Metallurgical and Corrosion Properties of Explosively Welded Ti6Al4V/Low Carbon Steel Clad

Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and Iow carbon steel (LCS) were joined by explosive welding method using different ratios of explosive. Some metallurgical properties of joined samples were investigated. Joined samples were examined by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tensile-shearing tests. Bending, tensile, hardness and corrosion behaviour of the samples were investigated. Separation was not occurred on the joining interface after tensile-shearing and bending tests. It is seen that hardness of both plates were increased with increasing explosive.It is found that increasing explosive ratio leads to an increase in corrosion. It is also found that corrosion rate was high at the beginning of the experiment but the rate of the corrosion decreased subsequently during the experiment.     

Ti6Al4V合金ISM熔炼工艺参数优化

利用作者编制的软件模拟了感应凝壳熔炼（ＩＳＭ）Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ合金过程,并计算了关键点温度随时间的变化曲线和不同时刻炉料的温度场分布。结果表明,在３－５ｋｇ范围内,炉料越重熔体温度越低,且熔体温度与熔炼功率间存在接近线性的关系。     

Tribological Properties of Mo-N Hard Coatings on Ti6A14V by Double Glow Discharge Technique

Mo-N hard coatings on Ti6AI4V were formed using double glow discharge technique. The fundamental coating properties, such as the phase, hardness and elastic modulus were investigated. The tribological performances of the coatings in dry wear condition were studied by means of ball-on-disc wear machine. The experimental results showed that the thickness of the Mo-N hard coating was about 10 μm. The coating was single fcc γ-Mo2N phase with (200) preferred orientation. The hardness and the elastic modulus of the coating was 13.80 GPa and 261.65 GPa respectively. The surface treatment enhanced the hardness and elastic modulus of the surface of Ti6AI4V base greatly. With GCr15 slider ball, the friction coefficient of the Mo-N hard coating was in the range of 0.56-0.65 at the steady state. Though the coating did not show friction reducing effect, it improved the wear resistance of Ti6AI4V greatly.     

In vitro biomimetic deposition of apatite on alkaline and heat treated Ti6A14V alloy surface

Titanium alloy (Ti6A14V) substrates, having the ability of biomimetic calcium phosphate-based materials, especially hydroxyapatite deposition in a simulated body fluid (SBF) means of chemical treatment (alkaline treatment) and subsequent heat treatment, was studied. The effects of alkaline treatment time, concentration and heat treatment temperature on the formation of calcium phosphate (carbonate-hydroxyapatite) on Ti6A14V surface were examined. For this purpose, the metallic substrates were treated in 0, 5 and 10 M NaOH solutions at a temperature of 60 or 80°C for 1 and 3 days. Subsequently the substrate was heat-treated at 500, 600 and 700°C for 1 h for consolidation of the sodium titanate hydrogel layer. Finally, they were soaked in SBF for 1 and 3 days. The substrate surfaces were characterized by the techniques commonly used for bulk material such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thin film X-ray diffraction (TF-XRD). With regard to the SEM and TF-XRD results, the optimum process consists of 3 days soaking in 5 M NaOH in 80°C and subsequent heat treatment at 600°C for 1h. It is worth mentioning that the results showed that the apatite formed within 3 days on the specimen surfaces, however, there was no sign of apatite formation in the control samples (without alkaline and heat treatment) which was treated for up to 3 days immersion in SBF.     

Corrosion and mechanical-microstructural aspects of dissimilar joints of Ti–6Al–4V and Al plates

In this study, Ti–6Al–4V and Al plates were joined by explosive welding at various explosive loads. Tensile-shear, bending, hardness, microstructure and corrosion behaviours of the explosively joined samples were investigated. At the end of the tensile-shear tests carried out according to ASTM D 3165-95 standard, no seperation was observed in the interfaces of the joined samples. The results of the bending tests also showed no sign of any distinctive seperation, crack and tear in the interfaces. The highest hardness values were measured in regions next to interfaces. The optical microscope and SEM examinations revealed that an increment in wavelength and amplitude was observed with increasing explosive load. It is seen from the corrosion test results that materials loss was high at the beginning of the corossion tests but the rate of material loss decreased later on. Furthermore, increasing deformation with increasing explosive load increased the materials loss in corrosion tests.     

