工具尺寸对铝-钢异种金属搅拌摩擦搭焊接头组织与性能的影响

铝合金与钢的异种连接是汽车轻量化制造的关键,然而采用传统的熔化焊工艺很难得到高质量焊缝。本文选用不同尺寸的焊接工具对1.2mm厚的5182铝合金和DP1180高强钢进行搅拌摩擦搭焊。微观组织分析表明,在转速为800r/min,焊接速度为50mm/min的参数条件下,采用两种尺寸的工具均可得到无缺陷的接头,且小尺寸工具条件下接头生成明显的"Hook"缺陷,采用大尺寸工具时"Hook"缺陷显著弱化,此时铝和钢的反应充分,堆垛层状结构更为明显。由于堆垛层状结构中金属间化合物的存在,界面附近硬度波动较大,最高硬度可达641HV,明显高于钢母材。采用小尺寸工具时,由于搭接面积较小,接头拉伸剪切性能较差,全部沿界面开裂;而采用大尺寸工具时,当铝合金位于前进侧的条件下接头性能优异,断裂于铝合金侧,最大剪切力高达3.42k N,表明对铝-钢异种金属进行搅拌摩擦搭接可获得高质量的焊接效果。     

铝/黄铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头显微组织与力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对5052铝合金及H62黄铜异种金属进行搭接,搅拌头转速固定为1 000 r/min,焊速为100～300mm/min,对接头微观组织和力学性能进行研究。结果表明:搭接接头铝侧分为焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区。接头铝侧与搅拌头直接作用的区域,晶粒发生一定的细化。搭接界面处两板间分界明显,界面处有黄铜和铝的机械混合,且有金属间化合物产生。接头显微硬度分布表明铝侧焊核区显微硬度最高,硬度最低点在热影响区。界面处的硬度明显大于铝及黄铜母材。随着焊速的增大,接头拉剪载荷先增大后减小。接头拉伸时断于界面区,断口为解理断裂。     

钢铝搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的机械结合与冶金结合方式

为了在汽车制造业中实现节能环保的目的,铝合金在车身材料中的应用是实现汽车结构轻量化的重要途径。然而,钢/铝异种材料的连接问题尚未得到解决。考虑采用搅拌摩擦焊方法连接钢/铝异种材料,通过控制搅拌针的压入量,获得两种不同结合方式的接头:一种是搅拌针进入钢材中,形成机械+冶金结合的接头;另一种是搅拌针不进入钢材中,仅通过热传递的方式将摩擦热量传输到钢/铝冶金界面上形成冶金结合的接头。对形成的异种材料接头进行剪切测试和连接界面观察。研究结果表明,钢板上的镀锌层对钢/铝接头的形成具有重要影响。在机械+冶金结合的接头中,钢/铝之间的冶金界面层较厚,主要由Al、Zn元素组成;而在冶金结合接头中,界面层的厚度仅为2~3μm,且主要由Fe、Al元素组成,并对影响接头强度的影响因素进行探讨。     

Mg/Al异种金属焊接研究现状及发展方向

镁合金和铝合金性能优异,应用前景广阔,焊接技术约束其进一步发展应用。分析了镁、铝合金的焊接特点,综述了近年来镁/铝异种金属焊接方法,包括扩散焊、钎焊、搅拌摩擦焊、电子束焊、TIG焊、激光焊等,展望了镁/铝异种金属的焊接研究方向。     

轻质异种材料搅拌摩擦点焊技术研究进展

由于汽车工业轻量化的要求,轻质材料复合结构取代单一材料结构的方法受到社会各界的广泛关注。对于异种材料复合结构的连接,传统焊接方法具有一定的局限性。搅拌摩擦点焊技术作为一种绿色、高效、固相连接技术,在异种材料连接方面具有很大潜力,国内外学者针对异种材料搅拌摩擦点焊开展了大量研究。从铝-碳纤维增强热塑性树脂基复合材料、铝-铜和铝-钢三种复合结构搅拌摩擦点焊的研究现状出发,阐述了国内外科研人员在焊接工艺、微观组织演变以及接头力学性能等方面的研究成果,并展望了搅拌摩擦点焊技术现阶段亟待解决的热点问题以及发展趋势。     

