走向可持续的邻里:社会规划在中国的作用——以浙江省宁波市为例

本文旨在讨论加强邻里规划的重要性,它不仅能提高生活质量,同时也将促进弱势群体的社会融合,减少新的社会分异,促进生态可持续发展。实证研究对象是90年代以来的宁波市。文章第二部分对宁波市的发展做了简要回顾,重点集中在近年来的人口变化方面。人口统计数据的动态变化主要表现在来自全国外来人口的净迁入量上,其社会政策影响在第三部分中有所分析。接下来的两部分对邻里治理的新系统,即社区居民委员会进行了评述,作者认为这种新的地方自治基础设施对于解决上述生态可持续性、社会融合以及邻里尺度上的生活质量等问题提供了一种独特的机会。文章最后还探讨了邻里规划者如何依循这些方法致力于地方倡导,并论及这种新方法对于规划教育的影响。     

Does collaborative tree planting between nonprofits and neighborhood groups improve neighborhood community capacity?

In the past decade, urban tree canopy cover goals and tree-planting initiatives have proliferated among local governments and nonprofit organizations across the globe. While research has documented many benefits new trees will provide, less has considered whether active participation of city residents in urban forestry activities might also benefit urban neighborhoods. This paper examines nonprofit tree-planting programs in four cities in the Midwestern and Eastern United States to determine whether and to what extent neighborhood participation in a nonprofit tree-planting project might increase ties between residents, social cohesion, and shared trust in that neighborhood. We leveraged a unique dataset of ecological and social information about tree-planting neighborhoods and matched comparison (non-tree planting) neighborhoods (total neighborhoods = 197; total survey respondents = 1551). The evidence for a social effect of nonprofit tree-planting programs is mixed. When asked directly, neighborhood residents reported observing positive changes. Linear regression analysis reveals significantly higher neighborhood ties reported by individuals in planting neighborhoods. However, we find no significant relationship between tree planting and social cohesion or trust. In single-city models, planting's association with neighborhood ties and social cohesion is only significant in one city, and associations with trust are not significant in any city. Models that aggregate responses at the neighborhood level find no significant association of tree planting. Findings suggest that tree planting may increase neighborhood ties, but that increases in social cohesion and/or trust are not guaranteed.     

FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS: HOMEOWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG LOW‐ TO MODERATE‐INCOME FAMILIES

ABSTRACT: This research explores whether homeownership leads to increased individual social capital among low‐ to moderate‐income families. Social capital refers to social resources a person can access through contacts with others in his or her social networks. We theorize that homeownership can motivate interactions with others in one's neighborhood and therefore build social capital. Using a sample of low‐ and moderate‐income homeowners and a matched sample of renters, we collect data on overall social resources and neighborhood‐specific social resources. We find that homeowners have more total social capital resources and more neighborhood social capital resources than renters. Neighborhood group involvement has an indirect effect on social capital, but explains only a small amount of the influence of homeownership. These findings hold when controlling for household‐level and neighborhood‐level sociodemographic variables, as well as when using statistical models that account for endogeneity. Based on this evidence, we conclude that homeownership gives people access to social capital via increased social ties to others. We discuss the implications of this finding for housing policy and suggest new directions for research on social capital.     

Cross-local ties to migrant neighborhoods: The resource transfers of out-migrating Turkish middle-class households

Our research looks into the cross-local ties of Turkish middle-class households who have moved out of inner-city migrant neighborhoods. Whereas previous research has predominantly focused on social networks within migrant neighborhoods, less attention has been paid to the ties of leaver households back to their migrant neighborhoods. When middle-class households move away from a migrant neighborhood, do they cut all ties with the old neighborhood and do their social, cultural and economic resources really become lost to it? The paper draws on research conducted in two big cities in Germany. Findings are based on qualitative interviews with Turkish-origin second-generation households and social network analysis. In analyzing cross-local ties back to the old neighborhood, we focus on the role of social ties, co-ethnic infrastructures, public familiarity and social participation. Research findings illustrate cross-local social and institutional ties maintained over years and challenging place-based perspectives on residential segregation.     

