激光冲击TC4钛合金残余应力热松弛数值模拟研究

为了研究高温对激光冲击TC4钛合金残余应力的影响,采用PROCUDO200激光喷丸系统对TC4试样进行强化处理,采用XL-640型应力仪测量了保温550℃前后激光冲击TC4钛合金表层残余应力。采用ABAQUS软件,基于Johnson-Cook本构方程和双曲正弦Arrhenius-type方程,创建了可预测保温前后激光冲击TC4残余应力场的有限元模型。研究表明：在550℃下,随着保温时间的延长,表面残余压应力不断减小;当保温时间超过30 min后,表面残余压应力的减小幅度降低;保温60 min后,激光冲击TC4表面残余应力的测量值和模拟值基本一致,说明该有限元模型能准确预测残余应力热松弛规律,残余应力的热松弛可能与保温期间塑性变形层的热回复过程和动态再结晶有关。     

液氮低温铣削GH4169合金时涂层刀具表面完整性及磨损研究

高速切削过程中,刀具表面完整性的变化与刀具磨损具有紧密联系,采用PVD-TiN/TiAlN硬质合金涂层刀具进行液氮低温铣削GH4169合金试验,研究不同喷射温度时刀具的表面完整性(包括表面粗糙度、表面显微硬度和表面残余应力)及其与刀具磨损的关系。结果表明,在刀具磨损影响下,涂层刀具表面粗糙度变化趋势一致,刀具表面显微硬度与表面残余应力随刀具后刀面磨损量的增加先增大后减小;与喷射温度为-30℃相比,喷射温度为-90℃时涂层刀具的表面显微硬度与表面残余压应力更大,在铣削过程中更快达到最大值。喷射温度为-90℃时涂层刀具的表面完整性得到提升,刀具耐磨性提高,稳定磨损阶段持续时间延长,刀具寿命显著提升。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢表面低温气体渗碳层的热稳定性能

对表面低温气体渗碳强化处理的316L奥氏体不锈钢进行300～400℃保温150,1 500,3 000h时效处理,研究了时效温度及时间对表面渗碳层物相组成、厚度、纳米硬度和残余应力的影响,分析了其热稳定性能。结果表明:渗碳层在温度300～400℃的时效过程中无新型碳化物析出;在400℃时效时,碳原子向基体内部扩散,渗碳层厚度明显增加,当时效时间为3 000h时,渗碳层与基体的界面消失,表面纳米硬度降至基体的50%;当在300℃时效时,渗碳层厚度、碳含量以及纳米硬度均没有明显变化,此温度下服役时渗碳层较为稳定;经300～400℃时效处理后,渗碳层的表面残余压应力均下降,且时效温度越高、时效时间越长,残余压应力下降的幅度越大。     

显微组织对Ti-15-3合金喷丸处理效果的影响

对Ti-15-3合金分别进行淬火、炉冷和淬火+500,540℃时效处理,得到不同的显微组织,然后进行相同工艺的喷丸处理,研究喷丸处理后合金显微组织、残余应力、硬度、表面粗糙度等的演化规律。结果表明:经喷丸处理后,淬火态合金组织中出现大量孪晶,炉冷态合金发生应力诱发马氏体相变,而时效态合金的显微组织无明显变化;喷丸处理后,淬火态合金的表层残余压应力最小,炉冷态的最大;淬火态合金的硬度最低,导致由喷丸处理所产生的塑性变形范围最大,表面粗糙度最大;炉冷态合金经喷丸处理后的表面硬度最大,塑性变形范围较小;500℃时效处理合金的硬度最高,喷丸处理后其表面粗糙度最小,时效温度升至540℃时,合金的硬度和塑性变形范围均减小。     

SA213-T92钢焊管残余应力的高温松弛行为

对SA213-T92钢焊管在600~750℃进行了不同时间的退火处理,对退火前后的残余应力进行了测定,对应力的热松弛行为进行了分析,根据高温松弛动力学曲线计算得到了松弛激活能。结果表明:退火前焊管接头表面的纵向残余应力高于横向的,两者分布规律相似,离焊缝越远,残余拉应力越小;不同温度退火后焊管接头表面的残余应力比退火前均有降低,随着退火温度的升高,残余拉应力逐渐降低;根据不同退火温度下焊缝残余应力的热松弛动力学曲线,求得蠕变等效方程中的系数B为5.07×104,应力指数n为4.4及应力松弛激活能Q为242kJ·mol-1。     

