离子型稀土一维垂直入渗规律及最大粒径的影响试验研究

为了研究不同最大粒径离子型稀土土样对入渗规律的影响,利用自制的试验装置进行离子型稀土垂直入渗试验.水头高度恒定为 6 cm,土样最大粒径分别为 2.36 mm、1.18 mm、0.6 mm 和 0.3 mm. 在试验结果的基础上,利用改进的 Green-Ampt 模型分析离子型稀土入渗的饱和导水率和基质吸力. 结果表明,随着入渗时间的递增,累积入渗深度和湿润锋运移速率分别呈 “快速增加-缓慢发展 ”和 “快速减小-缓慢发展”的趋势.湿润锋运移速率与入渗时间之间满足幂函数关系,土样最大粒径对幂函数参数有较大影响.入渗率与湿润锋倒数之间具有良好的线性相关性.随着土样最大粒径的增加,饱和导水率和基质吸力也逐渐增加,二者与最大粒径之间呈指数函数关系.      

赣南典型离子型稀土矿层入渗试验研究

选择原地浸矿过程中表层滑坡频发矿区,现场测试2个矿块的稀土矿层入渗过程,采用4种常用入渗模型拟合入渗过程.结果表明:整个入渗过程可分为3个阶段:0~45 min为入渗率急剧变化阶段,45~125 min为入渗率缓慢变化阶段和125 min之后逐渐达到稳渗阶段;用Kostiakov模型拟合的效果好于其他3种模型,矿块1初始入渗率平均为0.113 cm/min,稳定入渗率为0.063 cm/min,矿块2初始入渗率平均为0.162 cm/min,稳定入渗率为0.101 cm/min;入渗率随砂砾含量增大而增大,随黏粒含量增大而减小,与矿层含水量呈负相关关系;试验矿区渗透系数随深度增加快速减小,注液强度过大而远超渗透系数时,造成表层矿层溶液无法及时下渗,边坡安全系数减小,易引发表层滑坡.      

强降雨条件下离子型稀土矿山边坡稳定性分析

降雨是诱发离子型稀土矿山滑坡灾害的主要因素之一。以赣南某离子型稀土矿山边坡为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法得到强降雨下边坡孔隙水压力的变化情况,分别分析降雨类型、停雨间隔时间和降雨强度对边坡孔隙水压力的影响,并应用有限元强度折减法计算拟定工况下的边坡稳定性系数。结果表明:①不同降雨类型下边坡孔隙水压力变化情况不同,增强型降雨对边坡稳定性系数影响最大。②边坡表面孔隙水压力回落幅度随停雨间隔时间的增加而增大。总降雨量相同时,停雨间隔时间缩短对边坡稳定性不利。③随着降雨强度的增大,边坡孔隙水压力的变化速率增大,边坡稳定性系数下降速率增大并且下降幅度增大。      

一种离子型稀土矿体渗透性空间分布的计算方法

离子型稀土矿体的渗透性是浸矿剂消耗和稀土浸取率的重要影响因素,合理确定其空间分布成为开采设计的关键。对于大埋深矿体,现有的渗透系数确定方法均存在较大误差。本次选取某一离子型稀土矿体为研究对象,分析了不同颗粒级配、不同孔隙比的稀土矿(土)的渗透系数,结果表明d₁₀、不均匀系数和孔隙比与渗透系数的对数均呈线性关系,各参数对斜率影响的变异系数均小于20.0%,说明这3个参数相互之间呈线性相关。建立了渗透系数的计算模型为：k=10^{5.16e+240.97d10+9.72×10-3Cu-10.51}。经与试验数据对比,整个矿体渗透系数估算值的平均相对误差为15.1%,相关系数为0.986,表明所建模型较为合理。结合普通克里金法,建立矿体渗透系数空间分布的计算方法,并分析变异函数对计算结果的影响。结果表明,球状模型精度较高,其计算结果的决定系数和变异函数的变程分别为0.931、30.03 m。本研究为离子型稀土矿体的精准开采设计提供技术支持。     