钢/铝异种金属激光焊接头界面特性的研究

在环境污染日益严重的今天,汽车轻量化已成为当今社会亟待解决的问题,而钢/铝异种金属的焊接结构正是实现汽车轻量化的有效手段之一。激光焊具有焊接速度快、能量密度高、焊接变形小等特点,因此采用激光焊对钢/铝异种金属进行焊接。研究结果表明,当焊接速度为20 mm/s、焊接功率为0.82~0.83 k W时,采用"钢上铝下"的搭接形式可获得成形良好的焊接接头。未添加中间层的接头界面处存在连续分布的及岛状的金属间化合物区,其组织主要为Fe_3Al、FeAl、FeAl_2、Fe_2Al_5和FeAl_3,其中部分FeAl_3呈针状形貌。添加Fe-B-Si中间层的钢/铝界面金属间化合物区边界趋于平整,厚度减少,且岛状区和针状FeAl_3数量减少。通过拉剪试验证明,Fe-B-Si中间层的添加可提高接头的力学性能。     

热处理对TC11/LF6异种金属摩擦焊质量的影响

对TC11/LF6钛铝异种金属进行了连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺及其焊后热处理工艺的研究,观察了热处理前后焊接接头焊合区微观组织并测定了试样力学性能。研究结果表明：未经热处理的焊接接头晶粒较为粗大,有明显的晶间化合物产生,接头显微硬度较高;经280℃退火1h后,焊接接头晶粒均匀细化,焊接界面产生较薄的不连续扩散层;热处理后接头晶粒明显细化,抗弯强度提高10.7%,显微硬度下降38%。通过组织和力学性能综合分析,得到最优化的TC11/LF6连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺参数。     

基于FSW原理的金属/聚合物连接工艺及发展

金属/聚合物复合结构为工程轻量化设计提供了新的思路.搅拌摩擦焊及其衍生技术可以实现金属与聚合物的连接并获得优质的焊接接头.结合连接机制,综述了金属/聚合物复合结构搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,在此基础上提出了未来金属/聚合物复合结构搅拌摩擦焊研究方向.     

搅拌摩擦焊在新能源汽车电池下壳体焊接工艺中的应用

介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的原理及优点、电池下壳体的结构、搅拌摩擦焊系统及生产工艺流程,针对搅拌摩擦焊技术在新能源汽车电池下壳体焊接工艺中的应用,利用机器人搅拌摩擦焊对焊接工艺参数及母材连接方式进行了试验研究,得到优化后的主轴转速S、焊接速度F、下压力P及工件连接方式,提高了焊缝融合度和接头稳定性,且焊接接头的抗拉强度均能达到母材标准抗拉强度的70％以上,表明该工艺方法在焊接速度、节能环保和产品质量等方面具有一定的优势.     

锥形端面对铝/钢连续驱动摩擦焊接头界面温度及摩擦扭矩影响的研究

铝/钢复合结构在汽车制造、能源、航空航天领域广泛应用,在连续驱动摩擦焊接(Continuousdrivefriction welding,CDFW)过程中,由于母材流动特性与径向摩擦扭矩分布不同,界面上的氧化物和杂质难以排出、界面产热功率与界面金属间化合物(Intermetallic compounds,IMCs)不均匀分布等问题,将对接头性能产生不利影响。以1060纯铝和Q235低碳钢棒为研究对象,在钢棒待焊端面设计5°、10°、15°、20°、25°的锥度角θ开展焊接试验研究,分析不同锥度下界面温度、摩擦扭矩、能量输入及接头强度的变化规律。结果表明,随着锥度角的增大,初始峰值扭矩减小,稳态扭矩、后峰值扭矩、焊接全过程能量输入先增大后减小,初始摩擦阶段能量输入增大;10°～15°的接头径向方向的温度与强度变化趋于平缓。锥形结构使界面处热流的高温区域发生移动,20°之后峰值温度出现在1/3R附近区域,最高强度出现在1/2R附近区域。在CDFW过程,合适的锥度角可在焊接产热足够的情况下改善界面温度与力学性能的不均匀性,从而得到性能良好的接头,为异种金属的端面结构设计提供一定的理论指导。     

