Self-polarization of protons in storage rings

It has been proposed that stored proton or heavy ion beams can be polarized by spatially separating particles with opposite spin directions, using the Stern-Gerlach effect in alternating quadrupole fields. The growth rate of the vertival betatron amplitude is calculated for beam halves with opposite polarizations rotating in the horizontal plane, at intrinsic spin resonance aγ ± ν_y = integer. This polarization method would work best with rings having large diameter, low vertical emittance, low vertical betatron tune, and strong superconducting quadrupoles. Provided that suitable strong quadrupoles exist, the method might advantageously replace the present technique for obtaining polarized proton or heavy ion beams, where low energy polarized beams are first generated by a source and then accelerated through numerous depolarizing resonances up to the final energy. Although the proposed self-polarization in the present colliders and storage rings might be impractically slow, it is shown that in a purpose-built machine the vertical splitting rate of the beam might be reasonably fast compared with the beam blowup or decay.     

Anodic oxidation and self-polarization of zinc metal

X-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to study the structural changes and processes which take place when zinc metal is subjected to oxidation and self-polarization at the metal-electrolyte interface. The effect of electrolyte concentration and anodizing voltage on the structure and composition of the ZnO layer formed was investigated.     

Specific properties of the PZT-based thin-film capacitor structures with excess lead oxide

The effect of excess lead oxide on the microstructure and ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films was studied in PZT-based thin-film capacitor structures. It is shown that excess lead in the form of lead oxide is localized at the grain boundaries and film-platinum electrode interfaces, which can result in the appearance of internal electric fields and the self-polarization of PZT films. It is suggested that the selfpolarization effect is related to the formation of a built-in electric charge with different densities at the bottom and top metal electrode-ferroelectric film interfaces.     

High-Performance Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen to Ammonia Driven by Oxygen Vacancy and Ferroelectric Polarization Field of SrBi4Ti4O15 Nanosheets

Photo-responsive semiconductors can facilitate nitrogen activation and ammonia production, but the high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers represents a significant barrier. Ferroelectric photocatalysts show great promise in overcoming this challenge. Herein, by adopting a low-temperature hydrothermal procedure with varying concentrations of glyoxal as the reducing agent, oxygen vacancies (Vo) are effectively produced on the surface of ferroelectric SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅ (SBTO) nanosheets, which leads to a considerable increase in photocatalytic activity toward nitrogen fixation under simulated solar light with an ammonia production rate of 53.41 µmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, without the need of sacrificial agents or photosensitizers. This is ascribed to oxygen vacancies that markedly enhance the self-polarization and internal electric field of ferroelectric SBTO, and hence, facilitate the separation of photogenerated charge carriers and light trapping as well as N₂ adsorption and activation, as compared to pristine SBTO. Consistent results are obtained in theoretical studies. Results from this study highlight the significance of surface oxygen vacancies in enhancing the performance of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation by ferroelectric catalysts.     

Krypton fluoride laser pulse shortening by stimulated thermal scattering on a liquid surface

Pulse shortening of the backscatter of a KrF excimer laser beam focused on the surface of n-hexane is reported. Simultaneous measurements of the backscattered beam, a Fresnel reflected beam, incoherent scattered photons from a liquid surface, and a transmitted beam are performed. The results show that the surface reflected beam disappears followed by beam expansion and the transmitted beam is reduced to form a filamentlike structure with the onset of backscatter. The pulse width of the backscattered beam shows a clear dependence on the focal position in the liquid. Incoherent scattering is sharply enhanced when the laser beam is focused at the liquid surface where the backscattered beam is especially short. The observed phenomena indicate that stimulated thermal scattering is the pulse shortening mechanism.     

