The effect of porosity on the strength of foamed concrete

A study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of replacing large volumes of cement on the properties of foamed concrete (up to 75% by weight) with both classified and unclassified fly ash. This is the third paper in a series; it investigates the relationship between porosity and compressive strength and presents mathematical models that have been developed to describe this relationship. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete was shown to be a function of porosity and age, and a multiplicative model (such as the equation derived by Balshin) was found to best fit the results at all ages up to 1 year. In addition, it was concluded that the equation derived by Hoff could effectively be used to predict the compressive strength of foamed concrete mixtures containing high percentages of ash.     

动物蛋白发泡剂制备泡沫混凝土的研究

制备了一种动物蛋白发泡剂,并用其进行泡沫混凝土实验.本文采用表面活性剂发泡与矿物材料发泡相结合的新型模式.探讨了水灰比、粉煤灰、泡沫量以及矿物材料掺量对泡沫混凝土的影响,确定了各组分的最佳掺量.在此条件下制得了一系列泡沫混凝土砌块,其容重为581～772 kg/m3,抗压强度为3.0～6.0 MPa,吸水率为19%～28%.     

基于碱式硫酸镁水泥的新型泡沫混凝土的制备及性能研究

以轻烧氧化镁粉、七水硫酸镁为水泥主要原材料,利用化学发泡法制备了容重为100~500 kg/m3的碱式硫酸镁水泥泡沫混凝土(BMSCFC),研究了容重、外掺粉煤灰等对BMSCFC物理性能的影响,并且比较了相同容重下的改性氯氧镁泡沫混凝土.结果表明:随着BMSCFC 容重的增大,其体积吸水率减小、导热系数和抗压强度增大;外掺粉煤灰增强了BMSCFC抗压强度的同时降低了其保温性能,外掺粉煤灰量为轻烧氧化镁粉质量的150%时,容重为402 kg/m3,抗压强度为2.22 MPa,导热系数为0.138896 W/(m· K);与改性氯氧镁发泡混凝土相比,碱式硫酸镁发泡混凝土具有更好的抗压强度和保温性能.     

高强度低导热泡沫混凝土性能研究

在工程实践中,作为装配式建筑的墙体材料,既要有较好的保温隔热性能,又要满足一定的力学性能。轻质泡沫混凝土是一种很好的选择,但普通的泡沫混凝土材料在满足热工性能时其力学性能往往表现较差。本文提出一种高强度低导热泡沫混凝土制备方法,研究了水胶比、泡沫掺量、粉煤灰掺量和聚丙烯(PP)纤维掺量对泡沫混凝土的抗压强度和导热系数的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)探究了粉煤灰和PP纤维对泡沫混凝土微观形貌的影响。结果表明:当水胶比为0.6、泡沫掺量为4%(质量分数,下同)、粉煤灰掺量为25%以及PP纤维掺量为0.2%时,泡沫混凝土的抗压强度较高且导热系数较低。     

矿渣基轻质泡沫混凝土的增强研究

以碱激发矿渣为主要胶凝组分,利用物理发泡技术制备了矿渣聚合物泡沫混凝土.通过XRD表征了不同基体组成对泡沫混凝土物相组成的影响;通过Image-Pro Plus表征了不同基体组成对泡沫混凝土气孔结构的影响.综合分析了不同基体组成对矿渣聚合物泡沫混凝土基体强度以及气孔结构的影响,重点研究了低密度矿渣基泡沫混凝土的强度优化.研究表明未掺加泡沫的地质聚合物基体强度作为矿渣聚合物泡沫混凝土的强度基数,而孔结构则代表了随着泡沫掺加矿渣聚合物泡沫混凝土保留其基体强度的能力,对于低密度的泡沫混凝土,提高其保留基体强度的能力为强度优化的根本出发点.基于以上理论对矿渣聚合物泡沫混凝土掺加粉煤灰进行孔结构优化,掺加水泥进行基体增强的强度分步优化,使1800 mL泡沫掺量(干密度400 kg/m3)的矿渣基泡沫混凝土强度增加103%,使其强度由1.43 MPa提高至2.91 MPa.     