搅拌摩擦焊下压力控制系统的开发及在模拟非刚性环境下的验证试验

搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding, FSW)是材料固态连接新技术,但FSW在焊接过程中一般会对工件施加较大的下压力,焊接设备和被焊工件在下压力的作用下均可能产生变形,使得常规FSW中设定的下压量这一关键参数偏离预期值,无法保证焊接工艺的稳定性。为了解决这一问题,开发一套下压力反馈控制系统,通过调节搅拌头对工件的下压量来调节下压力,使焊接过程中下压力保持稳定。该系统使用一台计算机作为顶层控制器,根据压力传感器反馈的实时下压力调节FSW设备Z轴的进给。使用该系统在悬空的钢板上焊接6082-T6铝合金平板对接焊缝,焊接过程中工件在下压力的作用下产生的弯曲变形高达0.931 mm,但所得的焊缝成形良好,沿焊缝方向不同位置的接头的横截面形貌基本一致,其横向拉伸应力应变曲线高度重合,接头的平均抗拉强度为222.8 MPa。结果表明,工件在下压力作用下产生变形的条件下,下压力控制的FSW系统仍能保证工艺稳定性。     

Accurate measurement of residual stresses of 2219-T87 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joints based on properties of joints

In order to avoid the deviation caused by calculating the residual stresses of welding joints with the release coefficients of the same parent metal, a new method has been proposed based on the properties of weld joints. Since the mechanical property of 2195-F Al alloy is close to that of 2219-T87 Al alloy Friction stir welding (FSW) joint, 2195-F Al alloy is selected as the substitute material of 2219-T87 Al alloy FSW joint in the calibration test. Release coefficients of 2195-F Al alloy and proper correction coefficient are used to calculate the residual stresses of 2219-T87 Al alloy FSW joints. Compared to the results calculated with release coefficients of its parent metal, it has been proved that the proposed correction method is more precise in residual stresses measurement of weld joints. The mathematical analysis and the results of verification tests have shown that this new method is reliable, and it will provide guidance in academic research and engineering application of the spherical indentation strain-gauge method.     

Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints

The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of welding processes such as GTAW, GMAW and FSW on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. The preferred welding processes of these alloys are frequently gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) due to their comparatively easier applicability and better economy. In this alloy, the weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often causes inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid phase welding technique developed primarily for welding metals and alloys that heretofore had been difficult to weld using more traditional fusion techniques. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The filler metal used for joining the plates is AA4043 (Al-5Si (wt%)) grade aluminium alloy. In the present work, tensile properties, micro hardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the GMAW, GTAW and FSW joints have been evaluated, and the results are compared. From this investigation, it is found that FSW joints of AA6061 aluminium alloy showed superior mechanical properties compared with GTAW and GMAW joints, and this is mainly due to the formation of very fine, equiaxed microstructure in the weld zone.     

铝合金/钢异种材料熔钎焊接工艺及其研究现状*

铝合金/钢复合结构以具有重量轻、综合性能高等优势在汽车、航空航天、石油石化、电力、船舶等行业具有广泛的应用前景。但二者之间巨大的理化性能差异,使铝合金/钢板异种金属的焊接仍然存在诸多问题。熔钎焊接工艺是基于母材之间存在的熔点差异,通过精确控制焊接热输入,在确保高熔点母材不熔化的前提下,让低熔点母材和填充金属熔化形成熔焊接头,并与未熔化的高熔点母材形成钎焊连接接头,是适合铝合金/钢复合结构优质高效制备的合适焊接工艺。通过对国内外对铝合金/钢熔钎焊接工艺、接头组织性能调控等方面研究现状的综合评述,讨论了铝合金/钢熔钎焊接技术存在的问题,并对铝合金/钢熔钎焊接技术工程化应用所采取的措施进行阐述。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar steel-copper joints

Welding dissimilar metals by fusion welding is challenging. It results in welding defects. Friction stir welding (FSW) as a solid-state joining method can overcome these problems. In this study, 304L stainless steel was joined to copper by FSW. The optimal values of the welding parameters traverse speed, rotational speed, and tilt angle were obtained through Response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal welding conditions, the effects of welding pass number on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joints were investigated. Results indicated that appropriate values of FSW parameters could be obtained by RSM and grain size refinement during FSW mainly affected the hardness in the weld regions. Furthermore, the heat from the FSW tool increased the grain size in the Heat-affected zones (HAZs), especially on the copper side. Therefore, the strength and ductility decreased as the welding pass number increased because of grain size enhancement in the HAZs as the welding pass number increased.     

