基于V锥流量计压损比的湿气液相流量在线检测

针对湿气中液相流量在线检测误差较大的问题,提出采用V锥流量计压损比实现湿气液相流量直接测量的思路。实验研究了节流比分别为0.45、0.55、0.65和0.75的4个V锥流量计压损比特性,结果表明,压损比较好的反映了湿气中含液量的变化,其随液体密度弗鲁德数增大而增加,并且受气液密度比的影响;对于节流比为0.55的V锥流量计,在本实验范围内,压损比基本不受气体密度弗鲁德数的影响。建立了该流量计基于压损比的湿气液相流量测量关联式,其预测的绝大部分工况点液相流量满度相对误差小于±5.0%;当体积含液率大于0.5%时,液相流量相对误差优于±20.0%。研究结果可为建立基于单节流装置双差压的湿气气、液分相流量在线测量方法提供技术支撑。     

基于双节流装置的湿气测量方法

湿气作为一种石油天然气行业经常出现的流体,对于湿气的准确测量具有重要的意义。目前常用的方法是在气液分离之后采用单相仪表进行计量,而这种方法成本较高,因此为实现湿气的气液两相在线不分离测量,设计一种基于类内锥和长喉径类文丘里组合的双节流湿气流量测量装置,提出一种基于三级差压信号的测量方法,引入差压信号的比值作为建模的关键参数。同时建立并比较研究此双节流装置的4套湿气测量模型在实验室和现场的表现。经实验室验证,平均气相测量精度为2.13%,平均液相测量精度6.68%。现场性能测试结果表明未经修正的测量模型平均气相测量误差为7.87%,平均液相误差为15.96%,经二次修正后可实现平均气相测量误差优于±3%,液相测量满度误差优于±10%。     

利用双差压式节流装置测量湿气

为实现湿气气液两相的在线不分离测量,提出一种由内锥和文丘里组合构成的新型双差压式湿气测量装置,并进行了实验研究。针对内锥及文丘里湿气虚高值的特点,建立了基于Lockhart-Martinelli参数、Froude数、气液密度比的内锥高精度虚高模型;建立了文丘里Deleeuw修正模型,实现了对n值的高精度拟合。通过对内锥和文丘里管在湿气测量中气液两相精度的对比分析,建立了湿气气液两相测量的迭代修正算法。实验结果表明,对于压力P为0.1～0.2MPa,气相弗劳德数0.6～1.5,L-M参数0.002～0.12,质量含气率在30%～99%范围内,气相流量测量的平均相对误差优于±1%,液相流量测量的满度误差小于±10%。     

垂直安装文丘里管湿气测量模型研究

文丘里管在湿气测量领域的应用越来越广泛,研究文丘里管中湿气的流动特性是准确地对湿气进行测量的前提。本文从林宗虎模型出发,将其简化为关于干度的简单表达形式,建立了一种文丘里管湿气测量静态模型。在本研究的实验条件(实验压力0.3～0.8MPa,气相的体积流量为80～120m3/h,液相的体积流量为0.3～4.5m3/h,干度为0.07～0.36)下,利用该模型求得差压的均方根相对误差为5.27%。本文还研究了文丘里管差压信号的波动特性与干度之间的关系,建立了一种文丘里管湿气测量的差压波动模型,利用该模型求得干度的均方根相对误差为6.86%。     