07MnNiMoDR钢火灾后力学性能及组织研究(一)——硬度及金相组织

对危化品大型储罐典型用钢07MnNiMoDR进行不同热暴露温度、保温时间和冷却速率的热处理来模拟火灾发生时的受火过程,对经历不同热处理工艺后的硬度和金相组织进行了测定和检验。结果表明,07MnNiMoDR钢受火后其硬度和金相组织急剧变化的温度临界值范围为650~750℃,650℃以下时硬度值范围为190~220 HV10且保温时间对硬度和金相的影响不明显;在相同的温度和保温时间下,水冷时的硬度总高于空冷时的硬度;显微组织为硬度的变化规律提供了依据。当保温时间为2~12 h和热暴露温度高于温度临界值时,空冷时硬度随温度升高而不断下降,750和850℃时最大的硬度相对百分数分别降低了10%和25%;水冷时硬度随温度先下降后升高,750℃时硬度达到最小值,此时最大的硬度相对百分数下降了5%,当温度达到850℃时最大的硬度相对百分数增加了30%。     

铝合金超声波喷丸成形制件表面完整性研究

采用试验方法对AA2024-T351进行数控超声波喷丸成形,研究了超声波喷丸成形制件的显微硬度、残余应力场、表面形貌、表面粗糙度及半高宽等随超声波喷丸过程参数变化的规律,定性地探讨了AA2024-T351超声波喷丸后表面完整性的改善状况。结果表明:超声波喷丸后,制件的显微硬度得到了明显提高（最大增幅为20%）,同时在材料表面产生了一定厚度的硬化层（深度约为300μm）;制件内部引入数值较高、分布呈现梯度形式的残余压应力场,残余压应力场的临界深度在500~650μm之间,在距表面200μm处产生了最大残余压应力;制件表面形成一道道犁沟,表面喷丸区域的粗糙度Ra有一定程度的增大;制件表面层的半高宽值变大,深度在125μm左右,半高宽的增大表明材料冷作硬化程度加大、晶体内部位错密度有一定程度的增大。显微硬度的提高、残余压应力场的引入及表面层组织的细化有助于喷丸成形制件疲劳寿命、抗磨损和抗腐蚀性能的提高。     

热处理消除纯铜车削残余应力实验分析

在大尺寸弱刚性构件的加工过程中,车削引入的残余应力是导致加工变形的一个重要因素,因此有必要对残余应力进行消除.采用热处理方法可以有效消除车削残余应力,针对纯铜材料通过端面车削制备车削试样,并开展热处理实验,采用基于电子散斑干涉的钻孔法测量了热处理前后的车削残余应力,分析了不同保温温度和保温时间对残余应力释放的影响,同时利用奥林巴斯显微镜和显微维氏硬度计表征了不同热处理参数下亚表面微观组织和硬度的变化,发现在保温温度400℃时车削残余应力明显降低,最大残余应力释放率达到75％以上,有效消除了车削残余应力,并且亚表面会发生再结晶现象,加工硬化层会发生明显软化.     

高强度喷丸对300M钢抗疲劳性能的影响

采用喷丸强度分别为0.424mm和0.576mm的两种工艺对300M钢进行高强度喷丸强化,从表面完整性、残余应力场、显微硬度及抗疲劳性能等方面研究了高强度喷丸对300M钢的强化效果。结果表明:喷丸强化处理后,300M钢试样喷丸面均被弹坑完全覆盖,表面粗糙度显著提高;喷丸后试样表层形成较高的残余压应力场,表面显微硬度得到提高;喷丸后试样疲劳寿命比喷丸强化前的有小幅提高,较高的表面粗糙度造成的应力集中以及微裂纹的产生是其疲劳寿命没有明显提高的主要原因。     