Novel circular-beam equalizing techniques that use graded-index fiber optics for a high-power laser diode

We demonstrate a novel method of equalizing a laser diode (LD) beam into a circular beam. This method uses the twist effect of graded index (GI) fiber optics. An asymmetric LD beam with beam qualities of M2 = 500 in the slow axis and M2 = 4 in the fast axis is converted successfully into a symmetric circular beam with a beam quality of M2 = 175. The circular-output beam with 92% coupling efficiency from the fiber input to the fiber output is obtained with a 5-m-long GI1200 (1200 means a core diameter of 1200 microm) fiber for a 2-W LD array. We extend the experiments to a higher-power source with higher asymmetric beam qualities of M2 = 3000 and M2 = 4. By slightly bending the GI10000 (10000 means a core diameter of 10,000 microm) fiber, we have succeeded in generating a symmetric beam with a improved beam quality of M2 = 2000. The average beam quality is preserved when the asymmetric ratio is not high, and the beam quality degradation ratio is investigated up to asymmetric ratios of 750.     

Beam wander of partially coherent Airy beams

The beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam in a turbulent atmosphere was investigated. By using the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral, as analytical expression is derived for the second-order moment of a partially coherent Airy beam. Based on the theory proposed by Andrews, a general expression is obtained for the beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam. With the help of the expression, various factors which impact on the beam wander are illustrated numerically. The results show that the beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam decreases with the increase of the characteristic scale and the decrease of the coherent length or the exponent truncation factor. The value of the beam wander is a maximum when the exponent truncation factor is 0.63, no matter what the coherent lengths are. Our results provide an effective way to control the beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam in practice.     

Hermite-cosine-Gaussian laser beam and its propagation characteristics in turbulent atmosphere

Hermite-cosine-Gaussian (HcosG) laser beams are studied. The source plane intensity of the HcosG beam is introduced and its dependence on the source parameters is examined. By application of the Fresnel diffraction integral, the average receiver intensity of HcosG beam is formulated for the case of propagation in turbulent atmosphere. The average receiver intensity is seen to reduce appropriately to various special cases. When traveling in turbulence, the HcosG beam initially experiences the merging of neighboring beam lobes, and then a TEM-type cosh-Gaussian beam is formed, temporarily leading to a plain cosh-Gaussian beam. Eventually a pure Gaussian beam results. The numerical evaluation of the normalized beam size along the propagation axis at selected mode indices indicates that relative spreading of higher-order HcosG beam modes is less than that of the lower-order counterparts. Consequently, it is possible at some propagation distances to capture more power by using higher-mode-indexed HcosG beams.     

弯曲梁柱结构平面外失稳的研究

研究了两节梁组成的弯曲梁在受竖向集中载荷作用下的平面外稳定问题,通过建立每节梁临界状态下弯曲和扭转变形微分方程,根据变形协调关系,得出了一端固定一端悬臂的弯曲梁平面外失稳的特征方程,并以等截面等长度梁构成的弯曲梁为对象,探讨了弯曲梁上拱和上翘对其平面外稳定性的影响,以及抗扭刚度对稳定性的影响。结果表明,同样的载荷作用幅度和梁高度,采用上拱的弯曲梁比直梁具有更高的侧向稳定性,并且存在一个最佳的弯曲角度,而上翘弯曲梁的侧向稳定性要低于直梁的侧向稳定性。当弯曲梁上翘时,增大抗扭刚度可以提高侧向稳定性,弯曲梁上拱时,增大抗扭刚度却会降低其侧向稳定性。     

Uncertainty of Cesium-Beam Time Standards Due to Beam Asymmetry

As a consequence of the spatial phase distribution in the resonators of cesium-beam time and frequency standards, the generated frequency depends on the specific path of the atomic beam. A change of the position of the atomic beam source may result in a beam displacement normal to the beam direction. For a deflection system consisting of a combination of quadrupole and hexapole magnets for two-dimensional beam deflection, the displacement of the center of mass of the beam resulting from a misalignment of the beam source is computed. To this end, the distribution of the beam intensity on the collector is first determined. It is shown that for the cesium-beam time and frequency standard CSI of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PIB), the uncertainty of the position of the center of mass of the beam entails a contribution to the uncertainty of the standard of less than 1 X 10-15. The amount of the displacement of the center of mass of the beam can be determined from the decrease of the beam flux on the collector caused by an adjustment of the beam source.     

