近临界厚度乳化炸药在金属箔焊接中的应用

为了研究低爆速近临界厚度炸药在金属箔爆炸焊接中的应用,以乳化炸药为例,通过改变其中玻璃微球的含量,探究了玻璃微球含量对乳化炸药临界厚度及近临界爆速的影响;分别采用含质量分数20%和25%的玻璃微球对应的近临界厚度装药进行了TA2钛箔和Q235钢的爆炸焊接,并分析比较了两组焊接效果。结果表明,随着乳化炸药中玻璃微球含量的上升,其临界厚度及近临界爆速显著降低,当玻璃微球的质量分数为5%、10%、15%、20%和25%时,临界厚度分别为7.4、6.8、6.2、6.0、5.8 mm,近临界爆速分别为4285、3676、2970、2600、2359m/s;相比于6.2mm近临界厚度装药,采用6.0mm近临界厚度炸药焊接后得到的复合材料,表面更加平整,边缘无剪切裂纹,结合界面呈现出无缺陷的小波状,拥有更高的结合质量。得出低爆速的近临界厚度炸药适用于金属箔的爆炸焊接。     

炸药覆盖层厚度对爆炸焊接的影响

为提高爆炸焊接中炸药的能量利用率以及减噪降尘,采用水状胶体对炸药的上表面进行覆盖,以SUS304不锈钢板和Q235钢板分别作为复板和基板进行了爆炸焊接实验,通过实验测量和理论计算研究了不同的覆盖层厚度对复板碰撞速度的影响,并应用爆炸焊接窗口理论和光学显微镜分析了结合界面的微观形貌。结果表明,采用水状胶体作为炸药上端覆盖层可以显著提高炸药的能量利用率,相比于裸露装药,覆盖层厚度为15、30和45mm时,复板碰撞速度分别增加了38.9%、57.5%和71.9%。实验测得的炸药爆速和碰撞点移动速度一致性良好,格尼公式所预测的碰撞速度较实验值明显偏大,而考虑加速历史所获得的碰撞速度与实验碰撞速度吻合良好;金相分析表明,在焊接窗口以内,结合界面为没有孔洞、裂缝等缺陷的波形结合,并且复板的碰撞速度越大,界面波浪幅值越大,而在靠近和高于焊接窗口上限时,界面处产生孔洞、裂缝等缺陷。     

一次引爆型云爆剂的爆速计算

以典型一次引爆型云爆剂为基础,根据炸药的热化学理论和爆轰理论,对一次引爆型云爆剂的爆速进行了理论分析和计算,并研究了组分配比及配方对爆速的影响.结果表明,一次引爆型云爆剂的理论爆速与金属粉含量有关,在一定范围内适当增加金属粉含量,可以提高爆速,且金属粉的热值越高,其一次引爆型云爆剂理论爆速也越高.     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系

为研究炸药爆轰参数与空中爆炸冲击波超压之间的关系,设计了不同铝含量的RDX/Al、HMX/Al混合炸药,并进行了空中爆炸试验。根据爆炸相似理论,用相同条件下实测TNT超压数据,计算了冲击波超压的TNT当量。采用不同方法计算了炸药的爆轰参数。结果表明,炸药空中爆炸冲击波超压与爆热、爆容和爆速乘积TNT当量的1/3次方满足线性关系,且回归线在y轴上的截距为0,斜率与炸药的类型有关。对于TNT,斜率为1;对于RDX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.053(R2=0.9996);对HMX/Al混合炸药,斜率为1.073(R2=0.9995),表明炸药的爆热、爆速和爆容对空中爆炸冲击波超压的影响相同。     

CL-20基含铝炸药爆轰波阵面法向速度与曲率的关系

采用高速扫描相机及电探针测速法测量了具有相同铝含量的CL-20基和RDX基含铝炸药的拟定态爆轰波形及爆速,分析了炸药波阵面法向速度Dn与曲率κ之间的函数关系。结果表明,CL-20基含铝炸药的爆轰波阵面较RDX基含铝炸药的平坦,其法向爆速受曲率效应的影响也较RDX基含铝炸药的小。当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率明显小于RDX基含铝炸药;当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率略高于RDX基含铝炸药。     

