试论城市客运交通可持续发展战略

根据可持续发展的原则，土地、能源、城市发展及城市交通特点等相关统计数据，分析论述了我国城市客运交通发展应采取的战略对策，即坚持以运量大、能耗少、运效高的公共交通系统为主与造福后代的政策。     

城市地下物流的货物种类及需求预测方法研究

地下物流系统是通过自动运输技术与地下隧道或管道相结合,利用地下空间进行货物运输的新模式。在城市地下物流系统规划中,明确系统服务的货物品类,预测地下物流货运需求量十分重要,然而目前新模式下的运输单元、货物品类、货运量等尚不明确。本文首先是分析适应城市地下物流系统的运输制式,再根据运输制式与其他运输方式的接驳,制定城市地下物流系统的运输单元,然后依据运输单元规格对进入城市地下物流系统的货物品类进行分类和筛选,最后用两种不同维度的预测方法:地区生产总值GDP与货运量的关系,以及人均消费量与货运量的关系预测地下物流货运量,并通过算例验证。本文分析了城市地下物流运输制式、运输单元、货物品类,同时提供了城市地下物流系统货运量的需求预测方法,以期为城市地下物流系统的发展及规划提供有价值的研究基础。     

试论城市规划的公共政策地位与制约

目前,我国城市规划向公共政策转变过程中出现过分夸大城市规划的作用与地位的现象,通过客观分析可知,受制度供给、规划学科发展、规划师自身能力、规划官僚体系等因素的影响和制约,城市规划尚未成为我国城市政策的统领和框架.规划工作者应当通过加强城市规划对土地开发战略的控制作用和加快城市规划向公共政策引导转化等措施,提升城市规划在城市政策体系中的决策地位.     

中国城市形态与相关城市法规的关联性研究——以南京市为例

城市形态被描述为在特定的地方,受到社会、经济、政治、环境等因素综合影响的产物,尤其受到来自于内外部经济发展动力和城市法规的影响与控制。聚焦中国城市法规,以南京市为例,本研究首先梳理了国家、省级及地方城市的相关法规条文,对涉及城市形态的划分为直接相关、间接相关和不相关三类,并总结出这些条文中对城市形态的规定,包括土地使用、建筑布局等强制性规定和城市景观组织等引导性规定。最后通过案例验证,在建立形态法规理论模型和空间关联评价图表的基础上,采用对比分析法,从城市街区平面形态、地块建筑布局形态及街道界面形态等方面,对案例的实际现状与符合法规的理论模型进行图示比较,并结合关联评价图表分析城市形态和法规的关联性。本文研究验证了城市法规对城市形态的关联影响,不仅对我国相关城市法规和城市设计规定的修订具有参考价值,而且对提升城市环境质量具有理论与现实意义。     

德国住房保障体系及其对我国的启示

快速城市化和工业化成功推动了中国城市发展,同时也导致了严重的住房供需矛盾,低收入阶层住房得不到有效保障。纵观西方国家保障性住房的发展历程,各国政府综合运用了多种政策工具对市场进行干预,形成了有效的住房保障发展模式。其中,德国的住房保障体系建设堪称典范,其发展经验受到广泛借鉴。本文对德国住房保障体系的政策演变、资金筹措和监督体系等方面进行了分析,最后结合中国住房保障体系的发展现状提出了相关建议。     

基于地铁物流的结合式客货共线运输模式探讨

为解决近年来城市物流带来的交通拥堵和环境污染等问题,以地下物流为基础,对地铁与地下物流系统的结合方式进行了分析和比较,针对结合式客货共线地铁物流运输模式进行了探讨,以武汉市为例对货运相关的地铁系统结构进行了方案设计,并通过Flexsim仿真软件建立物流模型对系统的货运能力建设成本和节能效益进行了预测。结果显示:结合式客货共线地铁物流运输模式作为现有地铁物流向地下物流的过渡模式相较于其他模式而言在前期投资和工程建设上具有一定的优势,试用于武汉市可承担30%~40%的城市公路非危险品物流货运量,但地铁物流在服务范围、货物种类等方面仍然存在局限性,无法代替地下物流系统;根据仿真数据结果初步预测每年可节省碳排放量36.5亿m³。     

