DD15单晶高温合金持久性能各向异性

研究了[001]、[011]和[111]3种不同取向的DD15单晶高温合金的热处理组织、980 ℃/300 MPa和1 150℃/120MPa的持久性能、持久断口和断裂组织.结果表明在与定向凝固方向垂直的截面上,3种取向合金具有明显不同的热处理组织形貌,γ'相的形状分别为规则的正方形、矩形和多边形.合金在980℃/30...     

铼对单晶高温合金γ、γ′相的影响

 以DD6合金为基础，适当调整铼含量，浇注出4种不同铼含量的单晶合金。通过对标准热处理后合金试样扫描电镜和透射电镜的观察、测量和分析，研究了铼含量对热处理合金γ、γ′相尺寸、分布、体积分数以及合金元素在两相间的分配行为的影响。结果表明，铼对上述各因素的影响显著。     

第二代单晶高温合金DD6的薄壁持久性能

采用薄壁试样研究了760℃、980℃、1070℃条件下第二代单晶高温合金DD6的持久性能.结果表明与标准试样的持久应力-寿命曲线相比,DD6合金760℃薄壁持久性能高,980℃薄壁持久性能先高后低,1070℃薄壁持久性能略低;760℃、980℃和1070℃条件下,与标准试样相比,薄壁试样持久寿命随应力降低而增加的速度较慢.     

拉晶速率对单晶高温合金高温持久断裂行为的影响

研究了不同拉晶速率下制得的镍基单晶高温合金高温持久变形行为，结果表明，随拉晶速率增加，单晶合金的凝固界面由平面向胞状，枝状转变，持久延伸率减少，持久寿命有增加的趋势；高温持久断裂形式由典型的韧窝断裂转向混合断裂，二次裂纹增多，持久变形时的γ’筏形完善性增加，位错网间距减小。     

试样尺寸对一种单晶高温合金组织的影响

 通过制备两种不同尺寸单晶试样的凝固试验,研究了试样尺寸对DD3单晶高温合金组织的影响。结果表明,在相同的凝固工艺条件下,试样尺寸增大,合金的一次枝晶间距和二次枝晶间距变大,合金元素的偏析程度稍有增加,枝晶干和枝晶间的铸态γ′相尺寸稍有增大,显微疏松无明显改变,共晶的尺寸和含量增加;经相同的热处理工艺处理后,试样尺寸增大,合金枝晶干和枝晶间的γ′相尺寸稍有增大。     

长期时效温度对一种单晶高温合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

在定向凝固炉中采用螺旋选晶法制备了一种单晶高温合金试棒,标准热处理后分别在980 ℃,1 070 ℃,1 100 ℃和1 140 ℃长期时效处理500 h,研究了不同温度长期时效后合金的显微组织和1 100 ℃的拉伸性能.结果表明合金在不同温度长期时效后,γ′相发生粗化或筏排化.随着时效温度增加,γ′相粗化或筏排化程度增加,γ′相体积分数减少,γ相基体通道变宽.在980 ℃长期时效500 h后,无TCP相析出;1 070 ℃,1 100 ℃,1 140 ℃长期时效500 h后,有针状TCP相析出.随着长期时效温度增加,TCP相含量增加.随着时效温度升高,合金拉伸强度降低,拉伸延伸率先增加后在1 140 ℃时效时又降低.长期时效后γ′相粗化或筏排化、γ′相含量减少和TCP相析出是合金拉伸强度降低的主要原因.      

一种单晶高温合金不同温度的高周疲劳性能

研究了一种单晶高温合金700 ℃和800 ℃的高周疲劳性能，采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了断口和断裂机制.结果表明，随着温度升高，合金的疲劳强度系数降低，Basquin系数增加，高周疲劳极限降低.合金700 ℃与800 ℃具有相同的高周疲劳断口，都有几个{111}面平面组成，为类解理断裂机制.疲劳断口由裂纹源区、扩展区和瞬断区3部分组成.裂纹起源于试样的表面或亚表面，并沿{111}面扩展.扩展区可见河流状花样、滑移带、疲劳弧线和疲劳条带特征.瞬断区可见解理台阶和撕裂棱.断裂后γ′相仍保持立方形状，位错不均匀分布在γ基体通道中.      

Re含量对单晶高温合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

为优化一种单晶高温合金中的Re含量,在真空定向凝固炉中制备了3%Re和5%Re的镍基单晶高温合金,热处理后分别在980 ℃长期时效400、800、2 000 h,测试合金热处理后1 100 ℃拉伸性能,采用JMatPro软件计算了合金相图,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪研究Re含量对合金枝晶组织,热处理组织和980 ℃时效400、800、2 000 h的组织和1 100 ℃拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着单晶高温合金中Re含量增加,一次枝晶间距轻微减小,共晶的体积分数升高;γ′相尺寸下降,立方化程度增加;不同Re含量合金时效800 h后无TCP相析出,时效2 000 h后有TCP相析出,随着Re含量增加,TCP相析出量增加。合金组织稳定性随着Re含量增加而降低。随着Re含量增加,合金的高温拉伸性能显著提高。      

一种镍基单晶高温合金的瞬态液相连接

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金的瞬态液相连接方法(TLP)及其对合金组织性能的影响.结果表明,不同温度下Ni-Cr-B熔体对基片均具有良好的润湿性,平衡接触角均小于20°.在等温凝固过程中,随保温时间的增加,固-液界面不断由两侧向中间推移,共晶区宽度不断减小,直至接头中无任何残余液相存在,等温凝固完全结束.共晶区上的硼化物分别为MB和M23B6.TLP连接后的1010℃×248MPa的持久性能达到母材的90%以上.     