高铬铸钢轧辊的热处理工艺及其组织和硬度

通过SEM、EDS、XRD分析及硬度测试,研究了高铬铸钢轧辊热处理奥氏体化温度和保温时间对轧辊组织和硬度的影响规律,并确定了轧辊的热处理工艺。结果表明:随着奥氏体化温度升高和时间延长,轧辊基体中的铬含量增加,硬度先升后降;随温度升高和时间缩短,残余奥氏体增多;1 030℃奥氏体化保温1.5 h空冷淬火,520℃回火保温时间10～30 min热处理后,轧辊的组织均匀、硬化效果好,硬度达到了740～760 HV。     

IMPROVING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF METALS USING ABRASIVE WATERJET PEENING

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening has been proposed as a viable method of surface treatment for metal orthopedic devices. In this study the influence of AWJ peening on the compressive residual stress, surface texture and fatigue strength of a stainless steel (AISI 304) and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy were studied. A design of experiments (DOE) and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify the primary parameters contributing to the surface texture and magnitude of surface residual stress. The influence of AWJ peening on the fatigue strength of the metals was evaluated under fully reversed cyclic loading. It was found that AWJ peening results in compressive residual stress and is primarily influenced by the abrasive size and treatment pressure. The residual stress of the AISI 304 ranged from 165 to over 460 MPa. Using the optimum treatment parameters for maximizing the residual stress, the endurance strength of Ti6Al4V was increased by 25% to 845 MPa. According to results of this study AWJ peening is a viable method of surface treatment for applications that require an increase in surface roughness and maintenance or increase in fatigue strength, qualities that most often are not available from a single process.     

IMPROVING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF METALS USING ABRASIVE WATERJET PEENING

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening has been proposed as a viable method of surface treatment for metal orthopedic devices. In this study the influence of AWJ peening on the compressive residual stress, surface texture and fatigue strength of a stainless steel (AISI 304) and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy were studied. A design of experiments (DOE) and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify the primary parameters contributing to the surface texture and magnitude of surface residual stress. The influence of AWJ peening on the fatigue strength of the metals was evaluated under fully reversed cyclic loading. It was found that AWJ peening results in compressive residual stress and is primarily influenced by the abrasive size and treatment pressure. The residual stress of the AISI 304 ranged from 165 to over 460 MPa. Using the optimum treatment parameters for maximizing the residual stress, the endurance strength of Ti6Al4V was increased by 25% to 845 MPa. According to results of this study AWJ peening is a viable method of surface treatment for applications that require an increase in surface roughness and maintenance or increase in fatigue strength, qualities that most often are not available from a single process.     

高压水射流喷丸降低焊接残余应力有限元分析

焊接不可避免产生残余应力,对结构完整性造成很大影响。提出利用高压水射流喷丸技术降低焊接残余应力,并利用有限元法进行计算模拟。分别开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序及模拟高压水射流喷丸的移动压力载荷子程序,得到了经高压水射流喷丸处理前后焊接残余应力分布的变化规律。计算结果表明,经高压水射流喷丸处理后,焊缝和热影响区存在的焊态残余应力得到降低,在焊缝区已经产生压缩应力。证明高压水射流喷丸具有降低焊接残余应力的效果。     

Effects of process parameters on surface roughness in abrasive waterjet cutting of aluminium

Abrasive waterjet cutting is a novel machining process capable of processing wide range of hard-to-cut materials. Surface roughness of machined parts is one of the major machining characteristics that play an important role in determining the quality of engineering components. This paper shows the influence of process parameters on surface roughness (R_a) which is an important cutting performance measure in abrasive waterjet cutting of aluminium. Taguchi’s design of experiments was carried out in order to collect surface roughness values. Experiments were conducted in varying water pressure, nozzle traverse speed, abrasive mass flow rate and standoff distance for cutting aluminium using abrasive waterjet cutting process. The effects of these parameters on surface roughness have been studied based on the experimental results.     

Optimization of machining parameters in the abrasive waterjet turning of alumina ceramic based on the response surface methodology

A study on the radial-mode abrasive waterjet turning (AWJT) of 96 % alumina ceramic is presented and discussed. An experimental investigation is carried out to explore the influence of process parameters (including water pressure, jet feed speed, abrasive mass flow rate, surface speed, and nozzle tilted angle) on the material removal rate (MRR) when turning 96 % alumina ceramic. The experiments are conducted on the basis of response surface methodology (RSM) and sequential approach using face-centered central composite design. The quadratic model of RSM associated with the sequential approximation optimization (SAO) method is used to find optimum values of process parameters in terms of surface roughness and MRR. The results show that the MRR is influenced principally by the water pressure P and the next is abrasive mass flow rate m _a . The optimization results show that the MRR can be improved without increasing the surface roughness when machining 96 % alumina ceramic in the radial-mode abrasive waterjet turning process.     