城市地下物流系统货运需求量预测分析

为了解决城市地下物流系统在规划设计中面临货运需求量数据缺失的难题,针对城市地下物流系统的适用性,建立了货运需求量预测模型,以优化其网络形态和性能。根据灰色关联理论、遗传算法和BP神经网络方法,提出了基于GRT-GA-BP算法的货运需求量预测模型,进而识别影响城市地下物流系统货运需求量的关键因素,并对影响货运需求量的关键要素的历史数据进行训练以预测城市地下物流系统货运需求量。以北京市某新区规划设计的城市地下物流系统货运网络为例进行了仿真计算,案例研究结果表明,通过本文提出货运需求量预测分析方法,能够为城市地下物流系统的规划设计提供数据基础,进而合理设计网络节点和通道的货运容量。     

基于文本解读的重庆城市绿地系统规划变迁与发展研究

城市绿地系统规划文本是城市绿地规划及建设的重要指导性文件。历时性的文本解读可以梳理城市绿地系统规划脉络,厘清规划思想、规划内容、规划方法等变迁与发展特征,了解政策法规、城市发展等因素对城市绿地系统规划建设的影响,并为未来绿地系统规划编制提供可借鉴的方向与思路。利用文本分析法,结合ROSTCM6软件,对重庆70余年的13版城市绿地系统规划文本进行定性及定量解读,从规划范围与层次、绿地分类、绿地布局、绿地指标4个方面梳理重庆城市绿地系统规划的变迁脉络;总结出重庆城市绿地系统规划具有“公园绿地始终为规划核心内容,系统化思维逐渐形成,生态保护理念日趋凸显及山城特色不断被塑造”的发展特征;探讨了政策标准、法律法规、制度改革与技术进步在城市绿地系统规划编制发展中的推动作用;提出响应城市发展定位、协同国土空间规划的重庆城市绿地系统规划编制新思考。     

Effects of Public Investments on Urban Land Values

The study reported in this paper was an attempt to develop a model for identifying and assessing the impact of alternative development policies on urban land values. The statistical analysis carried out suggests that the most important factor determining the values of urban land is accessibility to the central urban functions. Age of existing structures and zoning regulations are secondary factors. Since future development of central urban functions can be projected with the help of existing models and since accessibility of places (particularly by means of public transportation) and zoning regulations can be influenced by public authorities, indirect public actions considerably influence urban land values.     

The paradox of urban preservation: balancing permanence and changeability in old Muslim cities

Preservation policies, generally based on the intervention of the state, protective regulations, and the freezing of permissible building alterations, often stand in contradiction to the incremental process that generates cities and buildings. Considering the urban dynamics that characterise Muslim cities, including population growth, rural migration, urban poverty, and the informal economy, such preservation policies are becoming increasingly obsolete. This article aims at presenting a compromise approach to urban preservation that is based on a balance between the two opposite, yet complementary terms: permanence and changeability. A classification of urban components into permanent and changeable would enable policymakers to establish action plans for urban preservation according to priorities and the availability of funds, thus helping to ensure urban sustainability.     

试论城市规划社会功能的影响因素--兼析城市规划的社会地位

通过对于城市规划社会功能的基本概念的分析,简要阐述其与城市规划的社会地位的关系,认为影响城市规划社会功能的三个最主要的因素是制度因素(法律制度、行政管理体制和土地制度)、学科因素以及人(规划师)的因素,指出当前的主要矛盾在于城市规划的社会地位存在明升暗降的苗头,社会地位的空前提高并不能自动带来社会功能的提升,相反,城市规划的权威性正受到空前的挑战,当务之急是要遵循政策科学的特点,强化城市规划的社会职能。     

The last round in restructuring the city: Urban regeneration becomes a state policy of disaster prevention in Turkey