1070℃热暴露对一种单晶高温合金组织的影响

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金在1 070℃热暴露不同时间后的组织变化。结果表明:合金的热处理组织由立方化较好γ'相和基体γ相组成。经过1 070℃热暴露处理后,γ相基体通道宽度增加,γ'强化相合并长大;热暴露200 h后,合金没有析出不稳定相(TCP相)。热暴露400 h后,少量TCP相开始在枝晶干区域以细针状的形态析出。经过800 h处理后,显微组织呈现出明显的筏排结构。随热暴露时间增加TCP相析出量明显增多,并由枝晶干范围向枝晶间区域生长。TCP相含有Re、W、Mo和Co等合金元素,衍射分析为σ相,与合金基体取向关系为(110)_σ∥(220)_γ,[012]_σ∥[001]_γ。     

Al含量对镍基单晶高温合金组织 和持久性能的影响

采用选晶法在定向凝固炉中制备了5.6 % Al和6.0 % Al的2种单晶高温合金,保持其它合金元素含量相同,热处理后在1 040 ℃长期时效800 h,采用扫描电镜研究了Al含量对合金共晶含量、热处理组织、长期时效组织和持久性能的影响.结果表明,随着Al含量增加,合金铸态组织中的共晶含量稍有增加,热处理组织中枝晶干γ′相无明显变化,枝晶间的γ′相稍有增大.随着Al含量增加,合金时效组织中TCP相析出量增加,枝晶间γ′相筏排化倾向增加,合金的组织稳定性变差.随着Al含量增加,合金的持久寿命增加,延伸率和断面收缩率减小.      

一种镍基单晶合金的组织演化与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了一种镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为和变形特征.结果表明:单晶合金在试验的温度和应力范围内,对施加应力和温度有明显的敏感性.由所得数据测算出合金的蠕变激活能和应力指数.蠕变初期在施加温度和应力场的作用下,立方γ′相逐渐转变成与施加应力轴方向垂直的N型筏状结构.稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制是位错攀移越过筏状γ′相,由于高温蠕变稳态阶段形成的N型γ′相筏状组织厚度较小,位错易于攀移,因而合金具有较大的应变速率.蠕变后期,由于塑性变形,在近断口处筏形γ′相转变成与应力轴方向呈45°角的形貌,合金的变形机制是位错剪切筏状γ′相.     

The influence of orientation on the stress rupture properties of nickel-base superalloy single crystals

The influence of orientation on the stress rapture properties of MAR-M247 single crystals was studied. Stress rupture tests were performed at 724 MPa and 774 °C where the effect of anisotropy is prominent. The mechanical behavior of the single crystals was rationalized on the basis of the Schmid factors for the operative slip systems and the lattice rotations which the crystals underwent during deformation. The stress rupture lives at 774 °C were found to be greatly influenced by the lattice rotations required to produce intersecting slip, because second-stage creep does not begin until after the onset of intersecting slip. Crystals which required large rotations to become oriented for intersecting slip exhibited a large primary creep strain, a large effective stress level at the onset of steady-state creep, and consequently, a short stress rupture life. Those crystals having orientations within about 25° of the [001] exhibited significantly longer lives when their orientations were closer to the [001]-[011] boundary of the stereographic triangle than to the [001]-[1l 1] boundary, because they required smaller rotations to produce intersecting slip and the onset of second-stage creep. Thus, the direction off the [001], as well as the number of degrees off the [001], has a major influence on the stress rapture lives of single crystals in this temperature regime. REBECCA A. MacKAY, formerly Graduate Assistant, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH RALPH D. MAIER, formerly Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University     

Surface recrystallization of a single crystal nickel-base superalloy

The recrystallization behavior of a single crystal nickel-base superalloy was investigated by shot peening and subsequent annealing. Two kinds of recrystallization microstructures, which are intensively dependent on the annealing temperature, are shown in the nickel-base superalloy after shot peening and subsequent annealing. Surface recrystallized grains are obtained when the superalloy is anparticles occurs. Cellular recrystallization is observed after annealing at lower temperatures. Cellular structures induced by high diffusivity of the shot-peened alloy annealed at 1050℃ accords with the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov equation. The low Avrami exponent is caused by the inhomogeneous distribution of stored energy, the decreasing of stored energy during recovery, and the strong resistance of boundary migration yb γ' particles.     

Influence of precipitate morphology on intermediate temperature creep properties of a nickel-base superalloy single crystal

The influence of γ’ precipitate morphology on the-creep behavior of the single crystal nickel-base superalloy NASAIR 100 at 760-°C was investigtated. As-heat treated crystals with cuboidal γ’ particles and crystals given an additional pre-rafting treatment to form a continuous lamellar structure were creep tested at stress levels which produced rupture lives ranging from 40 to 2500 hours. At high applied stresses, the crystals with cuboidal γ’ had both lower minimum creep rates and longer rupture lives than the crystals with lamellar γ. At lower stress levels, the initially cubic γ’ material maintained a lower crep rate, but exhibited a similar rupture life compared to the pre-rafted crystals. Examination of the microstructures which developed during creep indicated that dislocations could shear the semi-coherent γ’ rafts relatively easily compared to the coherent cuboidal γ’. In tests at lower applied stresses, slow directional coarsening of the initially cuboidal γ’ resulted in the development of a lamellar structure similar to that in the pre-rafted material, such that the rupture lives of the two materials were similar.