轻质骨料对泡沫混凝土性能的影响及其内养护机制

为降低泡沫混凝土干燥收缩,采用轻质骨料(页岩陶粒及粉煤灰陶粒)制备泡沫混凝土,研究了轻质骨料对泡沫混凝土抗压强度、干燥收缩、内部湿度及孔结构等的影响,并分析了轻质骨料的内养护机制。结果表明,轻质骨料能够调节泡沫混凝土的内部湿度,约束基体的变形,降低泡沫混凝土的干燥收缩。而轻质骨料也会在泡沫混凝土中引入缺陷,导致其强度降低。轻质骨料中大于100 nm的墨水瓶孔是内养护效果的控制因素,大于100 nm的墨水瓶孔数量越多,轻质骨料释水能力越强,内养护效果越好,制备的泡沫混凝土干燥收缩越小。     

Effect of fly ash and nanosilica on compressive strength of concrete at early age

The replacement of cement by mineral admixtures in concrete has been of increasing interest in the construction industry. Nevertheless, several of the potential replacements, such as fly ash class F, lower the compressive strength of concrete at early age. This project investigates the use of nanosilica to compensate for such loss of compressive strength. A statistical experimental design involving mixtures of Portland cement, fly ash and nanosilica, in addition to water/binder ratio as an external factor, is proposed to study their combined effect on the compressive strength of concrete. This design allows estimating a cubic regression model that properly accounts for the effects of the mixture components within a constrained experimental region. The range of each factor was selected according to levels normally used in the industry. Finally, an optimisation strategy permits to recommend the use of nanosilica when high percentages of cement replacement by fly ash are present.     

利用火山渣发泡混凝土制备实心自保温砌块的研究

火山渣发泡混凝土实心自保温砌块是由单一火山渣发泡混凝土制成,孔洞率为零的实心砌块.探讨了火山渣粒径、火山渣用量、改性剂用量对火山渣发泡混凝土性能的影响,结果表明,随着火山渣粒径逐渐增大,发泡混凝土导热系数愈低,但强度亦有所降低,综合考虑火山渣粒径与发泡混凝土性能相关性以及火山渣加工成本,火山渣合适粒径为3~5 mm.对于B06、B07、B08级发泡混凝土,当水泥用量固定,随着火山渣掺量逐渐增加,发泡混凝土抗压强度逐渐降低.基于抗压强度提出了A2.5、A3.5和A5.0级火山渣发泡混凝土实心自保温砌块的适宜配合比.并推算实心砌块砌体传热系数基本处于0.37~0.87 W/(m2· K)之间.     

镍铁渣砂对泡沫混凝土孔结构及收缩开裂性能的影响

本文采用镍铁渣机制砂(简称镍铁渣砂)制备泡沫混凝土,研究镍铁渣砂对泡沫混凝土抗压强度、变形及收缩开裂的影响,并采用SEM、X-CT研究泡沫混凝土微观结构。结果表明,镍铁渣砂掺量为5%(质量分数,下同)时泡沫混凝土的抗压强度最高,而镍铁渣砂掺量超过10%时会引入界面缺陷,降低混凝土的强度。镍铁渣砂能够约束基体的变形,减少水泥用量,降低泡沫混凝土的收缩,提高其抗裂性能。当镍铁渣砂掺量由0%增加到20%时,泡沫混凝土的抗裂等级由V级提高到II级。镍铁渣砂具有作为泡沫混凝土生产原料的潜力。     

The role of activating solution concentration on alkali–silica reaction in alkali-activated fly ash concrete