Average spreading of a radial gaussian beam array in non-Kolmogorov turbulence

The analytical expression for the rms beam width of the radial gaussian beam array propagating in non-Kolmogorov turbulence is derived, where the coherent combination is considered. The influences of the beam number, the generalized exponent, and the ring radius on the rms beam width are investigated. The results indicate that the rms beam width depends greatly on the generalized exponent and the beam number. Further, an optimum ring radius, which leads to a minimum beam width, is proved to exist within a certain traveling distance and the optimum ring radius increases when the beam number increases.     

火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁内力变化的试验研究

实际工程中,钢-混凝土组合梁大多具有轴向约束,从而使得组合梁在大变形时产生悬链线效应来继续承担外部荷载。为研究火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁的悬链线效应产生机制,开展了2块足尺钢-混凝土组合梁的火灾试验,测试组合梁截面内力随受火时间的变化过程。介绍了试件设计、加载方案和测量内容,描述了相关试验现象及破坏特征,得出以下主要结论:升温时,组合梁截面温度梯度分布变化较大且易产生附加弯矩,对组合梁极限承载能力产生不利影响;火灾下组合梁的破坏模式主要表现为梁端负弯矩处形成明显的塑性铰,同时板底钢梁的受拉下翼缘出现整体侧向失稳,这与常见单个钢梁的受压翼缘屈曲而整体失稳的现象相悖;荷载比是影响组合梁抗火性能重要的参数之一;通过实测得到火灾发生时组合梁内力的变化过程,分析出在同等条件下的相同时间内,荷载值越大组合梁悬链线效应越明显。     

Spherical beam volume holograms for spectroscopic applications: modeling and implementation

The spherical beam volume hologram, recorded by a plane wave and a spherical beam, is investigated for spectroscopic applications in detail. It is shown that both the diffracted and the transmitted beam can be used for spectroscopy when the hologram is read with a collimated beam. A new method is introduced and used for analysis of the spherical beam volume hologram that can be extended for analysis of arbitrary holograms. Experimental results are consistent with the theoretical study. It is shown that the spherical beam volume hologram can be used in a compact spectroscopic configuration when the transmitted beam is monitored. Also, on the basis of the properties of the spherical beam hologram, the response of a hologram recorded by a plane wave and an arbitrary pattern is predicted. The information can be used to optimize holographic spectrometer design.     

Bessel and conical beams and approximation with annular arrays

The Bessel beam is one of the relatively new limited-diffraction beams that have been discovered. It is compared with the conical transducer, which also gives an approximate limited-diffraction solution to the wave equation. The conical transducer's field deviates from the predicted field in the nearfield, where it is wider. Therefore, the Bessel beam is better for use in a hybrid system where a limited-diffraction beam is used for transmission and a dynamically focused beam for reception. The limited-diffraction Bessel beam of order zero can be excited on an annular transducer with equal-area division of elements and with a fixed prefocus, i.e., conventional transducers used in commercial medical imaging equipment. The element division implies that the scaling parameter must be chosen to contain the first lobe of the Bessel function in the first element. In addition, the prefocus must be such that the array is steerable to infinite depth with minor loss. Even when the Bessel beam yields a larger depth of field than that of an unfocused transducer, it has the advantage of a narrower beam. Simulated examples are shown where the approximate Bessel beam compares favorably with a spherically focused beam with a fixed focus, an unfocused beam, and a conical transducer.     

Extinction paradox and actual power scattered in light beam scattering: a two-dimensional study

The extinction paradox is examined by applying partial-wave analysis to a two-dimensional light beam interacting with a long transverse cylinder without absorption, assuming always short wavelengths. We show that the (conventional) power scattered, Psca, except for a very narrow beam hitting a transparent cylinder on axis, is always double the power directly intercepted by the scatterer, Pitc, including a zero result for Psca when the incident beam is basically off the material surface. This contradicts the interpretation that attributes one half of Psca to edge diffraction by the scatterer. Furthermore, we identify the shadow-forming wave (SFW) from the partial-wave sum in the forward direction and show that the actual power scattered or, equivalently, the power depleted from the incident beam is equal to one unit of Pitc for a narrow beam, gets larger for a broader beam, and approaches 2Pitc for a very broad beam. The larger value in the latter cases is due to the extent of divergence of the SFW beam out of the incident beam at distances well beyond the Rayleigh range.     