Ti6Al4V表面激光熔覆纯Cr粉热力学分析

为研究在激光作用下元素之间的扩散及作用机理,采用激光熔覆方法在Ti6Al4V表面熔覆纯Cr粉,利用热力学相图分析软件Thermo-Calc对Cr-Ti-Al-V四元体系进行平衡相图计算分析,利用DICTRA软件模拟合金体系的元素在Ti6Al4V基体中扩散分布情况。X射线衍射图谱表明熔覆层主要由α-Ti、Laves相Cr2Ti及亚稳态Cr1.97Ti1.07组成;扫描电镜实验结果显示熔覆层主要由片状、树枝状及细小针状组织组成。熔覆层元素体系中主要为Cr、Ti元素在不断相互扩散,Al元素扩散缓慢,V含量基本没有变化,整个体系中主要参与反应的是Cr与Ti元素。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Dissimilar Friction Stir Weld between Austenitic Stainless Steel and Low Carbon Steel

Dissimilar fusion welding of austenitic stainless steels to carbon steels has some metallurgical and technical problems.It was suggested that the solid-state nature of friction stir welding(FSW) can overcome these problems and produce a sound weld with reliable mechanical properties.In this study,plates of 304 stainless steel and st37 steel were welded together by FSW at tool rotational speed of 600 r/min and welding speed of 50 mm/min.In the stir zone(SZ) of 304 stainless steel,the results showed a refined grain structure with some features of metadynamic recrystallization.In the SZ of st37 steel,the hot deformation of material in the austenite region produced small austenite grains.These grains transformed to fine ferrite and pearlite by cooling the material after FSW.The production of fine grains increased the hardness and tensile strength in the SZ of both sides with respect to their base metals(BMs).     

Cu调控的TiN-Cu纳米复合膜包覆钛合金的抗菌性研究

利用磁控共溅射技术在钛合金(Ti6Al4V)表面包覆氮化钛-铜纳米(TiN-Cu)复合膜,并通过控制Cu靶溅射功率实现对TiN-Cu薄膜中Cu含量的调节,进而实现对材料耐蚀性和抗菌性的协同调控。采用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱仪分析了包覆TiN-Cu纳米复合膜的钛合金的表面形貌、相结构、元素成分及价态,并在模拟体液条件下测试了该材料的耐腐蚀性能,通过体外抗菌实验评价了Cu含量对材料抗菌性的影响。结果表明:通过在Ti6Al4V表面包覆TiN-Cu纳米复合薄膜显著增强了材料的抗菌性;并抑制了有毒性的V⁴⁺、Al³⁺离子在体液中的释放。Cu靶溅射功率升高在提高TiN-Cu薄膜中Cu含量和薄膜沉积速率的同时,也导致了薄膜中大量柱状晶体结构的生成,加速了薄膜的腐蚀,但提高了抗菌性。综上,合理调控Cu的含量是协同提升TiN-Cu薄膜的耐腐蚀性及抗菌性的关键。     

Linear friction welding of Ti6Al4V: experiments and modelling

Linear friction welding of the Ti6Al4V alloy is studied. A new definition of the energy input rate is proposed, based on an integration over time of the in-plane force and velocity; a strong correlation with the upset rate is then found. The effective friction coefficient is estimated to be 0·5±0·1 for varying frequencies and amplitudes, with only a weak dependence on the processing conditions displayed. A model is proposed that accounts for both the conditioning and equilibrium stages of the process, which is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The model is used to study the mechanism by which the flash is formed. A criterion is proposed by which the rippled nature of its morphology can be predicted.     

Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb对成骨细胞生物活性影响的研究

研究Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb 3种钛金属表面经喷砂酸蚀处理后的表面形貌、亲水性及对成骨细胞生物活性的影响。在Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb 3种钛金属表面进行Al2O3喷砂和盐酸、硫酸混合物酸蚀的表面改性处理(SLA),通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察样品的表面形貌,通过接触角测量仪在显微镜下测量接触角的大小;将SD大鼠成骨细胞以1×104cells/m L密度接种于Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb表面后通过MTT活性实验观察成骨细胞在样品表面的增殖,通过SEM观察细胞在样品表面生长的形态,通过碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性实验,检测成骨细胞的分化能力。Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb在经过喷砂酸蚀处理后,表面均呈现出微米级多孔形貌,3种样品均为亲水性表面;细胞在SLA处理后的Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb表面增殖良好,细胞伸展显著;其中在Ti6Al7Nb表面细胞的增殖、黏附、分化能力最强。大颗粒喷砂酸蚀技术的表面处理方法能够促进Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb的生物活性;经SLA处理的Ti6Al7Nb比Ti和Ti6Al4V表现出更好的生物学活性,成骨细胞在其表面呈现出更好的增殖、黏附及分化能力。     