To enable commercial use of alkali-activated fly ash concrete, its durability must be better understood. Alkali–silica reaction is a primary concern since highly alkaline solutions are generally used for activation. This study investigated the effect of NaOH activating solution concentration on pore solution alkalinity and subsequent alkali–silica reaction in alkali-activated fly ash concrete. It was found that pore solution alkalinity increased with increasing activating solution NaOH concentration, and this effect was amplified at concentrations above an optimum, defined as the concentration that resulted in the highest mortar compressive strength. Expansion of concrete prisms containing highly reactive fine aggregate and activating solution concentrations above the optimum concentration was approximately three times that of concrete with optimum activating solution concentrations, but only about 5% of the expansion observed in the ordinary portland cement control. The low expansion may be attributed to the low calcium levels in the alkali-activated fly ash concrete.     

碱激发矿渣-玻璃粉基泡沫混凝土性能研究

采用玻璃粉部分替代矿渣制备碱激发胶凝材料,研究了玻璃粉含量(10%、20%、30%、40%,质量分数)对碱激发矿渣-玻璃粉基(AASG)泡沫混凝土性能的影响。对AASG泡沫混凝土流动性、抗压强度、干燥收缩、吸水率、软化系数和抗冻性进行了研究,并通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对机理进行了分析。结果表明:10%~40%掺量的玻璃粉使AASG泡沫混凝土的流动性提高了5.0%~25.6%;抗压强度随玻璃粉掺量的增加先增大再减小,玻璃粉掺量为20%时,7 d和28 d抗压强度最高,与对照组相比分别提高15.0%和23.8%;玻璃粉掺量为20%时,AASG泡沫混凝土的干燥收缩、吸水率、软化系数和抗冻性最佳;SEM分析发现,玻璃粉有助于孔结构的优化和提高微观结构的致密性;XRD分析表明,AASG泡沫混凝土的主要反应产物为 C-(N-)A-S-H和水滑石。将玻璃粉作为矿渣的替代品来制备AASG泡沫混凝土是可行的,为其在回填工程和固废利用提供理论支撑。     

粉煤灰泡沫混凝土屋面材料的研究

粉煤灰泡沫混凝土屋面材料具有保温隔热隔音和质轻等性能优势。文章主要探讨了水泥、粉煤灰、膨胀珍珠岩和发泡剂的不同用量对屋面材料体积质量、抗压强度、导热系数等性能的影响,并用熟石灰作为激发剂改善屋面材料性能。试验结果表明,体积质量为700kg/m3级别的泡沫混凝土屋面材料,其28d强度最高可达3.61MPa,导热系数最低至0.15W/(m·K),具有较好的使用性能要求;综合考虑强度和导热系数因素,确定合理的配合比为水泥∶粉煤灰∶膨胀珍珠∶工业熟石灰∶减水剂∶发泡剂=475∶216∶22∶29∶2.4∶0.4。     

Utilising unprocessed low-lime coal fly ash in foamed concrete

This paper describes an extensive laboratory-based investigation into the use of unprocessed, run-of-station, low-lime fly ash in foamed concrete, as a replacement for sand. Foamed concrete with plastic densities ranging between 1000 and 1400 kg/m³ and cube strengths from 1 to 10 N/mm² were tested. It is shown that by using this type of fly ash in this way can significantly enhance many of the properties of foamed concrete, including rheology and compressive strength development, whilst providing almost complete immunity to sulfate attack. Given the high carbon content of this type of fly ash, however, it was found that there was a need to increase greatly the amount of foam required to achieve the specified design plastic density. However, given the relatively low cost of foam production, this is not likely to have significant implications for the use of material.     