Towards Sustainable Neighborhoods:The Role of Social Planning in China-A Case Study of Ningbo,Zhejiang Province

This paper argues for a strengthened form of neighborhood planning designed not only to improve the quality of life but also to promote the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups and a more ecologically sustainable development.Empirical focus is the municipality of Ningbo from 1990 onwards,and the most dynamic dimension of this demographic is the net in-flow of rural migrants from across China,and its implications for social policy are traced.The new infrastructure of local governance affords a unique opportunity for a new approach to solving the critical urban problems of ecological sustainability,social inclusion,and quality of life at the neighborhood level.After showing how neighborhood planners might contribute to local initiatives for neighborhood improvement,the paper concludes with some comments on the implications of this approach for planning education.     

Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Neighborhoods?

This paper examines the impact of intra-neighborhood social ties on the inter-neighborhood residential mobility of families with children using data from the 1997 and 2002 Child Development Supplements (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Results suggest that local kinship ties and the social networks of children deter the inter-neighborhood mobility of families with children. Among low-income families, local social ties are even more ‘binding’. These results have important implications for community development policy and housing programs that emphasize inter-neighborhood mobility.     

The Comprehensive Plan of Chicago Prepared by the City of Chicago Department of Development and Planning,December 1966

Data are reported from a random sample survey of residents in an average income inner-city black neighborhood. Respondents' moving preferences and moving plans were equally associated with housing and neighborhood dissatisfaction, and weakly related to family composition or demographic characteristics. The physical condition of the neighborhood and respondents' social ties to the area were most important in their moving preferences and plans. It is suggested that both movers and stayers are limited in their ability to materially change their living conditions through mobility, and some proposals for stabilizing this neighborhood are advanced.     

ACHIEVING MIXED INCOME COMMUNITIES THROUGH INFILL? THE EFFECT OF INFILL HOUSING ON NEIGHBORHOOD INCOME DIVERSITY

This study analyzes whether residential infill development promotes mixed income communities in the Orlando metropolitan area from 1990 to 2009. Compact development and more diverse housing options realized through infill can alleviate spatial segregation and promote social diversity in communities by attracting diverse new residents into the neighborhood. However, as infill housing reflects neighborhood conditions, the impacts of infill housing on neighborhood income diversity vary depending on neighborhood types. The results show that infill development is only positively associated with neighborhood income diversity in gentrifying communities. Therefore, a more direct guideline or incentive program for infill, which can ensure a broad range of housing prices in infill development, should be implemented to promote mixed income communities through infill.     

The role of community of practice in developing creative industry projects

The aim of the paper is to analyze the organization of projects considering the importance of the social ties between their participants. The social side of project-based organizations is a rich “humus” to build upon in developing projects. In particular, we focus on the community of practice as a place where social ties are built and maintained over time. The sharing of a common identity and knowledge among the members of the community is a premise for the development of projects.The paper offers a fresh view of the functioning of projects, specifically in the realm of the creative industries; the empirical context is the emerging design community within the Turin area (Italy): Turn.     

促进社会融合的中国低收入住区渐进式更新模式——“磁性社区”初探

针对当前我国城市低收入者面临的社会隔离、就业难、生活条件差等问题,归纳总结了欧美发达国家在解决低收入者居住问题上所经历的公共住房、混合住区、多元社区三个阶段的经验;并结合我国国情指出,大量的廉租房建设不能从根本上解决低收入者的问题,在当前无法实现居住混合与社会混合相结合的情况下,我国应该走一种以多元化混合社区为目标的过渡模式.以此为基础,提出了促进我国社会融合的低收入住区渐进式更新模式——“磁性社区”,探讨了“磁性社区”开放混合与动态生长的两个特点,并从社区边界、公共交通、功能业态、住宅类型和设施布局等方面提出“磁性社区”的更新方向,希望为解决我国低收入者的生存与发展问题提出一条发展思路.     