敏化方式对乳化炸药耐低温性能的影响

采用化学敏化和物理敏化方式制备了乳化炸药,通过电测法测量了两种乳化炸药在常温和-30℃冷冻后的爆速,用显微镜对两种乳化炸药的微观结构进行观察,采用水溶法测定了其析晶率,分析了低温引起两种乳化炸药爆速下降及拒爆的原因。结果表明,低温下,化学敏化气泡因表面自由能减小而自发聚集,使气泡尺寸太大而失效,且气泡内外压力差增大,大量有效气泡破碎、逃逸,使炸药最终拒爆;物理敏化克服了敏化气泡低温下不稳定的缺点,但其碎屑为析晶提供了晶核,与化学敏化方式相比,使用物理敏化方式制备的乳化炸药析晶率高7%,冷冻30d爆速虽下降但未拒爆。     

凝聚相炸药爆炸火光现象的初步研究

为弄清凝聚相炸药爆炸火光现象的形成机制及影响爆炸发光现象的相关因素,对凝聚相炸药爆炸过程中存在发光现象的各阶段发光机制进行了理论分析,用文献试验结果分析了影响爆炸发光强度的因素。采用高速摄像的试验手段研究了16种凝聚相炸药的爆炸火光现象。结果表明,凝聚相炸药的爆炸发光过程由爆炸和后燃两阶段组成。凝聚相炸药的爆炸发光强度与炸药的爆压、爆温、爆速和氧平衡均有关系。而炸药的氧平衡和质量则影响爆炸火光现象持续的时间。     

铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压和爆速的影响

利用锰铜压力传感器和测时仪测量了不同铝含量的RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速。拟合出爆压、爆速与铝含量的关系式,分析了铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压、爆速的影响因素。结果表明,随着铝含量的增加,RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速呈线性减小。计算了铝粉的质量分数在0~40%时所对应的PC-J=A(x)0ρD2中的A(x)值,拟合出A(x)值与铝含量的关系式,得到RDX基含铝炸药爆压与爆速之间的关系式。     

双元炸药装药空中爆炸的输出特性

选择3种复合炸药制备了双元炸药装药试样,测量了其空中爆炸冲击波超压-时间历程,并与单一炸药装药进行了比较.研究了双元装药结构空中爆炸的输出特性,采用高速摄影仪测定了爆炸火球的特征参数.结果表明,双元炸药装药结构可使两部分装药之间产生能量耦合,从而提高装药的能量输出.采用外层高爆速炸药包裹内层非理想炸药的内外层双元装药结构,不仅能提高空中爆炸的冲击波效应,而且可以增加爆炸火球的持续时间.     

高强玻璃纤维板抗高速破片侵彻性能试验

为了研究高强玻璃纤维板抗高速破片侵彻性能,开展了弹道试验,探讨了破片入射速度、靶板厚度对高强玻璃纤维板抗侵彻性能的影响,通过对弹道试验结果分析,指出了高强玻璃纤维板的变形失效模式、吸能特性和抗侵彻机理。结果表明:破片在侵彻高强玻璃纤维板过程中可视为刚体,高强玻璃纤维板迎弹面破坏模式为纤维剪切破坏并伴随纤维反向喷出,迎弹面弹孔附近区域出现基体碎裂、纤维脱粘;背弹面破坏模式为纤维拉伸断裂,背弹面损伤区域远大于迎弹面损伤区域;高强玻璃纤维板单位面密度吸能随着破片侵彻速度增加呈线性增加,在试验速度范围内,得出了立方体破片侵彻不同厚度靶板入射速度与剩余速度、入射速度与靶板单位面密度吸能关系。     

Real‐time measurement of flow front kinematics using quantitative visualization in injection molding process

This article presents an experimental method for measuring the kinematics of the melt flow front, during the filling stage of the plastic injection molding process. The three main steps were: (i) visualization of the flow front advancement, (ii) image processing of the recorded results, and (iii) calculation of the flow front kinematics. The designed visual mold was capable of monitoring the flow advancement in two different cases: (i) a simple (nonconstrained) plate and (ii) a constrained plate (with an obstacle pin). Variations in instant flow rate, melt front area (MFA), and average melt front velocity (MFV) during filling stage were measured as a function of time. The applied technique could clearly show the flow behavior from which the flow front parameters could be extracted. A particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) method was also applied to study the orientation behavior of the advancing melt front. The time history of the particle's velocity components at the flow front could be easily extracted using the method. POLYM. ENG SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Dynamics of the detonation-wave front in solid explosives

