Micro‐/Nanofluidics for Liquid‐Mediated Patterning of Hybrid‐Scale Material Structures

Various materials are fabricated to form specific structures/patterns at the micro‐/nanoscale, which exhibit additional functions and performance. Recent liquid‐mediated fabrication methods utilizing bottom‐up approaches benefit from micro‐/nanofluidic technologies that provide a high controllability for manipulating fluids containing various solutes, suspensions, and building blocks at the microscale and/or nanoscale. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art micro‐/nanofluidic approaches are discussed, which facilitate the liquid‐mediated patterning of various hybrid‐scale material structures, thereby showing many additional advantages in cost, labor, resolution, and throughput. Such systems are categorized here according to three representative forms defined by the degree of the free‐fluid–fluid interface: free, semiconfined, and fully confined forms. The micro‐/nanofluidic methods for each form are discussed, followed by recent examples of their applications. To close, the remaining issues and potential applications are summarized.     

120 V超快软恢复二极管用大尺寸硅外延材料工艺研究

硅外延材料具有厚度和电阻率能精确调控、结晶完整性良好的优势,能够有效降低功耗,改善击穿电压,广泛应用于半导体分立器件。外延层厚度、电阻率、均匀性、晶格质量等参数指标直接决定了所制分立器件的良率和性能。通过研究平板式外延炉的热场和流场分布对材料均匀性的调制规律,在150 mm的大尺寸硅单晶衬底上化学气相沉积了高均匀性的硅外延材料。利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、汞探针电容-电压测试仪(Hg-CV)等测试设备分别研究了外延材料的表面形貌、平整度、微粗糙度、厚度、电阻率、均匀性等参数。最终制备的外延材料的厚度和电阻率片内标准偏差均小于2%,而且表面无雾、滑移线等缺陷。制备的高均匀性的外延材料在应用于耐压为120 V的超快软恢复二极管后,解决了边缘电压低击穿现象,显著提升了器件的产出良率。     

影响钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓连接副扭矩系数的因素

从自身质量及检测过程两方面入手,讨论了影响钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓连接副扭矩系数的因素,并通过对比试验,就各种因素对扭矩系数的影响规律进行了初步研究。结果表明:影响因素主要有螺纹完好状况、螺母和垫圈油污情况、连接副锈蚀情况、检测环境、检测仪器精度、检测细节和连接副保证期等。     

大型空间柔性结构基于H2范数的模型降阶

本文给出一种简单易算的大型空间柔性结构的模态缩减法。分析了小阻尼条件下全系统及各阶模态子系统传递函数H2范数的特点，进而定义了系统模态重要度序列，据此序列给出了在H2范数度量下的最优降价系统。仿真算例表明，基于H2范数的模态缩减法明显优于普通的模态截断方法。     

副热带高压与东亚季风指数的非线性数学模型的遗传算法参数优化

针对东亚夏季风环流演变与副热带高压活动极为复杂,动力模型难以准确建立的情况,提出用遗传算法从实际观测资料中反演重构副高指数与夏季风环流因子动力模型的方法,反演重构了东亚夏季风环流因子与副高形态指数的动力预报模型并进行了模型的预报试验。结果表明,遗传算法全局搜索和并行计算优势可客观准确和方便快捷地反演重构东亚夏季风环流因子与副高指数的动力模型,所建模型能对副高指数和夏季风环流的演变进行较为准确的预测,进而为东亚夏季风环流与副高等复杂天气指数的动力模型建立和预测提供了新的方法途径。     

不同型线的高效二元离心叶轮优化设计

对具有无叶扩压器的离心压缩机两元叶轮的三种叶片型线进行对比研究,采用单圆弧和等减速流型法设计离心叶轮叶片型线,得到其性能曲线和内部流场,运用正交设计试验方法对离心压缩机叶轮进行了变减速流型优化设计,并对比分析了变减速流型与等减速流型的性能曲线。结果表明当叶片的进出口角确定后,叶片型线改变时,叶轮做功能力略有提升,而对整个叶道内的静压和速度分布影响较大,以致影响级性能。     

A New High Accuracy Off-Step Discretisation for the Solution of 2D Nonlinear Triharmonic Equations

In this article, we derive a new fourth-order finite difference formula based on off-step discretisation for the solution of two-dimensional nonlinear triharmonic partial differential equations on a 9-point compact stencil, where the values of $u$, $(∂^{2}u/∂n^2)$ and $(∂^{4}u/∂n^{4})$ are prescribed on the boundary. We introduce new ways to handle the boundary conditions, so there is no need to discretise the boundary conditions involving the partial derivatives. The Laplacian and biharmonic of the solution are obtained as a by-product of our approach, and we only need to solve a system of three equations. The new method is directly applicable to singular problems, and we do not require any fictitious points for computation. We compare its advantages and implementation with existing basic iterative methods, and numerical examples are considered to verify its fourth-order convergence rate.     