长喉颈文丘里喉部取压位置对湿气测量模型影响的试验研究

文丘里流量计广泛应用于湿气流量测量领域。为探索长喉颈文丘里管喉部取压位置对其湿气测量模型的影响,从理论上对其各个部分压力降进行研究。设计内径为50 mm、节流比为0.4的文丘里试验样机,取压位置距离喉部入口分别为喉部直径的0.5倍、3.75倍和7倍。在天津大学流量实验室双闭环中压湿气装置上进行试验验证。试验压力为0.2~0.8 MPa,干度为0.5~1。根据试验数据,针对不同的喉部取压位置,分析虚高梯度与L-M参数之间的关系;同时分析差压比K参数灵敏度与液气质量比qml/qmg之间的关系,发现虚高和K参数均受喉部取压位置的影响。建立基于K参数、Froude数、气液密度比的虚高模型和液气质量比模型,通过迭代算法求出气相和液相流量。分析基于不同取压位置的测量模型对湿气两相流气相和液相流量预测结果误差和不确定度的影响,得出取压位置为距离喉部入口3.75倍喉部直径时效果最好的结论,该位置模型气相测量不确定度为5.06%,液相为2.15%。     

基于单V锥节流装置的湿气气液流量在线测量

提出采用两相质量流量系数对V锥节流装置湿气测量误差进行修正,试验研究洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数、气体密度弗鲁德数以及气液密度比对V锥节流装置两相质量流量系数的影响规律。V锥节流装置的节流比为0.55,试验介质为压缩空气和水,气液密度比为0.002 445~0.006 083,气体密度弗鲁德数为0.3~2.0,洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数为0.01~0.34。结果表明,两相流量系数随洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数增加而线性增大,同时还受气体密度弗鲁德数和气液密度比的影响。获得了两相质量流量系数与洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数、气体密度弗鲁德数和气液密度比的定量关系,建立湿气流量测量的半经验关联式。利用V锥节流装置前后锥体对湿气具有不同的差压响应特性,获得了其差异性的影响规律,建立单节流元件双差压的湿气气液流量双参数测量方程。在试验范围内,测得的气相质量流量相对误差小于±5.0%,平均误差为2.2%;液相质量流量相对误差小于±20.0%,平均误差为9.8%。该方法具有系统简单、成本低廉、精度较高的特点。     

基于激光诱导荧光成像技术的截面含气率检测研究

截面含气率作为气液两相流动过程中的基本参数之一,对石油管道的开采、输运,核反应堆冷却塔的设计等过程具有重要意义。本文提出了基于激光诱导成像技术和高速摄录系统的截面含气率直接检测方法,有效的避免管道曲率和介质折射率导致的光学畸变。在河北大学多相流循环装置进行实验,测量了18个流量点,液相流量测量范围10～35 L/min,气相流量测量范围2.0～3.0 L/min。运用计量比对的思想,对两种检测技术获得的截面含气率值求取偏差并进行修正,最大偏差仅为0.014 59。结果表明两种方法得到的截面含气率值具有较好的一致性,证明本文提出的荧光成像技术对气液两相分层流截面含气率的检测是有效的。     

差压式湿气两相流量计的校准

伴随着工业技术的不断发展,湿气流量的测量日益增多,湿气流量计的校准工作日益迫切,亟待解决。本文介绍了在湿气流量计量领域中广泛应用的差压式湿气两相流流量计的原理,并在天津大学电气与自动化工程学院的中压闭环湿气标定装置中对其进行了校准,对该流量计的气相和液相的不确定度进行了评定,为今后开展相关流量计的校准工作提供了参考和数据支持。     

新型近红外矩形差压流量计的测量模型研究

针对目前气液两相流不分离测量的难点,设计了一种基于近红外光谱技术与矩形差压流量计相结合的新型气液两相流检测装置。利用CFD流体仿真软件对影响流量计性能的结构参数进行了仿真及优化,在单相流动和气液两相动态实验的基础上,建立了相含率测量模型,修正后液相含率测量误差低于3.5%。在液相流量大于2m~3/h时,对分相流模型进行修正,得到的总流量测量误差低于4.5%。建立了两相差压与Fr_g、Frl的关系,结合相含率测量模型得到总流量测量模型,其中弹状流总流量误差低于6.5%,泡状流总流量误差低于1.5%。实验结果表明该装置用于气液两相流不分离测量的可行性,对工业领域的生产具有重要参考意义。     

