A study on the process for formation of spherical cement through an examination of the changes of powder properties and electrical charges of the cement and its constituent materials during surface modification

In the initial stage of surface modification treatment to form cement particles into a spherical shape, the fine cement particles below 3 μm increased and the specific surface area also increased. However, in the final stage of treatment, both the fine particles and the specific surface area decreased when compared to raw cement. These results seem to endorse a process for formation of spherical cement, namely grinding of the particles in the initial stage and then adhering and fixing the fine particles to the surfaces of larger core particles in the next stage. Clinker powder had a positive charge, whereas gypsum powder had a negative charge. The difference observed in the electrical charge proved that the attachment of gypsum particles to clinker particles was caused by the attraction of opposite charges in addition to the van der Waals interaction. Therefore, gypsum played an important role as an adhesive agent. The fluidity of clinker powder after it was treated with finely ground gypsum improved. This was because the fine gypsum particles quickly attached to the surfaces of the larger particles of clinker, and consequently, the final process for formation was accelerated.     

基于颗粒间相互作用的细颗粒粉体料仓下料过程分析

以玻璃微珠、流化床裂化催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯颗粒为实验物料,开展粉体流动性表征与料仓下料实验。研究发现,不同粉体的流动性差异较大,相应的料仓重力下料结果也不同;实验所用粉体的下料流率远低于传统Brown and Richards模型的预测值。分析表明,颗粒间相互作用导致的粉体黏附团聚是阻碍细颗粒粉体下料流动的主要原因。基于上述分析,利用剪切测试结合摩尔应力圆理论获得床层拉伸应力,并借助Rumpf方程构建的颗粒间相互作用与粉体床层应力之间的模型来获得不同粉体的颗粒间作用力;继而采用Bond数对粉体床层空隙率进行修正,揭示了颗粒间相互作用对粉体床层结构的影响,并在此基础上建立了粉体下料流率预测模型。新建立的耦合颗粒间作用力的粉体流率模型,有效改善了传统模型对细颗粒粉体流率预测值偏高的弊端,显著降低了流率预测偏差。     

Influence of cement and superplasticizers type and dosage on the fluidity of cement mortars—Part I

Concrete quality is controlled by the flow behavior of cement paste, which is related to the dispersion of cement particles. Superplasticizers (SPs) provide the possibility of a better dispersion of cement particles, thereby producing paste of higher fluidity. With the development of high strength, high performance concrete, SPs are becoming indispensable. SPs are adsorbed on the cement particles. This adsorption is uneven and depends upon the clinker composition of cement and the type of SP used. This work is focused on the study of the influence of lignosulfonic acid (LS)- and melamine sulfonic acid (SMF)-based SPs on the fluidity of mortars made with ordinary Portland (OPC), low alkali (LAC) and white cement (WC) at different water to cement ratio. It is shown that LS are more effective than SMF in providing better fluidity. Further WC has given the highest fluidity among the cements used. It is attributed to the lower C₃A+C₄AF and alkali content, and higher SO₃ content.     

3D打印石膏粉末流动性的响应曲面优化试验研究

基于响应曲面法的中心复合设计(CCD)法设计了3D打印石膏粉末流动性优化试验,考察疏水性纳米二氧化硅和可溶性淀粉掺量对3D打印石膏粉末流动性的影响,并对优化效果下制备的3D打印粉末进行打印机铺粉、表面形貌和流速的分析、验证。结果表明:在疏水性纳米SiO₂掺量为1%(质量分数)、可溶性淀粉掺量为3%(质量分数)的条件下,石膏流动性能改善效果最佳,相较于未改性的石膏提高了38%,得到了响应变量粉末流动性与疏水性纳米二氧化硅和可溶性淀粉掺量的非线性回归方程,流动性最佳优化预测值与实测值相对误差仅为0.31%;最佳优化条件下,改性石膏粉末流速为3.16 g/s,可连续流动,粉层表面均匀无明显缺陷。本研究提高了石膏基粉末3D打印的精确度,有利于石膏材料在3D打印中的应用。     