The important role of the shape of the front during detonation wave propagation in gas mixtures was substantiated by K. I. Shchelkin during construction of the theory of spinning detonation. Subsequently, a unique relationship between the curvature of the front and detonation wave parameters has been repeatedly confirmed in experiments, including for condensed high explosives (HEs). The existence of this relationship formed the basis of the theory of the dynamics of the detonation front which had been developed by the end of the 20th century. This paper presents the results of a study of detonation front propagation in cylindrical samples of a low-sensitivity HE of different diameters with one-point and plane-wave initiation. A unique relationship between the detonation velocity and the curvature of the detonation wave front has been found. Ordinary differential equations describing two-dimensional steady-state detonation front profiles for HE charges in the form of a plate, a cylinder, and a ring were derived assuming that the detonation velocity depends on the curvature of the front. It was taken into account that the boundary angle between the normal to the front and the HE edge is unique for each combination of HE and liner material. It was found that the same detonation front profile corresponds to several combinations of liner material and the determining size of the charge (plate thickness, radius of the cylinder or the inner radius of the ring). A comparison of experimental front profiles near the edges of HE charges for these combinations provides data on the dependence of detonation velocity on the curvature of the front at low velocities corresponding to shock-induced detonation regimes. Analysis of previously obtained data for detonating ring charges of low-sensitivity HEs shows that as the detonation velocity decreases, the total front curvature tends to a limit of about 0.05 mm⁻¹, i.e., of the order of the inverse critical diameter. The limit of the front curvature allows predicting the critical detonation diameter.     

Modeling fountain flow and filling front shape in reaction injection molding

A numerical model of the reaction injection molding process was developed to test front shape and flow approximations employed in previous models. The model was two-dimensional and simulated the flow, reaction, and heat transfer in the typically long axial dimension and the typically small thickness dimension of a mold. The filling front shape and the velocity profiles in the filling fluid were determined by numerical solution of the momentum equation with the appropriate stress boundary conditions using the method of Patankar (1980). The predicted temperature and conversion results agreed with calculations assuming that the front was flat perpendicular to the flow and that a parabolic velocity profile existed behind the fountain flow region at the front. Thus, simple assumptions about front shape and velocity in the thin dimension of a reaction injection mold can be employed without significant loss of accuracy in modeling reaction injection molding.     

A method for determining the flow front velocity of a plastic melt in an injection molding process

During the filling phase of an injection molding process, the flow front velocity of the plastics melt has a decisive influence on the form part quality. It has been believed that a constant flow front velocity of the melt leads to distortion‐free and residual stress‐free form parts. A process control strategy based on a constant flow front velocity of the melt, however, requires the full understanding of the flow front position as a function of the screw position of the injection molding machine. With current methods, this can only be achieved by direct measurements using a number of sensors inside the mold, which leads to complicated structure, great efforts, and high cost for the tooling equipment. This article proposes, designs, and develops an innovative method for determining the flow front velocity of a plastic melt in an injection molding using only one pressure sensor at the front of the screw and based on the idea of mapping a simulated filling process to a real injection molding process. The mapping ensues that the characteristic event points are identified and matched for both the simulated and real filling process. The results of the simulation analysis and experimental evaluation show that the proposed method can be used to determine the flow front position and the resulting flow front velocity of the melt within the cavity of the mold and provide evidence that the new method offers great potential to process control strategies based on machine independent parameters. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1132–1145 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Visualization of impact damage in annealed and chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass

The damage propagation and fracture process of monolithic annealed and chemically strengthened aluminosilicate (ALS) glass plates are characterized using Edge-on impact (EOI) testing technique. The EOI experiments on two types of ALS glass plates at a medium impact velocity of ∼180 m/s with spherical and cylinders steel projectiles were completed using pneumatic gas-gun. The high-speed images in shadowgraph mode during the impact process were recorded at the framing rate of 1,000,000 frames per second (fps) to visualize the fracture and damage front in annealed and strengthened glass plates. The real-time captured shadowgraphs in case of annealed glass (AG) showed that the damage front initially starts to develop from the impact end and then after traveling some distance arrested in few microseconds and measured average front velocity against cylindrical and spherical projectile was 2658.91 m/s and 1710.0 m/s, respectively. The tensile wave reflection in AG impact case against both types of projectiles was observed. In a chemically strengthened glass (CSG), the damage front shape and propagation against both types of projectiles were quite different than the AG, front traveled in a self-sustained mode due to the release of elastic stored energy with the velocity of 1746.92 m/s and 1690.12 m/s, respectively. The damage evolution curves plotted from captured high-speed images show that damage traveled slower in case of the spherical projectile which suggests that the shape of the projectile has a great influence on the fracture process of annealed and strengthened glass. The damage front shape in CSG against cylindrical projectile impact was more dominant along the glass boundaries and the spallation effect was not observed in CSG against spherical projectile impact. Additionally, the damage-free zones and fracture surfaces were studied using a scan electron microscope (SEM) from collected post-test debris to discuss the fracture process.     

Dynamic Plate Thickness of ERA Sandwiches against Shaped Charge Jets

The equation for the dynamic plate thickness is derived as a function of standoff distance Z₀, jet tip velocity v_j0, cutoff velocity v_jc, plate velocities v_PI and NATO angle of the ERA sandwich. The dynamic thickness is presented as functions of the different parameters for the front plate – flying against the shaped charge jet – and the rear plate – flying with the shaped charge jet. But the dynamic thickness is only one of the reduction factors of ERA sandwiches.     

稀薄燃气多孔介质燃烧二维火焰数值模拟

对稀薄低热值气体在多孔介质燃烧中的二维火焰温度分布进行了数值模拟。在一定工况参数下,考察了多孔介质二维火焰峰面和温度分布特性,以及火焰峰面传播过程。详细分析了当量比、燃气流速、及壁面热损失等工况参数对燃烧火焰和高温峰值的影响。结果表明,在火焰传播过程中,火焰峰面形状逐渐变化,导致高温区域分布逐渐改变;随着当量比增加,近壁面处的火焰峰面倾斜程度逐渐减少,火焰峰面逐渐向上游传播,火焰峰面形状由梯形分布逐渐转变成两侧向下倾斜的直线分布;燃气流速对火焰峰面形状和位置的影响与当量比相反;壁面热损失引起火焰峰面倾斜,对火焰位置影响较小。     

Experimental analysis of the ignition front propagation of several biomass fuels in a fixed-bed combustor

Fixed-bed combustion in a tube reactor is a useful procedure to exploit a large variety of biomasses obtaining accurate in-bed data. In this paper, the ignition front propagation velocity is experimentally studied in a counter-current process for eight different biomass fuels with a wide range of origins, compositions and packing properties. Air mass flow rate is the main operative parameter and clearly distinguishes three stages of combustion (oxygen-limited, fuel limited and cooling by convection). The impact of the excess air ratio is also analyzed. This parameter confirmed that the maximum front velocity is achieved under sub-stoichiometric conditions, where the cooling effects of excessive air are minimized. Other variables with a major influence on the ignition front velocity are moisture and ash content. Finally, an uncertainty analysis is included to determine the accuracy of the entire measurement process.     

钢包覆式活性破片侵彻双层铝靶的行为特性研究

为研究包覆式活性破片撞击双层铝靶的毁伤效应和机理,利用14.5 mm弹道枪,开展了同质量、同尺寸的惰性钢破片、钢包覆金属/聚合物型活性破片以不同着靶速度侵彻3 mm+3 mm双层间隔铝靶的实验,分析了活性破片冲击双层间隔铝靶的点火及毁伤机理。结果表明,当破片着速为491~1391 m/s时,两型破片对前靶的穿孔形态和机理相同,为圆孔及冲塞型穿孔,孔直径以及孔直径随着速变化规律也基本相同;当破片着速大于947 m/s时,活性破片对后靶的穿孔开始显著大于前靶,主要是因为两靶间诱发了剧烈化学反应,且破片着速越高,反应越剧烈,后靶的毁伤增强效应越显著,当破片着速为947~1391 m/s时,后靶穿孔面积平均为4.1倍破片截面积,最大为7.2倍;该弹靶条件下活性破片冲击点火阈值速度约为947 m/s。