基于三轴加速度探头的涡街湿气分相流量测量

针对涡街湿气测量过读问题，提出了基于加速度检测的涡街过读校正和分相流量测量方法。设计了高频响三轴加速度探头，分别对敏感元件、探头尺寸和封装进行了优化设计。干气标定结果表明，在4.43×10⁴～1.81×10⁵雷诺数范围内，测量精度为±1.0%,线性度为1.06%。然后，在不同湿气工况(载气压力和流量、液相流量)下测试了输出频率和加速度幅值特性，以气、液相韦伯数为参数，分别建立了涡街过读和两相加速度幅值模型。最后，联立两方程建立了湿气测量模型，并利用牛顿迭代算法进行求解。预测结果表明，气相测量误差在±1.0%以内，不确定度0.46%,液相全量程误差在±15%以内，不确定度10.04%。与未过读校正时最大8%的测量误差相比，气相测量精度大大提升，同时实现了湿气中分相流的在线测量。     

Gas–liquid two-phase flowrate measurement in pseudo-slug flow with Venturi

The importance of pseudo-slug flow research is becoming increasingly prominent in the petrochemical field. But the gas–liquid two-phase flowrate measurement in the pseudo-slug flow has not been properly understood and modeled. Based on the differential pressure of Venturi, this study proposes a new pseudo-slug flowrate prediction model. By means of Fast Fourier transform (FFT), the representative frequency range (3.125 Hz < f < 6.25 Hz) is determined. Then, the fourth detail component of the differential pressure after wavelet transform is selected as the flag to distinguish the liquid film region and the pseudo-slug body region. Based on the gas–liquid density ratio, a logarithmic model is established to predict the threshold value. In the liquid film region, the gas–liquid two-phase flow is regarded as wet gas and the flowrate is measured through the over-reading model. In the pseudo-slug body region, the volume gas holdup model is established based on the fluctuation information of the differential pressure. Then the gas–liquid two-phase flowrate can be obtained by solving the Bernoulli equation. Compared to the experiment, the confidence probability of ±10% relative deviation band is 97.78% for the gas, and the confidence probability of ±20% relative deviation band is 95% for the liquid.     

Investigation on the swirlmeter performance in low pressure wet gas flow

Wet gas flow is a subset of gas-liquid two-phase flow, and the swirlmeter has been used in wet gas flow metering more and more recently. The swirlmeter performance in low pressure wet gas flow was investigated. It is found that the entrained liquid present in a gas stream tends to induce a negative bias in the gas flow rate reading of swirlmeter comparing with equal gas flow rate. When the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter X, which is closely related to the liquid fraction, is bigger than a threshold value, the swirlmeter will not properly work due to the disappearing of vortex precession. It is also found that the liquid-induced gas flow rate reading errors of swirlmeter are dependent on X and the gas densiometric Froude number Fr_g. A correlation for swirlmeter in low pressure wet gas flow is proposed, and it corrects the liquid-induced gas flow rate errors to an accepted accuracy under the tested conditions. It implies that the swirlmeter with the proposed correlation and the known liquid fraction may be used to meter the gas flow rate in wet gas applications with a relatively low liquid fraction.     

Wet gas metering with a horizontally mounted Venturi meter

Wet gas metering is becoming an increasingly important problem to the Oil and Gas Industry. The Venturi meter is a favoured device for the metering of the unprocessed wet natural gas production flows. Wet gas is defined here as a two-phase flow with up to 50% of the mass flowing being in the liquid phase. Metering the gas flowrate in a wet gas flow with use of a Venturi meter requires a correction of the meter reading to account for the liquids effect. Currently, most correlations in existence were created for Orifice Plate Meters and are for general two-phase flow. However, due to no Venturi meter correlation being published before 1997 industry was traditionally forced to use these Orifice Plate Meter correlations when faced with a Venturi metering wet gas flows. This paper lists seven correlations, two recent wet gas Venturi correlations and five older Orifice Plate general two-phase flow correlations and compares their performance with new independent data from the NEL Wet Gas Loop with an ISA Controls Ltd. Standard specification six inch Venturi meter of 0.55 beta ratio installed. Finally, a new correlation is offered.     