Bed agglomeration in fluidized combustor fueled by wood and rice straw blends

Petrographic techniques have been used to examine bed materials from fluidized bed combustion experiments that utilized wood and rice straw fuel blends. The experiments were conducted using a laboratory-scale combustor with mullite sand beds, firing temperatures of 840 to 1030 °C, and run durations of 5.5 h. A narrow continuous zone borders virtually all bed particles. The highest concentrations of potassium are found in this surface zone that also is enriched in appreciable amounts of other elements. Thin discontinuous films of adhesive cement, formed preferentially on surfaces and contact areas between bed particles, ultimately led to bed agglomeration. The interfaces and the presence of gas bubbles in the cement suggest a bonding material with a high surface tension and a liquid state. The cement films originate by filling of irregularities on individual and partially agglomerated bed particle surfaces by accumulation of liquid droplets preferentially in areas sheltered from turbulence and mechanical interaction. The composition of the film suggests melting of locally accumulated dust or aerosol mixture of ash particles and mullite. The film only locally enlarged bed particles. Large straw ash particles appear to have mostly been passively incorporated into the adhesive melt without melting or reaction.     

The influence of calcium lignosulphonate-sodium bicarbonate on the status of ettringite crystallization in fly ash cement paste

Calcium lignosulphonate (CL)-sodium bicarbonate (SB) (a total of 0.7% by weight of cement and CL to SB ratio of 1:1.8) will cause the fluidity of fly ash cement paste to decrease rapidly. It is the variation of the status of ettringite crystallization that causes this phenomenon. Experimental results show that CL-SB affects the liquid-phase composition of fly ash cement paste remarkably. As a result, ettringite crystallizes out in the shape of needles from the solution. These needle-like crystal particles are distributed in the solution at a certain distance from the surface of clinker particles. At the initial hydration stage, the crystallization of ettringite is stronger in fly ash cement with calcined gypsum than in fly ash cement with gypsum.     

公路粉煤灰水泥的研制（一）

文中研究了熟料掺量、复合激发剂、石膏掺量、水泥颗粒粒度对公路粉煤灰水泥的影响.获得了公路粉煤灰水泥的最佳配料方案和工艺参数.与粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥性能相比,公路粉煤灰水泥早期强度略低于粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥,凝结时间较长,但其7d～28d水化龄期内的强度增长率较高,28d强度已赶上或超过粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥,胶砂流动度好.     

The effect of particle shape on the pressure drop across the dust cake

In order to observe the effect of particle shape of poly-dispersed dusts on filter performance, the pressure drop across the dust cakes of fly ashes from a conventional power plant (PC), fluidized bed combustion (FBC), and paint incinerator (FI) was measured over a metal filter element in the accurate conditions. A fluidized bed column was used to prepare the dust feed stream of uniform particle distribution. The fine particles of FI ash have a tendency to be agglomerated at low transport velocity. The aggregates were broken at high velocity of more than 21 cm/sec. FBC ash composed of jagged type particles and containing high concentration of unburned-carbon showed higher pressure drop than that of PC ash composed mostly of spherical particles. FI ash composed of aggregates of very fine carbon particles presented the highest pressure drop among the fly ashes tested. The shape factors of PC, FBC, and FI ash were estimated as 0.91, 0.76, and 0.65, respectively, by the Ergun equation. The results implied that the irregular particle tends to form a higher pressure drop and to be more compressible than spherical one. This paper is dedicated to Professor Wha Young Lee on the occasion of his retirement from Seoul National University.     