In Turkey, urban regeneration mirrors a shift towards neoliberal urban policies based on economic strategy-making. The measures in the name of “regeneration for liveable cities” are rapidly transforming the appearance of inner-city areas with great revenue-generating potential. The boundaries of legitimization are described in areas where the process of depression is visible and the social acceptability of the residential population decreases, and at present are under the risk of disasters, mostly in squatter housing areas and dilapidated historical centers. Legal regulations have been reformulating this system since the 1980s so that applications can be supported effortlessly and facilitated through government assistance.This study discusses the final legal regulation, namely Law No. 6306, which is the Law on the Regeneration of Areas Under the Risk of Disasters. The study leans on the hypothesis that: This law has opened a new gateway for a fast and organized system of urban regeneration. Urban regeneration has gained a new momentum with the inclusion of risk identification in a country under the risk of earthquakes. The study methodology begins with a literature review concerning urban regeneration, development of urban regeneration in Turkey, and disaster risk. Second, legal regulations in favor of urban regeneration and Cabinet decisions on risk areas in Turkey are critically examined. Finally, areas that are designated to be under the risk of disasters in Ankara are analyzed based on earthquake risk identification, urban development, and urban policy strategies in favor of regeneration.The findings of the study substantiate the hypothesis. Regeneration is now increasing the resilience of societies to natural disasters. However, the development of the criteria of disaster risk as a reason for regeneration is not mature enough to be a part of a mitigation strategy and an integrated planning approach. While all risk areas are in deprived or squatter housing areas, risk assessment is not so difficult in terms of physical vulnerability. Economic and social vulnerabilities are out of the scope, and there is no regeneration perspective. Thus, the interventions that are performed with this law produce the same results, that is, a single recipe of regeneration which is poorly integrated into a planned urban development strategy. Gentrification is still the unpronounced, yet expected, result.     

基于 AnyLogic的城市地下物流系统终端仿真与设计

城市地下物流系统将城市货运功能从地面转移到地下空间,既能够有效解决交通拥堵问题,释放地面道路运输的压力,又能降低货运车辆尾气排放对城市环境的影响,减少货运安全事故的发生。终端作为城市地下物流系统与其他运输形式衔接的重要节点,其合理的规划与否决定了地下物流系统能否有效提高运行效率。本文利用AnyLogic仿真建模软件,对南京某商业区地下物流终端进行建模、仿真和优化。通过采用敏感性分析实验方法对搬运AGV数量和打包时间两个参数进行优化,本文从货物流通、配送时效、设备利用率、车辆利用率等方面分析了地下物流系统的有效性,为该地区的地下物流终端规划设计提供了数据支持。     

关于城市绿化安全的思考

针对我国城市绿化出现的失误和不利因素等现状,分析了城市绿化安全的特点,指出了当前城市绿化存在缺乏绿化安全意识、盲目跟风的现象,提出从生物检疫、栽植成活率等方面进行绿化安全评价,并在规范绿化安全管理制度的基础上建立绿化安全体系,依靠法规和技术保证绿化建设朝着健康、有序、规范的方向发展.     

A socio-technical transition framework for introducing cycling in developing megacities: The case of Istanbul

The aim of this paper is to offer a framework for the gradual transition to cycling as a sustainable mode of transport in developing megacities having low or non-existent cycling modal share. By drawing on multi-level perspective, the paper first establishes a socio-technical transition framework incorporating the multi-actor, multi-level and multi-dimensional aspects of the cycling systems. The paper then argues that the transition to cycling is contingent on integrating the multiple dimensions of the cycling socio-technical system. A case study of cycling in Istanbul, a rapidly growing developing megacity in Turkey with a population of nearly 15 million people, is given to illustrate how the proposed framework can be applied. The paper concludes that significant progress towards the introduction of cycling in Istanbul depends on integrating a variety of socio-technical elements including infrastructure, technology, policies and regulations, culture and social meanings. This perspective informs the analysis of the socio-technical transition to cycling for the cities aiming to introduce cycling for the first time. The paper contributes to both sustainable urban mobility and socio-technical transition literature by developing a novel framework for cycling systems.     