Mode I failure modeling of friction stir welding joints

This paper analyzes mechanical response by finite element method up to the decohesion failure in fracture mode I for joints of friction stir welding (FSW) of an aluminum alloy. It first describes experimental investigations on specimens with FSW embedded, subjected to uniform traction and local punch tests used to characterize local elastic and plastic material parameters. The heterogeneity of the mechanical properties induced by the FSW process is taken into account for the elastic-plastic finite element simulation. The growing damage and the opening failure of the welding zone are described by the adoption of a cohesive interface model with specific mechanical properties.     

钢搅拌摩擦焊接及加工研究进展

自搅拌摩擦焊发明至今,国内外开展了大量的有关搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding, FSW)技术的研究与开发工作,并且已在轻合金结构制造领域得到大量实际应用。此外,基于搅拌摩擦焊原理发展而来的另一项技术--搅拌摩擦加工也得到广泛关注,并且在金属材料组织改性及复合材料制备方面显示了独特的优势。然而,由于受到高温搅拌头材料的限制,对钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接及加工的研究相比铝合金要少了很多。本研究对钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接及加工的研究进展进行简要概述,总结同质钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接、异质钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接、钢铁材料搅拌摩擦加工以及高温焊接工具材料等几方面的研究成果,指出其中存在的重要科学及技术问题,并对钢铁材料搅拌摩擦焊接以及搅拌摩擦加工的发展趋势及值得关注的问题进行展望。     

Statistical analysis to predict grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA6061 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Friction-stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The FSW process and tool parameters play a major role in deciding the joint strength. Joint strength is influenced by grain size and hardness of the weld nugget region. Hence, in this investigation an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and hardness of weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology incorporating FSW tool and process parameters. A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

Development of a dynamic surface roughness monitoring system based on artificial neural networks (ANN) in milling operation

In the current research, a new method is applied to modify the conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. Fixture, which fixes the workpieces, is shaken mechanically during FSW in a direction normal to weld line in order to increase the straining of weld region material. In other words, vibration of workpieces is accompanied by the rotating motion of tool. This new process can be described as friction stir vibration welding (FSVW). Al 5052 alloy specimens are welded by two welding methods, FSW and FSVW. Microstructure and mechanical properties of welded specimens are compared. Metallography analyses indicate that grain size decreases and hardness increases as FSVW method is applied. Tensile test results also show that strength and ductility values of friction stir vibration (FSV)-welded specimens are greater than those relating to friction stir (FS)-welded specimens. It is because of more work hardening of plasticized material, during FSVW, which leads to more generation and movement of dislocations. Correspondingly, grain size decreases and mechanical properties improve. Additionally, it is observed that the mechanical properties of the weld improve as vibration frequency increases.     

Optimization of welding current waveform for dissimilar material with DP590 and Al5052 by Delta-spot welding process

The automotive industry has a target goal to improve fuel consumption due to restricted exhaust gas regulation. For this reason, the applicability of lightweight material, Al alloys, Mg alloys is also being expanded. In this concept, high strength steel, DP590 and light alloy, AL5052 are joined in the right place of the car body. However, it is difficult to join to steel and aluminum by conventional fusion welding. Generally, in respect to dissimilar metal joining by fusion welding, intermetallic compound layer is formed at the joint interface, hot cracking is generated. In this study, the effect of the current waveform on the mechanical characteristics and microstructure in Delta spot welding process of dissimilar metal was investigated. As results, Intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was reduced from 2.355 μm to 1.09 μm by using Delta spot welding process; also the welding current range improved by 50% in the delta spot welding, higher than in the inverter resistance welding. To conclude, the delta spot welding process adopting the process tapes contributes to improving the welding quality for dissimilar metals (Al5052 and DP590) due to a decrease in IMC layer.