大颗粒流化床中颗粒磨蚀的实验研究

为了进一步丰富和发展大颗粒流态化理论,促进其在水泥煅烧领域的应用,实验通过1个三维流化床试验台研究了大颗粒流化床中颗粒的破损方式为磨蚀,即颗粒在流化过程中表面磨碎后生成细粉,颗粒自身的粒径逐渐变小。实验表明,颗粒粒径、风速以及流化时间对大颗粒流化床中颗粒的磨蚀影响较大,静床高对磨蚀几乎没有影响。最后提出了大颗粒流化床合适的控制参数:粒径范围4—7 mm,表观风速1.3um f—1.6um f,静床高H0/D<2。     

Preparation of epoxy resin elastic particles and their application in oil well cement

To solve the problem of high brittleness and easy cracking of cement stone, epoxy resin powder elastic particles (HEEP) were developed to improve the elasticity of cement stone. HEEP was prepared from epoxy resin and trimeric anhydride by solution polymerization. The surface wettability and particle size of HEEP were analyzed by contact angle test and laser particle size analysis respectively. Mechanical performance tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and x-ray diffraction analysis were conducted on the cement stone containing HEEP. The results showed that HEEP was the target product, with a hydrophilic surface and a water contact angle of 75.2° on the HEEP surface. The particle size distribution of HEEP was uniform, and the median particle size was 36.5 μm. The initial decomposition temperature of HEEP was 300°C, indicating a good thermal stability. The stress–strain curve showed that when the HEEP dosage was 3%, 6%, and 9%, the elastic modulus of the cement stone was 6.382, 4.017, and 3.148 GPa, respectively. Compared with the blank cement without HEEP, the elastic modulus was reduced by 28.3%, 54.9%, and 64.6%, respectively. This showed that HEEP could effectively improve the elasticity of cement stone. In addition, the compressive strength and flexural strength of cement stone containing HEEP can meet the requirements of on-site applications. SEM analysis of cement stone showed that HEEP was well filled in cement stone. When the cement stone was subjected to complex stress, HEEP could effectively buffer and disperse the stress, thereby enhancing the resistance of cement stone to external force impact.     

脱硫石膏制硫酸联产水泥技术研究

针对我国脱硫石膏、粉煤灰渣堆存占地、污染环境的现状,鲁北集团根据脱硫石膏的物理、化学特性,依托多年磷石膏制硫酸联产水泥技术的实践经验,创新性地研发出适合粘性物系脱硫石膏制硫酸联产水泥的“半水烘干、旋风预热器窑分解煅烧、两转两吸”,“脱硫石膏半水微包覆”,“高饱和比、高硅酸率、微氧化稳定添加剂”等工艺技术和“三风道煤枪”,“一种高温粘性粉料分料器”等新设备,解决了回转窑“结圈”、气态升华硫堵塞管路、半水石膏烘干过程中流动性差使装置无法长周期稳定运行等国内外一直未能攻克的关键技术难题,实现产业化。     

改性磷石膏球作缓凝剂对水泥性能的影响

研究了工业化生产的改性磷石膏球对水泥标准稠度用水量、凝结时间、胶砂流动度、胶砂强度及水泥与减水剂相容性的影响,并与原状磷石膏和天然石膏进行对比,结合X-射线衍射、综合热分析等微观测试,分析了改性磷石膏球对水泥水化产物相、水化程度的影响.结果表明:采用改性磷石膏球配制的水泥,其初凝、终凝时间与掺配原状磷石膏水泥相比分别缩短217 min、227 min,1d、3d强度显著高于原状磷石膏配制的水泥,28d强度高于天然石膏配制的水泥,且标准稠度用水量、胶砂流动度、与减水剂的相容性等指标优于天然石膏配制的水泥.改性磷石膏球对水泥早期水化无不良延缓作用,且能提高水泥后期水化程度.综合对比上述三种石膏对水泥性能影响的各项指标,认为改性磷石膏球可以完全替代天然石膏作水泥缓凝剂.     

Spherical particles for automotive powder coatings

Clear powder coatings that consist of spherical particles with a narrow particle size distribution were produced via a suspension method that involves the agglomeration and unification of smaller particles. These powder coatings have the advantages of excellent powder flowability and high transfer efficiency. This behavior is attributable to the spherical particle shape and absence of finer particles. This production method has been developed for thinner film build clear coats with improved surface smoothness as compared to powder coatings produced by conventional methods.     