低温下泡沫混凝土的动态力学性能

为了研究低温下泡沫混凝土的动态力学性能,采用φ100 mm的铝制分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置对不同温度下泡沫混凝土试件进行冲击压缩试验,得到了不同温度、应变率下的泡沫混凝土的应力应变曲线、能量参数、破碎形态等。结果表明:当应变率在62.59 s^-1以下时,泡沫混凝土应力应变曲线分为线弹性阶段、屈服阶段、破坏阶段;当应变率超过62.59 s^-1时,其应力应变曲线分为线弹性阶段、屈服阶段、局部失稳、应力平台、破坏阶段;常温、0 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃和-30 ℃下,泡沫混凝土的动态抗压强度以及吸收能在对应的应变率分界点前表现出显著的应变率效应,但超出该分界点后,应变率效应便不再明显;泡沫混凝土的动态峰值抗压强度与吸收能随温度的降低而提高,但峰值应变随温度降低而降低;泡沫混凝土冲击破碎后的块度随着温度的降低逐渐变大。在低温环境下泡沫混凝土的抗动载设计中,对于泡沫混凝土的峰值抗压强度、吸收能,应优先考虑温度效应的影响,而对于其峰值应变,应优先考虑应变率效应。     

实验参数对固废基发泡混凝土试块性能的影响研究

以超细粉煤灰和钢渣超微粉为主要原料,配加少量水泥和铝粉发泡剂制备发泡混凝土试块.实验系统考察了不同水灰比、发泡剂掺量、发泡温度对发泡混凝土试块的绝干密度、抗压强度、吸水率和孔隙率的影响.结果表明,铝粉发泡剂掺量从1‰增加到7‰,所得试块的绝干密度和抗压强度分别降低36％和84％;而对应的吸水率和孔隙率增加幅度分别高达79％和30％.水灰比从0.65增加到0.95,所得试块的绝干密度和抗压强度分别降低26％和82％;而对应的吸水率和孔隙率均出现"先增后减"趋势,其中吸水率增加幅度为34％,降低幅度为24％;孔隙率增加幅度为18％,降低幅度为9％.发泡温度从25 ℃增加到90 ℃时,试块的绝干密度和抗压强度整体上呈"先降后升"趋势,绝干密度降幅约为30％,升幅约为60％;抗压强度降幅为50％,升幅高达140％.优化后的实验条件为:铝粉掺量1‰～3‰、水灰比65％～75％、发泡温度40 ℃左右.试块抗压强度与绝干密度随制备条件变化幅度不一致,这说明有可能通过制备工艺优化获得"高强度、低密度"的发泡混凝土产品.     

工业废渣复合胶凝材料泡沫轻质土制备及性能

为促进工业废渣资源化循环利用,制备工业废渣复合再生胶凝材料(RC)及相应泡沫轻质土。利用松香树脂类、蛋白类两种发泡剂和表面活性剂经高速剪切混溶制备复合类发泡剂,通过不同发泡剂种类、搅拌转速和搅拌时间下的RC泡沫土流动度、湿密度和抗压强度优选最佳工艺,不同湿密度和龄期下抗压强度对比RC泡沫土和水泥泡沫土力学性能,干缩和冻融循环试验对比RC泡沫土和水泥泡沫土耐久性,借助XRD分析RC泡沫土成分。结果表明,复合类发泡剂融合了松香树脂类发泡剂稳定性好和蛋白类发泡剂发泡倍数高的优势,RC泡沫土制备过程最佳搅拌转速为200 r/min,搅拌时间为2 min。RC和水泥两种泡沫土流动度均满足规范要求,初期抗压强度相当;随着龄期增加,RC泡沫土强度增长幅度高于水泥泡沫土,28 d和56 d龄期时RC泡沫土强度为水泥泡沫土强度的1.21倍和1.35倍。相同条件下RC泡沫土抗干缩和抗冻融性能优于水泥泡沫土。RC水化产物中增加了钙矾石,且水化硅酸钙含量高于水泥水化产物。     

