线的每一段由三个控制顶点生成,不仅具有二次均匀B样条曲线的端点性质,而且具有更好的逼近性、整体达到曲率连续。该曲线(面)可用于曲线曲面的造型。     

Filling n-sided regions with NURBS patches

n -sided region with G ^ɛ continuous NURBS patches that interpolate boundary curves and approximate given cross-boundary derivatives. The NURBS surfaces joining along inner or boundary curves have normal vectors that do not deviate more than the user-specified angular tolerance ɛ. The method is general in that there are no restrictions on the number of boundary curves, and the cross-boundary derivatives can be specified independently. To satisfy all conditions, only one degree elevation is needed.     

Computational methods for blending surface approximation

Blending surfaces form a smooth transition between two distinct, intersecting surfaces or smoothly join two or more disconnected surfaces and are normally procedural surfaces which are difficult to exchange and to interrogate in a reliable and efficient manner. In this paper, an approximation method for blending surfaces which are curvature continuous to the underlying surfaces with a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface is presented. The use of NURBS is important since it facilitates the exchange of geometric information between various computer aided design and manufacturing systems. In the method, linkage curves on the underlying surfaces are approximated to within a specified tolerance and cross-link curves are created using the linkage curves, a directional curve and the parametric partial derivatives of the underlying surfaces. Cross-link curves are lofted to form the blending surface and an adaptive sampling procedure is used to test the blending surface against specified tolerances. Cross-link curves are added, where necessary, and the surface relofted until the continuity conditions are satisfied to within specified tolerances. Examples illustrate the applicability of the method.     

NURBS-enhanced line integration boundary element method for 2D elasticity problems with body forces

A NURBS-enhanced boundary element method for 2D elasticity problems with body forces is proposed in this paper. The non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) basis functions are applied to construct the geometry and the model can be reproduced exactly at all stages since the refinement will not change the shape of the boundary. Both open curves and closed curves are considered. The fields are approximated by the traditional Lagrangian basis functions in parameter space, rather than by the same NURBS basis functions for geometry approximation. The parametric boundary elements and collocation nodes are defined from the knot vector of the curve and the refinement of the NURBS curve is easy. Boundary conditions can be imposed directly since the Lagrangian basis functions have the property of delta function. In addition, most methods for the treatment of singular integrals in traditional boundary element method can be applied in the proposed method. To overcome the difficulty for evaluation of the domain integrals in problems with body forces, a line integration method is further applied in this paper to compute the domain integrals without additional volume discretizations. Numerical examples have shown the accuracy of the proposed method.     

一种修改NURBS曲线形状的新方法

曲线曲面的形状修改是计算机几何造型过程中的重要部分．文章提出了一种修改NURBS曲线的新方法，使得修改后的曲线在多个参数点处满足用户给定的几何约束(如点约束、切矢约束)，首先引入了一些新的概念如：局部曲线、总曲线、多余约束和多余曲线等．对于每个参数点分别计算出一系列满足该点处几何约束的局部曲线，并由此构造了总曲线．接着插值一条满足多余约束的多余曲线．最后运用构造Coons曲面的思想，计算出最终的修改曲线，它等于总曲线减去多余曲线．同时我们发现两种现存的修改NURBS曲线的方法是一样的．实例表明此方法适用于CAD软件系统。     

带平台伸缩函数的参数曲线变形

目的 随着科学技术的快速发展,曲线的几何造型技术开始成为近来的热点研究方向.为了获得更多的变形效果,面向2维、3维参数曲线和自由曲线变形,提出一种带平台伸缩函数的变形方法。方法 有别于现有的大多数自由变形算法,首先构造了一种形式简洁的多项式形式伸缩函数;其次借助于伸缩函数,构造了含有伸缩参数与光滑参数的新型伸缩因子,算法表明,这种新型伸缩因子具有单点峰值性、区间峰值性、对称性等优良性质;最后将伸缩因子所构造变形矩阵作用于待变形的曲线,通过控制变形区间、伸缩参数、光滑参数以及变形方向,可以获得整体的、局部的、周期的、伸缩的等各类丰富的图形效果。结果 此变形操作对造型系统中的主流参数曲线(Bézier和NURBS)具有封闭性;通过大量数值实例表明了该方法计算量小,可控性强,重复使用可以得到形状多样、具有艺术效果的轮廓线等效果。结论 与其他方法相比,本文算法不仅可以用于一般的平面与空间参数曲线,也可以用于自由型曲线,扩大了多数自由变形算法的适用范围;由于伸缩函数具备单点峰值性、区间峰值性、对称性等性质,从而能够产生以前变形方法无法产生各类角点、尖点的特殊曲线,在一定程度上极大丰富了曲线的变形效果。     

基于NURBS的点阵材料参数化建模方法

点阵材料因具有优异的物理性能而受到广泛重视,但是相关理论模型研究滞后且仿真数字模型构建存在困难。对比提出一种基于NURBS的点阵材料参数化建模方法。通过给定参数化的骨架模型以及局部控制尺寸,依据骨架模型节点处曲线数量分别构建基本单胞和复杂单胞。这些单胞模型按照点阵材料骨架曲线的拓扑关系进行拼接,从而生成点阵材料NURBS模型,并通过切片对该模型进行三维打印模型验证。通过开发的点阵材料造型系统给出建模实例表明,该方法能够实现点阵材料的参数化建模,从而为进一步的等几何分析提供模型基础。     

遗传算法在NURBS曲线拟合精度的研究应用

为实现非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲线形态的精确控制,在权因子对NURBS曲线的拟合精度控制过程中,引入了遗传算法.分别对遗传算法的全局并行搜索方式和曲线拟合精度的控制方法进行了深入研究.通过遗传算法搜索到权因子变化空间中的最优个体组,应用最优权因子使NURBS参数化曲线具有较好的拟合精度,从而达到曲线形状的合理控制.试验数据表明,通过运用遗传算法对NURBS曲线的权因子进行优化,使得曲线的拟合精度有了较大的提高.     

A Study on Error Recovery Search Strategies of Electronic Connector Mating for Robotic Fault-Tolerant Assembly

In this paper, a CAD-based trajectory planning scheme for parallel machining robots is introduced using the parametric Non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) curves. First, a trajectory is designed via a NURBS curve then, a motion scheduling architecture consisting of time-dependent and constant feedrate profiles is advised to generate the position commands on the represented NURBS curve as the tool path. Using the generated commands, the inverse kinematics is elaborated to obtain the joints motions of the parallel machining robot. This paper investigates the NURBS trajectory generation for a parallel robot with 4(UPS)-PU mechanism as the case study. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the inverse kinematic results for the parallel machining robot of 4(UPS)-PU is compared with the simulation results obtained from the CATIA software. The results confirmed that the proposed trajectory planning scheme along with the advised motion planning architecture is not only feasible for the parallel machining robots but also yields a smooth trajectory with a satisfactory performance for all the joints.