南方离子型稀土的资源和环境保护性开采模式

南方离子型稀土是我国独有的一类宝贵的中重稀土资源。其保护性开发及其环境影响一直是人们关注的问题。在分析和总结近四十年来该类矿床开采过程与资源和环境保护相关的技术进步和存在问题的基础上,提出了实现资源和环境保护性开采的环境工程模式,并对其主要内涵进行了讨论。目的是为了规范离子型稀土资源的开采提供技术和政策支持。     

南方离子型稀土矿山生产尾液低浓度稀土回收及氨氮脱除的工艺实践

介绍了某稀土开发公司采取"石灰乳沉淀回收稀土-曝气吹脱-折点氯化除氨氮"工艺处理南方离子型稀土矿山生产尾液,回收了其中的低浓度稀土,并对溶液中的氨氮进行脱除,使之能达标排放.生产实践表明,该工艺可以将稀土矿山低浓度浸出液中含量低于0.1 g/L的稀土进行回收,可获得含稀土(折REO)5％～10％的中钇低铕型混合稀土氢氧...     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定离子型稀土原矿中离子相稀土总量

采用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)直接测定离子型稀土原矿中离子相稀土总量,实验对浸取溶液、浸取溶液的浓度及用量、被测元素的同位素、样品酸度、内标元素、仪器的最佳工作参数进行了选择,建立了优化分析条件.单一元素标准加入的回收率为95%~105%,离子相稀土总量回收率为98.4%,相对标准偏差小于5%,测定范围为:0.010%~0.50%.方法准确可靠,操作简单,精密度和准确度都能满足分析要求.     

Kinetics model for leaching of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores

This paper aims to establish a mathematical model that can analyze the whole leaching kinetics process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores. This leaching process is composed of three steps: (1) ammonium ions arrive at the ore particle surface through the diffusion layer; (2) ammonium ions exchange with rare earth ions; and (3) rare earth ions enter into the external solution through the diffusion layer. In the leaching process, it is hypothesized that the ore particle size remains constant. The process of ammonium ions and rare earth ions passing through the diffusion layer was described by the Fick law, and the reversible ion exchange process between ammonium ions and rare earth ions was described by the Kerr model. A leaching kinetics model of rare earth ions by ammonium ions was constructed. Accuracy of this kinetics model was verified with laboratory tests. It is found that the correlation coefficients of all data are greater than 0.9000. The proposed kinetics model is therefore feasible for kinetics analysis throughout the leaching process.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定离子吸附型稀土矿中全相稀土总量

采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混酸溶解试样,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对试样溶解液进行测定,提出了以ICP-MS测定离子吸附型稀土矿中全相稀土总量的方法。对氢氟酸用量和测定液中硝酸的含量进行了考察,最终确定氢氟酸用量为5.0mL,测定液介质为体积分数为2%的硝酸。在优化的仪器条件下,15种单一稀土元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.9999,方法检出限为2.4μg/g。采用实验方法对稀土矿石国家标准物质GBW07158、GBW07160、GBW07161(用于标样制定的样品均采自江西省龙南离子吸附型稀土矿区)中的稀土总量进行测定,测定结果与认定值基本一致。将实验方法应用于稀土矿石国家标准物质GBW07159、GBW07160与离子吸附型稀土矿实际试样中稀土总量的测定,测得结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为1.7%~3.1%。     

Reduction leaching of rare earth from ion-adsorption type rare earths ore with ferrous sulfate