Influence of Ni Interlayers on the Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V/(WC-Co) Friction Welds

Ni interlayers were introduced prior to dissimilar friction welding of Ti6Al4V base material to three cemented carbide substrates. The fracture strength of Ti6Al4V/(WC-6 wt% Co) welds were poor and were markedly improved when 20-µm thick Ni interlayers were introduced prior to dissimilar friction welding. These results were only produced when the (WC-6 wt% Co) cermet was electroplated prior to friction welding. When the Ti6Al4V alloy was electroplated prior to friction welding, fractured WC particles and cracking were observed in the (WC-Co) carbide substrate. The fracture strengths of Ti6Al4V/(WC-11 wt% Co) and Ti6Al4V/(WC-24 wt% Co) welds were not improved when 20-µm thick Ni interlayers were introduced prior to friction welding. During mechanical testing, the Ni layer retained at the dissimilar joint interface created a region of weakness.     

Electrochemical Study of Diffusion Bonded Joints between Micro-duplex Stainless Steel and Ti6A14V Alloy

In the present study,corrosion behavior of diffusion bonded joints formed between micro-duplex stainless steel(MDSS) and Ti6AI4V alloy(TiA)(at 900 ℃ for 60 min under 4 MPa uniaxial pressure in vacuum) was investigated in 1 mol/L HCI and 1 mol/L NaOH solutions using various electrochemical measurements such as open circuit potential(OCP),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization(PD).For comparison,corrosion behavior of base metals(MDSS and TiA) was also evaluated.Bonded joint was characterized by light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy using backscattered electron mode.The layer wise σ phase and λ + FeTi phase mixture has been observed at the bond interface and the bond tensile strength and shear strength were ~556.4 MPa and ~420.2 MPa,respectively.     

Effect of calcium-ion implantation on the corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the Ti6Al4V alloy

The corrosion resistance and bioactivity of Ti6Al4V alloy after calcium-ion implantation were examined. Polished samples were implanted with a dose of 10¹⁷ Na⁺/cm² at a beam energy of 25 keV. The chemical composition of the surface layer formed during the implantation was determined by XPS and SIMS. The bioactivity of the samples was evaluated by soaking them in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for 168 and 720 h. The corrosion resistance in SBF at 37 °C was determined by electrochemical methods after exposure in SBF for various times. The surfaces of the samples before and after examinations were observed by optical microscopy, SEM-EDS and AFM.The results of the corrosion examinations indicated that under stationary conditions and after short-term exposures, the calcium-ion implanted titanium alloy had an increased corrosion resistance, but during the anodic polarization, calcium-implanted samples underwent pitting corrosion. The microscopic observations show that the precipitations of calcium phosphates are present on the surface, but they do not form a continuous layer.     

夹层材料对钛/钢复合板组织及性能的影响

基于实际生产线,研究添加DT4或SL3夹层材料对TA2/Q235B复合板组织及性能的影响。通过金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱电子衍射（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和力学试验等对钛/钢复合板进行分析。研究发现,添加DT4夹层的复合板界面较为干净,TiC较为均匀,界面化合物等相对较少,剪切强度达到187.4 MPa;添加SL3夹层的复合板界面夹杂物较多,界面存在TiFe、TiNi等金属间化合物,剪切强度仅为148.6 MPa。两种夹层的复合板剪切断裂位置均发生在钛侧,断口处均发现脆性断裂特征。研究表明,加入DT4夹层复合板的剪切强度更高,有利于工业化生产。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金渗碳层在HF中的腐蚀行为