Information sharing and human capital efficiency in poor neighborhoods: some graph theoretic applications

This paper develops an analysis of human capital development that explores the relationships between information sharing and human capital efficiency in poor neighborhoods. In deriving the results, a relative connectivity (gamma) index, borrowed from the geography literature, is integrated into a model of neighborhood human capital growth. It is argued in this paper that increases in the sharing efficiency of economic information among individuals in a given neighborhood may have positive impacts on neighborhood human capital efficiency rates. These positive impacts on neighborhood human capital efficiency may likewise help to reduce the poverty rate in that neighborhood. The results established in this paper indicate that not only is the sharing of economic information in urban neighborhoods important for neighborhood human capital development but also that neighborhood income sharing, the sharing of neighborhood social capital, and the diversity of neighborhood social capital may all have a beneficial influence on both the human capital efficiency rate and the rates of neighborhood poverty.     

REGULATING SCARCITY: THE EFFECTS OF ZONING ON URBAN LAND MARKET CHANGES

This paper explores the dynamics between zoning, land values and neighborhood change from 1960 to 1970. Using a sample of 352 central city and suburban census tracts contained within the Chicago SMSA, this paper examines the influence of zoning on neighborhood land value appreciation and the independent effects of land values and zoning on neighborhood housing changes. Findings show that zoning influenced land value appreciation over the decade within both central city and suburban areas. Central city zoning and land values operated jointly to influence neighborhood housing changes while in suburban areas, zoning mechanisms overrode market forces in influencing neighborhood development patterns. This paper demonstrates the forcefulness of the politics of the urban land market in regulating both land scarcity and land value changes and in influencing metropolitan spatial distributions.     

Architectural and personal influences on neighboring behaviors

Architectural and personal influences on neighboring behaviors were studied in a residential neighborhood using both qualitative informal conversations, and systematic recording of activity in the neighborhood's social space. This dual approach produced new insights into neighboring behaviors and social networks. It was discovered that the residents who participated in the social space were only a portion of the resident population. There was an additional neighborhood-based network whose neighboring was not conducted in the social space; instead it was maintained by direct house-to-house contact. It was also found that some individuals chose not to participate in any neighborhood social network. The social space was an effective neighboring venue for those residents who chose to use it, but did not attract commingling of groups. Contrary to an assumption in previous neighboring research, there are social groups which develop and maintain themselves without participation in a social space.     

邻里作用对社会机会的影响--西方的研究及对中国的启示

社会空间分异是全球化和政治经济转型背景下城市转型的基本趋势之一.邻里作用对社会机会的影响正在成为中西方关注的热点,在西方存在欧洲和美国两个学术阵地,欧洲的研究结论倾向于"邻里作用对社会机会的影响不大",而美国的研究结论却倾向于"邻里作用对社会机会有一定的影响".在我国,要回答邻里作用的问题就必须结合中国的实际情况,在现阶段在制定住房政策的过程中融入对邻里作用的研究.     

基于邻里复兴思想的旧城社区外部空间重构研究——以武汉市江汉区花楼街片区部分改造为例

传统邻里结构在当下旧城社更新改造中受到一定程度破坏。邻里关系作为社会关系的重要组成部分是通过外部交往空间得以实现,通过对街区活力的再生、线型空间的延展以及点状空间的激活,重塑邻里外部空间关系,促进社区居民认知与认同,实现区域的共同发展,对探索构建和谐社会的邻里关系具有一定积极意义。     

Housing for an Urban Renaissance: Implications for Social Equity

Current UK housing policy favours high-density, mixed-use development on previously developed urban land. This ties in with a general policy to promote an 'urban renaissance', largely because of its claimed advantages for sustainability. However, there has been little testing to date of sustainability impacts in practice. This is particularly true for the social equity aspect of sustainability, despite its acknowledged centrality to the concept. This paper outlines the development of a theory of social equity in relation to urban form and presents empirical research based on this to test the case of the so-called 'compact city', that is, high-density, mixed-use urban form. The research involved a comparative investigation of a range of alleged social equity impacts in 25 medium-sized English cities of differing levels and types of compactness. The findings suggest that, in certain respects and with certain qualifications, the compact city has the potential to promote social equity. Likely benefits include reduced car dependency and lower levels of social segregation, while the main problem is likely to be a lack of affordable, decent-sized homes. Positive effects are emerging in response to re-urbanisation and development on derelict land, and the cities which most support equity appear to be those that have a large proportion of high-density housing and a large quantity of locally provided services and facilities.     