Inspection and maintenance of oil & gas pipelines: a review of policies

Oil and gas (O&G) pipelines are expensive assets that cross through both the ecologically sensitive and densely populated urban areas. The pipeline failure may have potentially significant consequences for both the natural and human environments. In order to maintain the integrity of O&G pipelines, inspection and maintenance processes should be governed by efficient policies. The objective of this paper is to conduct a state-of-the-art review of maintenance policies of O&G pipelines to investigate their advantages, limitations, and associated implementation issues. Maintenance policies can be categorised into corrective, preventive, predictive and proactive. Corrective maintenance policies (1940s) were based on the ‘repair when broke’ philosophy. Economic considerations shifted practice towards preventive maintenance (1970s to 1990s); later with improved inspection techniques and environmental regulations, predictive and proactive or risk-based maintenance (RBM) policies were developed. This review explicates different methodologies for RBM and related issues, e.g. uncertainties and variability, conservative assumptions, etc. Uncertainties associated with investigation and prediction of defects have been more frequently reported in the literature so far. Moreover, existing studies primarily focused on reducing the likelihood and cost of failure, whereas consideration of environmental factors in overall risk has been a relatively less addressed issue.     

The implementation deficits of adaptation and mitigation: green buildings and water security in Amsterdam and Boston

Frameworks of environmental regulations are fundamental yet problematic factors in achieving climate mitigation and adaptation policy goals. Recent theoretical arguments claim the value of general legal frameworks to enable experimentation and contextual adaptation of policies. However, empirical research regarding the effects of both general and specific norms in the practice of urban intervention remains limited. In this article we empirically discern how city governments deal with the tension between control and flexibility in the implementation of urban climate change goals. We argue that policies of adaptation/mitigation face two types of implementation problems: non-adaptive implementation and non-implementation. The first stems from an excessively constraining use of rules, while the second derives from a too general and undefined regulatory framework. Analysing two empirical cases in Amsterdam, Netherlands and Boston, MA, USA, we conclude that there are three elements that affect the way actors deal with these deficits: the level of scale at which regulations are established, the degree of land ownership which provides margin of manoeuvre to public authorities, and the sense of political urgency behind mitigation and adaptation policies.     

博弈论对城市规划决策的若干启示

城市规划作为公共空间等资源的配置手段,在很大程度上是公共政策的制定与实施。在城市规划决策过程中,政府部门、企业、社会团体、个人成为博弈的参与方。博弈中的理性、博弈过程和博弈实效都将对城市规划产生重大影响。根据博弈论制定激励和约束机制,从而平衡行政机关与相对人的利益,是保障城市规划发挥作用的重要手段。     

公路货运视角下城市群网络特征及绩效探讨——以我国三大城市群为例

货运物流是区域城镇节点联系并形成网络的重要维度,是支禕城市群形成和发展的“骨架”,其高效运转是城市群和区域一体化发展的必要条件。利用互联网物流数据平台上各城市间的货运联系数据,对我国三大城市群的公路货运网络特征做分析,发现长三角、珠三角已经形成了相对成熟的多层次公路货运网络,分别以上海和广州为单核心;而京津冀的货运网络则以天津和北京为双核,网络结构相对简单,以核心城市向其它城市辐射的单向联系为主。进一步从货运网络的均衡性、稳定性、层次性三个角度对案例城市群的网络绩效进行评价,结果表明物流网络的空间结构特征并不必然导致城市群网络绩效的差异性;一个成本更低、更快捷、更安全的物流网络有赖于城市群内城镇节点的合理分工协作,有赖于城市网络的组织协调,也有赖于若干不同层次门户枢纽节点的建立。研究结论对我国城市群跨地域货运网络绩效的提升有所启示。     

深圳市过境与疏港货运交通组织规划

为促进过境、疏港货运交通与城市整体交通、城市环境的协调稳定发展,解决过境与疏港货运交通穿城而过的难题,深圳市结合调研,分析过境与疏港货运交通的空间需求分布、流向分布,并进行货运交通走廊识别和问题诊断;确立了货运交通"三分离"的发展目标和6条发展策略;从口岸功能分工、货运交通组织、高速公路收费改革等方面制定了过境与疏港货...