用真空感应渗碳方法对Ti6Al4V钛合金进行高速渗碳,研究了渗碳层在HF溶液中的腐蚀行为。对腐蚀前后渗碳层的相结构和形貌的分析发现：对Ti6Al4V钛合金高速渗碳后,在表面生成一层TiC和CTi_0.42V_1.58复合化合物相的渗碳层。因为表面有渗碳层,Ti6Al4V钛合金在浓度为0.2%的HF中?泡其腐蚀速率从4.65×10^-10 g·m^-2·h^-1降低到3.3×10^-10 g·m^-2·h^-1。电化学腐蚀测试结果表明,其自腐蚀电位从未渗碳时的-0.94 V升高到-0.68 V,腐蚀电流密度从4.10 mA·cm^-2降至1.65 mA·cm^-2,极化电阻从6.36 Ω·cm²增大到15.8 Ω·cm²,R_t从0.2 Ω·cm²增大到5.7 Ω·cm²。渗碳层具有n型半导体特性,未渗碳样品具有p型半导体特性。Ti6Al4V钛合金渗碳后,在腐蚀过程中电子转移的阻力增大,使耐蚀性提高。F^-对Ti6Al4V钛合金渗碳层的腐蚀机理,主要是析氢腐蚀。     

Ti和Ti-V微合金化低碳贝氏体钢组织性能及析出行为的研究

利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等,研究了不同Ti含量的低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征.结果表明:在450℃和520℃保温2h,三种实验钢组织为粒状贝氏体.与低Ti实验钢相比,高Ti及Ti-V复合实验钢的屈服强度增加了150MPa以上.高Ti钢中纳米级析出相有两种类型:一种大于15nm的TiC析出相;另一种是在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(Ti,Mo)C复合析出相.Ti-V钢基体中存在大量尺寸在10nm以下的(Ti,V,Mo)C复合析出相.     

Ti6Al4V粉末及其制品的研究进展

采用粉末冶金方法生产钛合金制品,材料的利用率几乎可达100%,而且产品性能好,是低成本制造高质量钛合金零部件的重要途径。综述了国内外Ti6Al4V粉末及其粉末冶金制品的制备技术及应用概况,指出低氧球形高质量粉末的制备是钛合金粉末的发展方向,气体雾化是制备优质钛合金粉末的主要工业化生产方法,介绍了传统的粉末冶金方法及近年来新开发的粉末冶金新技术的应用情况。制备工艺的改善,加上民用领域产品需求量的大幅度增加,势必极大程度地推动粉末冶金Ti6Al4V的研究与应用。     

Ti6Al4V表面双层辉光等离子渗铬及渗层的抗高温氧化性能

钛合金常规表面改性技术多存在与基体结合强度差的不足,采用双层辉光等离子渗铬则可解决这一问题。为此,利用双层辉光等离子表面冶金技术对Ti6Al4V合金表面渗铬,通过正交试验优选了最优渗铬工艺主参数,对渗层的抗高温氧化性能进行了研究。从渗层厚度和与基体结合强度方面得到了最优工艺参数：源极电压950V,工件电压400V,气压...     

Improved Tribocorrosion Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Anodic Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation

Ti6Al4V alloy has good corrosion resistance due to the formation of the passive oxide films on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy. However, Ti6Al4V alloy has poor tribocorrosion resistance in the seawater environment. Herein the present work, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with the electrolyte of glycerol and sodium borate is used to generate PEO coatings on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy to improve its tribocorrosion properties. The microstructure and tribocorrosion properties of PEO coatings are investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tribometer, respectively. The growth kinetics and the tribocorrosion mechanisms of PEO coatings are discussed in detail. It is shown in the results that PEO coatings deposited on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy are composed of rutile and anatase phases. The surface hardness and thickness of PEO coatings are enhanced with the increase of the voltage and time. The wear rate of Ti6Al4V alloy with PEO coatings is significantly reduced in artificial seawater.     

氦离子注入对Ti6Al4V合金组织和力学性能的影响

在室温和400～700℃条件下,采用 1×1017ions/cm2注入剂量和200keV加速电压对 Ti6Al4V合金进行了氦离子注入.分别采用纳米硬度仪和X射线衍射方法对Ti6Al4V合金的氦离子注入表面层(≤700nm)进行了纳米硬度、弹性模量测试和物相分析.结果表明:在室温至600℃范围内,氦离子注入温度越高,Ti6Al4V合金注入层的硬度也越高,而其弹性模量则变小.氦离子注入温度为700℃时,Ti6Al4V合金发生了软化,其弹性模量也有所提高.氦离子注入引起的硬化现象与点缺陷和Ti6Al4V合金中β相的析出有关,而软化现象则与β相的粗化和γ-TiH相的形成有关.