粉煤灰对桥梁混凝土抗渗性能的影响规律研究

为研究粉煤灰对桥梁混凝土抗渗性能的影响,制备了不同粉煤灰掺量的混凝土样品,测试分析了桥梁混凝土抗压强度、孔隙结构、渗透高度和抗氯离子渗透性能随粉煤灰掺量和养护龄期的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)当桥梁混凝土养护龄期为7d时,桥梁混凝土的抗压强度随着粉煤灰掺量的增多而逐渐降低;当混凝土龄期大于28d时,桥梁混凝土的抗压强度在粉煤灰掺量为30%左右时最大。(2)粉煤灰掺量为30%时,桥梁混凝土密实度达到最大,此时其内部小孔隙增大而大孔隙减小。(3)桥梁混凝土抗氯离子渗透系数随着粉煤灰掺量的增大先减小后增大,在粉煤灰掺量为30%时取得最小值。     

低温养护下矿物掺合料湿喷混凝土力学性能及配比优化研究

为系统研究粉煤灰掺量、硅灰掺量及养护温度对湿喷混凝土力学性能的影响规律,通过设计正交试验对湿喷混凝土抗压强度进行极差和方差分析。结果表明:湿喷混凝土抗压强度随养护龄期增加而增大,但抗压强度增幅随养护龄期延长而减弱;增加硅灰和粉煤掺量均能有效提高湿喷混凝土抗压强度,但粉煤灰掺量超过10%(质量分数,下同)后,粉煤灰掺量的增加对混凝土后期抗压强度没有显著的影响;三因素对湿喷混凝土抗压强度影响程度顺序为硅灰掺量>养护温度>粉煤灰掺量;湿喷混凝土抗压强度对矿物掺合料的敏感性与养护温度呈正相关,增大养护温度能够提高矿物掺合料对湿喷混凝土抗压强度的改善效果;随着养护温度的提高,团絮状胶凝物质大量生成,水化产物黏结得更为密实,混凝土的抗压强度和承载性能得到进一步增强;构建多元非线性回归模型能够对混凝土抗压强度进行预测,并且湿喷混凝土在硅灰掺量、粉煤灰掺量及养护温度分别为15%、15%和10 ℃时具有最佳的抗压强度。     

Effect of fine aggregate replacement with Class F fly ash on the abrasion resistance of concrete

This paper presents the abrasion resistance of concrete proportioned to have four levels of fine aggregate replacement (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) with Class F fly ash. A control mixture with ordinary Portland cement was designed to have 28 days compressive strength of 26 MPa. Specimens were subjected to abrasion testing in accordance with Indian Standard Specifications (IS: 1237). Tests were also performed for fresh concrete properties and compressive strength. Tests on compressive strength and abrasion were performed up to 365 days.Test results indicated that abrasion resistance and compressive strength of concrete mixtures increased with the increase in percentage of fine aggregate replacement with fly ash. Abrasion resistance of concrete was improved approximately by 40% over control mixture with 40% replacement of fine aggregate with fly ash, and concrete with fine aggregate replacement could be suitably used.     

泡沫掺量对发泡碱激发矿渣聚合物性能和孔隙特征的影响

以水玻璃激发矿渣为胶凝材料,采用压缩空气发泡方式制备了泡沫矿渣聚合物材料,通过Image-Pro plus(IPP)表征了不同泡沫掺量下泡沫矿渣聚合物的孔隙结构特征,并研究了泡沫掺量对泡沫矿渣矿物聚合物干密度、抗压强度和导热系数的影响.结果表明:当泡沫掺量为4.45%~10.70%(质量分数)时,随泡沫掺量增加,泡沫矿渣聚合物的孔隙率增加、平均孔径及孔圆度值增大,泡沫矿渣聚合物相应的干密度、抗压强度和导热系数均呈负指数关系降低且相关性强;当泡沫掺量为4.45%~12.00%(质量分数)时,所制备碱激发矿渣聚合物泡沫材料的干密度389~1325 kg/m3、抗压强度1.12~17.81 MPa、导热系数0.0813~0.2211 W/(m·K),其综合性能优于通用水泥泡沫混凝土制品.