水文序列分析中基于信息熵理论的消噪方法

为准确有效地识别和分离水文时间序列中的噪声成分,应用信息熵理论并结合小波消噪概念,建立了小波系数阈值优选熵准则和水文序列消噪新方法。该方法首先应用熵函数H值描述噪声成分的不确定度,并应用信息量系数(information cost function ICF)值描述主序列的复杂度;然后通过分析不同小波系数阈值对应的噪声成分H值和主序列ICF值的变化规律,可优选出合理的小波系数阈值;最后对小波系数进行阈值量化处理,即可实现水文序列消噪。通过对不同特性模拟序列和不同实测水文序列分别进行分析,并通过与常用小波消噪方法(FT、SURE、MAXMIN)的消噪结果对比,验证了该阈值优选熵准则的合理性和适用性。分析结果显示,水文序列中的噪声成分具有偏态特性,因此本文应用偏态分布线型(P_Ⅲ型分布)对噪声成分进行描述更为合理,而且小波系数阈值优选熵准则所得的阈值是基于信息熵理论而确定的,因此是整体上最优值。     

岩溶地下河水文时间序列小波消噪处理

在对重庆青木关岩溶地下河进行水文地质调查和水文气象观测的基础上,针对岩溶地下河水文过程的复杂非线性特征及存在的观测噪声,利用小波消噪方法对岩溶地下河水文时间序列进行消噪。结果表明：对水文时间序列进行消噪是必要的;小波消噪后,曲线变得平滑而且自相似性更强,该方法是有效可行的;小波函数的选择、分解层数的选取、阈值的确定和处理,需进行更深入的研究。     

基于小波消噪偏最小二乘回归模型的径流预测

小波消噪方法，可消除原始数据序列存在的噪声；偏最小二乘回归分析方法，可减弱自变量间多重相关性在系统建模中的不利影响。为此，引入基于小波消噪的偏最小二乘回归分析方法进行建模分析，对奴各沙水文站1960-2000年的径流序列进行拟合和预测。结果表明，该模型在径流的拟合和预测中表现较好，具有较高的精度和较好的稳定性，可作为径流预测的有效方法。     

小波消噪在枯水期来水量预报中的应用

根据小波理论,将枯水期来水量序列进行小波分解,并用软阈值方法进行消噪处理。用消噪后的小波系数进行序列重构,对重构后的序列进行时间序列分析,构建时间序列AR（p）模型,用AR（p）模型进行来水量的预测。     

基于小波变换的降雨时间序列去噪方法研究

小波变换在降雨时间序列数据的去噪方面具有显著的优势，可有效提高降雨时间序列预测的准确性。为确定降雨时间序列小波去噪过程中小波基函数、分解尺度以及阈值估计方法的选择，实现最优去噪，以国家气象科学数据中心2008～2018年的日降雨时间序列为基础数据，以中国5个不同气候类型的省份为研究区域，基于复合指标T对57种小波基函数的去噪效果进行评价，并评价去噪过程中可能的分解尺度和常用阈值估计方法。结果表明：7～10阶的Daubechies小波是去噪效果最好的小波基函数组，最小T值在0.326 4～0.422 8之间，Symlets小波族的去噪效果最差；最优的分解尺度为3级，最小T值范围为0.184 4～0.252 6;混合阈值和Steins无偏风险估计阈值的去噪效果最好，最小T值在0.377 3～0.435 9之间。研究成果可为中国境内降雨时间序列和其他水文气象时间序列的去噪方法提供参考。     

染污绝缘子安全区泄漏电流检测中去除信号干扰方法

针对染污绝缘子安全区泄漏电流信号包含大量噪声干扰、很难准确提取其有效特征量的问题，利用4种小波阈值去噪方法对不同信噪比的实测安全区泄漏电流信号进行去噪，提取去噪前后的泄漏电流波形、有效值以及3次谐波与基波幅值比这3个特征量，对比分析了其去噪效果，优选出最适合安全区泄漏电流特征量提取的小波去噪方法。通过分析得出在信噪比大于1.0时，对于安全区泄漏电流波形和有效值，自适应阈值是最佳的去噪方法;对于3次谐波与基波的幅值比， 4种阈值去噪法获得的比值对真实比值的逼近效果基本一样。综合比较实测信号提取的各个特征量去噪前后的效果可知，自适应阈值法是提取安全区泄漏电流特征量的最佳去噪方法。     

基于格拉布斯准则的小波阈值去噪算法研究

在小波去噪理论的基础上,应用格拉布斯准则对各层分解系数的阈值进行选取,改进了小波系数阈值估计的模型,并结合实例进行了计算分析。     

基于小波分析的大坝监测数据处理

大坝监测系统所采集的监测数据资料存在异常值并受噪声的影响,小波分析具有多分辨率、时频分析的特点。小波分析方法能准确、迅速的定位监测数据序列中异常值,适合运用于数据较多的情况。利用点的小波变换模极大值和阈值法能有效的去除异常值,避免人工去除的繁琐过程。对去除异常值后的序列进行小波软阈值去噪,消除监测数据中噪声的影响,为后续监测资料分析评价提供能反映大坝真实性态的数据。同时该方法适应性较广,能运用到其他数据预处理中,但必须根据实际情况选择合适的小波函数以及阈值。     

基于小波消噪的年径流预测SPA模型

集对分析(SPA)的年径流预测就是基于SPA原理从同、异、反3个方面刻画预测模型的误差分布情况,利用联系度描述水文预测模型的预测精度,从而建立预测模型。水文序列的多时间尺度和高度的非线性特性,使得建立的水文预测模型精度往往不高。应用小波消噪的特点,利用汾河水库坝下站1959—1983年的资料建立小波消噪的SPA模型,对1984—1989年的丰枯状态进行预测,将水文预测中的单一预测和综合预测结果分别与实测系列进行对比。结果表明,综合预测模型优于单一预测模型。     

基于小波变换的友谊农场年降水序列多时间尺度分析

采用Morlet复小波对友谊农场近53 a年降水序列进行多时间尺度分析,并对友谊农场旱、涝的时频变化特征进行了初步研究.年降水序列由于受到各种因素的影响而含有噪声,文章采用小波消噪原理对实测年降水资料进行消噪处理.结果表明友谊农场年降水具有3 a的主周期变化,并主导着年降水变化的特性.同时推测2008年后,该地区年降水...     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。