高强石膏和脱硫石膏复掺制备家用装修水泥试验研究

利用高强石膏和脱硫石膏单掺及复掺制备家庭装修水泥,通过研究其掺量变化对水泥凝结时间、胶砂强度、砂浆流动度及保水率的影响,根据小磨试验和大磨工业化试生产结果,高强石膏和脱硫石膏复掺可制备具有良好的施工性能的家装水泥。     

Electrosteric stabilization of concentrated cement suspensions imparted by a strong anionic polyelectrolyte and a non-ionic polymer

Strong polyelectrolytes, known as superplasticizers, improve the initial fluidity of concentrated cement suspensions through electrostatic stabilization. These polyelectrolytes do not maintain the initial fluidity, however, primarily due to an increase in the ionic strength of the cementitious suspension. Consequently, non-ionic polymers are often used in conjunction with polyelectrolytes to provide steric stabilization and hence to sustain the desired fluidity over a longer time, and this has lead to the development of copolymers with both electrostatic and steric (electrosteric) functionalities. To design such polymers, it is necessary to optimize the balance between electrostatic and steric stabilization to maximize suspension fluidity. We have quantified the effects of a strong anionic polyelectrolyte, melamine formaldehyde sulfonate (MFS), and a non-ionic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), on the zeta potential of cement particles and the steady shear and low-amplitude rheological properties of concentrated cement suspensions. While the adsorption of MFS onto the cement particle surfaces leads to a sign inversion in the zeta potential, the adsorption of the non-ionic HPMC has no significant effect on the potential. The addition of HPMC to the suspensions substantially reduces the steady shear viscosity and the storage modulus at constant MFS concentration; in addition, there exists an intermediate HPMC concentration that minimizes fluidity. The resulting suspension fluidity is also maintained over a longer time than in the absence of HPMC. This improvement in the stability and fluidity of cement suspensions is attributed to “complementary electrosteric dispersion/stabilization”, and provides insight to the design of polymers with electrosteric functionality.     

Effect of solid circulation rate on coating efficiency and agglomeration in circulating fluidized bed type coater

Circulating fluidized bed was proposed to be used as a coater, and coating experiments of glass beads with silica powder were performed in a circulating fluidized bed. Glass beads and silica powder were chosen as model particles, because their shape was almost spherical. The respective effects of gas flow rates supplied from a distributor and from an air nozzle for solid circulation, feed rate of powder suspension and particle content in the bed on coating efficiency and agglomeration are mainly discussed. Coating efficiency in circulating fluidized bed coater was correlated well with solid circulation time rather than with gas flow rates or solid circulation rate, while the agglomeration among core particles was mainly governed by solid circulation rate.     

氮气雾化微细球形铝粉的生产工艺

介绍了氮气雾化微细球形铝粉的生产工艺,铝锭熔化,雾化制粉、铝粉分级和包装都是在氮气保护中进行,气体雾化器和铝液喷嘴紧密耦合并用高温高压氮气雾化,生产的铝粉颗粒为球形,流动性好,氧含量低,细粉收率高.     

Assessment of adhesion and autoadhesion forces between particles and surfaces

A centrifuge technique has been used to investigate the autoadhesion force between particles and a plane surface of the same material compacted into a disk, which is resistant to the centrifugal force. When measured by profilemetry, these compact surfaces are rougher than metal or plastic surfaces used in previous studies. This results in a change of the detachment force distribution from a log-normal to a right-shifted distribution. The relationship between press-on force and median autoadhesion force depends on particle size, shape and particle surface morphology of the powder particles autoadhered. The lower the autoadhesion force, the greater the possibility that the substance can be used in a single-component powder application. The bulk properties of the powders such as cohesiveness or free powder flow were found to be related to the autoadhesion force. Estimation of the distance between the particles and surfaces has been made based on the Lifshitz-van der Waals constant derived from low frequency dielectric measurements. There was a decrease in distance of separation with increase in press-on force for both sets of particles. The contact between angular lactose monohydrate particles and a lactose monohydrate surface can be increased by more than that between irregular or spherical salmeterol xinafoate particles and their equivalent compact surface.