Nearly diffraction-limited signal generated by a lower beam-quality pump in an optical parametric oscillator

The beam quality of an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) within a singly resonant, confocal-positive branch unstable resonator is investigated. Resonator configurations have been found in which the beam quality of the outgoing signal exceeds the beam quality of the pump. Cavity magnification and pump-pulse duration are found to determine the signal beam quality. It is shown that signal M2 decreases with increasing pump-pulse duration for a given cavity magnification. In an experimental demonstration of a LiNbO3 OPO within an unstable resonator, pumped by a multitransversal mode beam, a signal beam with an almost-single transversal mode has been generated, whereas the multitransversal mode behavior of the pump beam is projected on the idler beam.     

中间主应力对金属悬臂梁承载力的影响

基于双剪统一强度理论使用显式有限差分方法对矩形截面金属悬臂梁承载力的中间主应力影响进行了计算分析。通过分析发现,极限状态下悬臂梁的塑性应变的分布非规则圆扇形,而是接近对称三角形分布。中间主应力对悬臂梁承载能力的影响与梁的厚度有关。平面应力情况的悬臂梁比平面应变的中间主应力影响要低,平面应变情况下中间主应力对金属悬臂梁极限承载力的影响与梁的长度无关,平面应力情况下中间主应力影响随梁长度的增加呈先增大后减小而后趋于恒定的趋势。     

Theoretical considerations on imaging of micron size electron beam with optical transition radiation

Optical transition radiation (OTR) has been widely used to image electron beam profile. In this paper, we systematically investigated the issues related to imaging of electron beam with OTR. It is found that the point-spread function (PSF) largely depends on the acceptance angle of the lens and is only very weakly dependent on beam energy and the distance from the OTR target to the lens. This excludes the potential obstacles to imaging of high-energy electron beam for which, the photons are emitted in a relatively small cone and the far field condition is hard to fulfill. The image of a whole beam is found by convoluting the real beam distribution with the PSF. It is shown that for micron size beam, the image formed with OTR largely deviates from the real beam distribution. And the real beam distribution could be restored from deconvoluting the image with the PSF. The effectiveness of the restoration is demonstrated, which opens up the possibility of measuring micron size beam profile with OTR.     

无粘结智能预应力简支梁的力学性能研究

针对混凝土简支梁的挠度控制问题,提出了在梁中使用随活载变化而变化的智能预应力方法,即根据梁承受的荷载情况,通过梁端智能锚具的顶升、回缩改变梁中的预应力大小,从而实现梁的挠度始终控制在目标范围内。研究中以一根跨中挠度为控制目标的智能预应力简支梁在移动荷载作用下的力学分析,推导了结构的控制微分方程,并通过数值算例演示了智能预应力梁的工作过程,说明了控制思想的可行性。     

Quality of paraxial electromagnetic beams

The full wave theory of focused waves is developed and the radiation intensity distribution is determined. In the appropriate limit, the full wave theory correctly reproduces the paraxial beams. The limitations of paraxial beam theories are discussed. The method of treatment of full waves is presented with reference to the scalar Bessel-Gauss beam and wave. The necessary theoretical formulas for other beams and waves are also given. For the scalar Bessel-Gauss wave, the beam shape parameter can be adjusted to yield a flat-topped radiation pattern. The ratio of the power in the paraxial beam to that in the full wave is used as a parameter to measure the quality of the paraxial beam approximation. Lower-order waves are found to have better paraxial beam quality than do higher-order waves. The difference in the paraxial beam quality increases as kw0 is decreased where k is the wavenumber and w0 is the waist of the paraxial beam. The radiation patterns of waves are presented for some tightly focused waves.