The practice of in-situ leaching of the ion-adsorption type rare earths ore with ammonium sulfate could only leach most of rare earth in ion-exchangeable phase,but not the colloidal sediment phase.Therefore,the reduction leaching of rare earth from the ion-adsorption type rare earths ore with ferrous sulfate was innovatively put forward.The soak leaching process and the column leaching process were investigated in the present study.It was determined that ion-exchangeable phase could be released,and part of colloidal sediment phase rare earth could be reduction leached by the cations with reduction properties.The mechanism of reduction leaching was discussed with the Eh-pH diagram of cerium.Moreover,the stronger reduction of reductive ions,the greater acidity of leaching agent solution,and the higher reductive ion concentration,could result in the higher rare earth efficiency and the bigger cerium partition in the leaching liquor.In the ferrous sulfate column leaching process,the rare earth leaching rate and the rare earth efficiency were a little higher than with(NH_4)_2SO_4 agent,and the rare earth efficiency and the partitioning of cerium in leaching liquor could be about 102% and 5.31%,respectively.However,the ferrous sulfate leaching process revealed some problems,so compound leaching with magnesium sulfate and a small amount of ferrous sulfate was proposed to an excellent alternative leaching agent for further studies,which may realize efficiency extraction and be environment-friendly.     

离子型稀土矿冶炼分离生产取水定额调研分析及研究

为了推进离子型稀土矿冶炼分离生产企业水资源循环利用和废水处理回用,切实加强企业取水定额管理.调研我国稀土六大集团下属14家离子型稀土矿冶炼分离生产企业取水量,通过对调研数据的分析和研究,确定离子型稀土矿冶炼分离生产现有企业、新建和改扩建企业、先进企业取水定额,其中生产5～9种纯度99％以上稀土产品的企业取水定额分别为8...     

Effects of organic acids on the leaching process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ore

To examine the activation of organic acids on the leaching process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ore(IRE-ore), the leaching behavior of rare earth(RE) and zeta potential of IRE-ore were investigated in the absence and presence of carboxylic acids. The results show that all the tested organic acids(acetic acid,malonic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, and malic acid) can promote RE extraction. At relatively high concentrations of organic acids, the activation efficiency of organic acids on RE extraction is generally consistent with their complexation ability; whereas at their low concentrations, the change of zeta potential on the IRE-ore surface with organic acid concentration and p H has a close association with RE extraction, which indicates that organic acids can impact the surface electrical property of IREore via their adsorption/desorption, and thereby increase/decrease the affinity of RE ions to IRE-ore.Therefore the influence of organic acids on the IRE-ore surface electrical property also plays an important role in RE extraction in addition to their complexation with RE ions.     

基于组合赋权-云模型的离子型稀土矿开采工艺评价

为保护资源和生态环境,促进稀土产业绿色可持续发展,基于现代控制理论的能观测性和能控性新视角,采用CRITIC-G1组合赋权与云模型相结合的方法,构建了离子型稀土矿开采工艺评价模型,并对不确定开采条件下的原地浸矿工艺与堆浸工艺进行了评价.研究得出:①基于保护资源和生态环境的目的,离子型稀土矿开采工艺评价指标体系不仅要考虑...     

A two-parameter model for ion exchange process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores

The establishment of a mathematical model for the ion exchange process is key to creating a theoretical basis for the mining of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores. Ore samples from Xinfeng, Xunwu and Anyuan were used as the test ore samples in the present study and equilibrium batch tests of ore sample leaching using various ammonium sulfate concentrations were performed. The results show that, after leaching, there is a negative exponential relationship between the ratio of the solid-phase rare earth ion concentration to the aqueous-phase rare earth ion concentration and the initial ammonium ion concentration. However, there is a linear relationship between the natural logarithm of the ratio of the solid-phase ammonium ion concentration to the aqueous-phase ammonium ion concentration and the initial ammonium ion concentration. Based on the above two functional relationships, a two-parameter model for the equilibrium ion exchange process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores was established. Using the established model to analyze the test data the model error for the Xunwu ore sample is found to be less than 5%. The proposed model is more accurate compared with the Kerr model. The two-parameter model proposed in this study provides theoretical support for the numerical simulation of column leaching (in-situ leaching) of ion-adsorption type rare earth ores.