The Effect of Magnetic Field on 2-D Problem for a Mode-I Crack of a Fiber-Reinforced in Generalized Thermoelasticity

In the present paper, the coupled theory, Lord–?hulman theory, and Green–Lindsay theory are introduced to study the influence of a magnetic field on the 2-D problem of a fiber-reinforced thermoelastic. These theories are also applied to study the influence of reinforcement on the total deformation of an infinite space weakened by a finite linear opening Mode-I crack. The material is homogeneous and an isotropic elastic half-space. The crack is subjected to a prescribed temperature and stress distribution. Normal mode analysis is used to solve the problem of a Mode-I crack. Numerical results for the temperature, the displacement, and thermal stress components are given and illustrated graphically in the absence and the presence of the magnetic field. A comparison between the three theories is also made for different depths.     

自蔓延高温合成锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2

以四氧化三钴、碳酸锂为原料,尿素为燃料,用自蔓延高温合成法制备层状正极材料LiCoO2,并考察了尿素与钴摩尔比、预制炉温、热处理温度、热处理时间及锂与钴摩尔比等工艺条件对合成产物的结构、微观形貌和电化学性能的影响.结果表明,制备LiCoO2的工艺条件为:锂与钴摩尔比1.05:1.00,尿素与钴摩尔比1:1,预制炉温和热处理800℃、热处理时间2h.所得LiCoO2的放电比容量达155mAh/g,循环10次后容量保持率为95%.     

湿化学法-高温固相法合成锂离子电池正极材料Li2FeSiO4的研究

在分析锂离子电池正极材料研究进展的基础上,开展了Li2FeSiO4的合成与改性研究,采用湿化学法-高温固相合成法制备了Li2FeSiO4/C正极材料.系统研究了回流过程和煅烧温度对Li2FeSiO4/C正极材料的影响.结果表明,采用回流、煅烧温度为650℃的样品首次放电容量为165mAh/g,经过10次循环后为138mAh/g,循环性能较好.     

Probing the Ni(OH)2 Precursor for LiNiO2 at the Atomic Scale: Insights into the Origin of Structural Defect in a Layered Cathode Active Material

In lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the layered cathode materials of composition LiNi_1−x−yCo_xMn_yO₂ are critical for achieving high energy densities. A high nickel content (>80%) provides an attractive balance between high energy density, long lifetime, and low cost. Consequently, Ni-rich layered oxides cathode active materials (CAMs) are in high demand, and the importance of LiNiO₂ (LNO) as limiting case, is hence paramount. However, achieving perfect stoichiometry is a challenge resulting in various structural issues, which successively impact physicochemical properties and result in the capacity fade of LIBs. To better understand defect formation in LNO, the role of the Ni(OH)₂ precursor morphology in the synthesis of LNO requires in-depth investigation. By employing aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and precession electron diffraction, a direct observation of defects in the Ni(OH)₂ precursor preparedis reported and the ex situ structural evolution from the precursor to the end product is monitored. During synthesis, the layered Ni(OH)₂ structure transforms to partially lithiated (non-layered) NiO and finally to layered LNO. The results suggest that the defects observed in commercially relevant CAMs originate to a large extent from the precursors, hence care must be taken in tuning the co-precipitation parameters to synthesize defect-free Ni-rich layered oxides CAMs.     

Fabrication of a 3D Hierarchical Sandwich Co9S8/α‐MnS@N–C@MoS2 Nanowire Architectures as Advanced Electrode Material for High Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors suffer from lack of energy density and impulse the energy density limit, so a new class of hybrid electrode materials with promising architectures is strongly desirable. Here, the rational design of a 3D hierarchical sandwich Co₉S₈/α‐MnS@N–C@MoS₂ nanowire architecture is achieved during the hydrothermal sulphurization reaction by the conversion of binary mesoporous metal oxide core to corresponding individual metal sulphides core along with the formation of outer metal sulphide shell at the same time. Benefiting from the 3D hierarchical sandwich architecture, Co₉S₈/α‐MnS@N–C@MoS₂ electrode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance with high specific capacity/capacitance of 306 mA h g^?1/1938 F g^?1 at 1 A g^?1, and excellent cycling stability with a specific capacity retention of 86.9% after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g^?1. Moreover, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor device using Co₉S₈/α‐MnS@N–C@MoS₂ as the positive electrode and nitrogen doped graphene as the negative electrode demonstrates high energy density of 64.2 Wh kg^?1 at 729.2 W kg^?1, and a promising energy density of 23.5 Wh kg^?1 is still attained at a high power density of 11 300 W kg^?1. The hybrid electrode with 3D hierarchical sandwich architecture promotes enhanced energy density with excellent cyclic stability for energy storage.