From Local to Global: One Hundred Years of Neighborhood Planning

Problem: Over the past 100 years, city planners have used neighborhood planning to address a variety of vexing social problems such as community disintegration, economic marginalization, and environmental degradation. To date, there has been no comprehensive review and critique of these planning initiatives and how they have influenced the profession.

Purpose: This article traces the history of neighborhood planning in the United States to learn from past experience and to identify its contributions to the planning profession.

Methods: I review the literature on the various forms of neighborhood planning, which I define as planning initiatives that focus on altering the physical environment of one or more neighborhoods in pursuit of larger social objectives.

Results and conclusions: Each of the six forms of neighborhood planning discussed in this article has made important contributions to the planning profession. Perry's neighborhood unit formula provided planners with a template for good neighborhood design and introduced the idea that neighborhood design could affect the sense of community. Urban renewal taught the profession about the limits of physical solutions to social problems, the precious nature of neighborhood social networks and the importance of involving citizens. The community action programs created a new norm for citizen participation and showed its limits, as well as introducing truly comprehensive redevelopment planning. Community economic development showed that some planning and implementation activities can be successfully delegated to community-based organizations. Municipal neighborhood planning provided a mechanism for ongoing citizen involvement. The most recent forms of neighborhood planning create neighborhoods that encourage walking, use of mass transit, social interaction, and a sense of community.

Takeaway for practice: Neighborhood planning programs have made a number of important contributions to the planning profession, including focusing attention on how neighborhood design influences urban livability and social behaviors, institutionalizing citizen participation in plan making, and going beyond physical development to address social, economic, political, and environmental issues. Neighborhood planning is currently more important than ever, as it now addresses global issues such as energy conservation and greenhouse gas emissions in addition to its historic focus on social equity issues such as poverty and social alienation.

Research support: None.     

我国大都市郊区城乡空间发展模式探索

文章先从理论上分析了大都市郊区发展的经济和社会动力,解析了大都市郊区的发展模式,并对国内外相关典型案例进行详细的分析研究,提炼出大都市郊区新城发展的新机制,在此基础上提出大都市郊区发展的规划对策,采取合理的规划手段,最后以河北省藁城市的发展为例进行了实证研究。     

NEIGHBORHOOD ATTACHMENT,SOCIAL CAPITAL BUILDING,AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: A CASE STUDY OF LOW‐ AND MODERATE‐INCOME RESIDENTS OF WATERLOO,IOWA

ABSTRACT: This case study examines the importance of neighborhood identity and engagement in place‐based social networks within the neighborhood in fostering and stimulating neighborhood‐based participation in the urban political process. Scholars concerned with civic engagement have argued that there is a strong link between the informal ties known as “social capital” and citizen engagement in the larger community. If this linkage can be shown to exist in the neighborhood setting, then it can provide guidance to both scholars and practitioners in utilizing informal, place‐based networks to empower disadvantaged neighborhoods. Evidence presented in this essay, based on interviews with a representative sample of neighborhood residents in the small industrial city of Waterloo, Iowa, suggests that strong informal networks of social capital exist within neighborhoods, but that persons who are more strongly engaged in these networks are not necessarily more involved in the efforts of formal neighborhood associations. However, individuals who are involved in these formal associations are much more likely to be connected to the local and national political systems through voting and other forms of participation.     

重庆城市化发展模式研究

重庆是一个二元经济结构明显的直辖市,在研究其城市化发展模式时不能脱离历史阶段和现实条件。因此,文中以城市化发展理论为基础,充分借鉴城市化发达地区经验,结合重庆地区实际情况,提出了重庆城市化“大都市圈 点轴式城市带”的发展模式,即以主城都市圈为中心,以长江、319线(渝怀铁路)为发展轴,以沿线城市为节点,进行串珠式开发,逐步形成以重庆都市圈为中心,万州、涪陵、黔江等城市为区域中心的网络式城镇体系。