Wet gas metering technique based on slotted orifice and swirlmeter in series

Wet gas flow is a subset of gas–liquid two-phase flow, and wet gas metering is gaining considerable attention due to its importance in the nuclear, oil and gas industry. Wet gas meter based on slotted orifice and swirlmeter combination in series was designed and investigated. A wet gas measurement model with the simultaneous equations from the two flowmeters' correlations has been established, and then an iterative solution algorithm is given. The novel proposed approach predicts the gas mass flow rate relative errors within ±6% from 89.2% tested samples, and the gas mass flow rate relative errors within ±20% from all tested samples, which is accepted for many wet gas applications. Therefore, it implies that the proposed wet gas metering technique may be used to meter both gas and liquid flow rates for wet gas flow at the Lockhart Martinelli parameter X≤0.12.     

Research the wet gas flow measurement based on dual-throttle device

In this paper a novel flow measurement device composed of a long throat Venturi tube and a V-cone was proposed to deal with the wet gas flow measurement without separation, and a new metering method was put forward based on the triple differential pressures. The correlations were based on the gas densiometric Froude number, gas–liquid density ratio, and the differential pressure ratios, which were then compared and validated by the laboratory and field tests. The laboratory test results showed that the uncertainty of relative errors for the gas and liquid flow rates were less than 3% and 6%, respectively. The field test results showed that the uncertainty of relative errors for the gas flow rates before correction varied from 5.53% to 11.57%. After correction the uncertainty of relative errors for gas flow rate varied from 1.37% to 3.22% and full-scale error for liquid flow rate was less than ±10%.     

Coriolis mass flow metering for three-phase flow: A case study

Previous work has described the use of Coriolis mass flow metering for two-phase (gas/liquid) flow. As the Coriolis meter provides both mass flow and density measurements, it is possible to resolve the mass flows of the gas and liquid in a two-phase mixture if their respective densities are known. To apply Coriolis metering to a three-phase (oil/water/gas) mixture, an additional measurement is required. In the work described in this paper, a water cut meter is used to indicate what proportion of the liquid flow is water. This provides sufficient information to calculate the mass flows of the water, oil and gas components. This paper is believed to be the first to detail an implementation of three-phase flow metering using Coriolis technology where phase separation is not applied.Trials have taken place at the UK National Flow Standards Laboratory three-phase facility, on a commercial three-phase meter based on the Coriolis meter/ water cut measurement principle. For the 50 mm metering system, the total liquid flow rate ranged from 2.4 kg/s up to 11 kg/s, the water cut ranged from 0% to 100%, and the gas volume fraction (GVF) from 0 to 50%. In a formally observed trial, 75 test points were taken at a temperature of approximately 40 °C and with a skid inlet pressure of approximately 350 kPa. Over 95% of the test results fell within the desired specification, defined as follows: the total (oil+water) liquid mass flow error should fall within ±2.5%, and the gas mass flow error within ±5.0%. The oil mass flow error limit is ±6.0% for water cuts less than 70%, while for water cuts between 70% and 95% the oil mass flow error limit is ±15.0%.These results demonstrate the potential for using Coriolis mass flow metering combined with water cut metering for three-phase (oil/water/gas) measurement.     

Study on the metering characteristics of a slotted orifice for wet gas flow

Wet gas metering is a subset of multiphase flow metering. A slotted orifice is selected for the development of a wet gas meter (WGM). With the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology, the static pressure, velocity and density contours across the slotted and the standard orifice flow meter have been analyzed. Based on the experimental data the two-phase multipliers of the slotted orifice have been investigated. Two new differential pressure correlations of the slotted orifice are put forward for the first time and appropriate conclusions are discussed.