Improving surface hardness of austenitic stainless steel using waterjet peening process

The present study addresses the effect of multiple jet passes and other parameters namely feedrate and pressure in waterjet peening (WJP) of austenitic stainless steel 304. An analysis of surface integrity was used to evaluate the performance of different parameters in the WJP process. An increase in the number of jet passes as well as pressure leads to a higher roughness and more erosion of the surface. However, the feedrate shows a reverse effect on the surface roughness and erosion. The surface microstructures also show the mechanism of material removal process involving initial and evolved damages. The subsurface hardness shows that treating the surface with a higher number of passes and pressure produces a higher increase of hardness and also a deeper hardening layer. But, a reverse effect on the subsurface hardness was found for the feedrate. Furthermore, cross-sectional microstructures show a higher density of slip bands in the deformed grains of the specimen treated with a higher number of jet passes and pressure. However, the amount of slip bands in the deformed grains is lower with increasing feedrate.     

Radial-mode abrasive waterjet turning of short carbon–fiber-reinforced plastics

An experimental study is carried out for single-pass radial-mode abrasive waterjet (AWJ) turning of a short carbon–fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) specimen to understand the machining process and the effects of major process variables (feed speed, water pressure, abrasive mass flow rate, nozzle tilt angle, and rotational surface speed) on the major machining performance measures, that is, the depth of cut, material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness. It is found that high water pressure, normal nozzle impact angle and high rotational speed with suitably selected feed speed and abrasive flow rate may be selected to achieve a high MRR without significantly compromising the surface roughness. Mathematical models for the three cutting performance measures are then developed for use in process control.     

Fretting Wear Behavior of Laser Peened Ti-6Al-4V

This work deals with the influence of laser peening on the fretting wear behavior of Ti-6Al-4V. Laser peening was carried out on Ti-6Al-4V. The laser-peened surface was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Surface roughness, nanoindentation hardness, residual stress, and tensile properties of the material in both laser-peened and unpeened conditions were determined. Fretting wear tests were conducted at different normal loads using a ball-on-flat contact geometry. Laser peening resulted in the formation of nanocrystallites on the surface and near-surface regions, increased hardness, and compressive residual stress. Laser peening did not affect the tensile properties and surface roughness significantly. There was no considerable difference between the values of the tangential force coefficient of laser-peened and unpeened samples. The fretting scar size, wear volume, and wear rate of laser-peened specimens were lower than those of unpeened samples. This may be attributed to an increase in surface hardness due to strain hardening and grain refinement at the surface and near-surface regions, higher compressive residual stress, and higher resistance to plastic deformation of laser-peened samples.     

A non-local fatigue approach to quantify Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al fretting cracking process: Application to grinding and shot peening

This paper presents an experimental study on the tribological behaviour and cracking response of a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy under fretting loading with a cylinder on plane configuration. Three types of surfaces were investigated: a polished one considered as the reference, a ground one and a shot peened surface. Surfaces were compared with respect to residual stress, hardness and roughness. The first step of this study was to determine sliding conditions and coefficient of friction of the three contact types. Next, fretting tests under stabilized partial slip regime were carried out to investigate crack nucleation and propagation. Results show that whatever surface roughness or residual stress in the material, tribological behaviour is the same. These latter confirm that sliding condition and coefficient of friction in partial slip regime is due to material effect and not to roughness or surface hardness. Then, residual stress induced by grinding or shot peening have no influence on the crack nucleation threshold under fretting solicitation because crack nucleation is only induced by a sufficient tangential loading. The crack nucleation threshold is formalized by applying the Crossland criterion taking into account the stress gradient and the ensuing “size effect”. As expected, cracks propagation is influenced by residual stress under the surface. Compared to the reference case, for a same loading parameters set, residual stress induced by grinding is not sufficient to decrease the crack length reached whereas effects of shot peening decrease highly these latter. So, there is a threshold of residual stress from which residual stresses are useful against cracking.