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1.
Donald J. McPherson 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1974,5(12):2479-2499
The development of a comprehensive computerized model for cold rolling is described. Rolling forces, torques, forward slip,
temperatures of rolls and strip, thermal cambers of rolls, as well as strip thickness profile and flatness, are predicted.
The model is applicable to both basic and applied studies of the rolling process. Its primary purposes are to aid in optimizing
performance of existing mills, in the design of new cold mills, and in devising open-loop and closed-loop automatic flatness-control
systems.
Formerly Vice President of the IIT Research Institute, Dr. McPherson has had full responsibility for Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical
Corporation’s technological research and development program since joining the company in 1969. A native of Columbus, Ohio,
Dr. McPherson holds the Bachelor of Metallurgical Engineering and Master of Science degrees from Ohio State University. He
received his doctorate at OSU in 1949. He has served in various research and technical posts with Battelle Memorial Institute,
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., OSU Research Foundation, and Argonne National Laboratory, before joining Armour Research Foundation
(now IIT Research Institute) in 1950. His experience includes a strong background in active research-he has published over
30 technical papers-prior to assuming increasing responsibility for research administration. At IITRI he moved from Research
Metallurgist to Director of Metals Research, and finally to Vice President in charge of research in metallurgy, ceramics,
chemistry, life sciences, and the mechanics of materials. Dr. McPherson has served on a number of governmental committees,
including the Materials Advisory Board of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
He is a member of American Society for Metals, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, American
Ceramic Society, the Materials Division of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials,
and American Association for the Advancement of Science. 相似文献
2.
P. Tarassoff 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1984,15(3):411-432
The development of the Noranda Process, which culminated in the world's first continuous copper smelter, began twenty years
ago, in 1964. The metallurgical development of the process is traced from the vantage point of the researcher. Transport phenomena
and physical chemistry aspects are discussed, with reference to the state of knowledge, then and now. Some of the pitfalls
encountered in developing the process from the conceptual through the laboratory and pilot plant stages are illustrated. Finally,
the process is examined as a case history of successful innovation.
The Extractive Metallurgy Lecture was authorized in 1959 to provide an outstanding man in the field of nonferrous metallurgy
as a lecturer at the annual AIME meeting.
Dr. PETER TARASSOFF received his B. Eng. in Metallurgical Engineering from McGill University in 1956 and his Sc.D. in Chemical
Metallurgy from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962. He has also participated in the Management Development Program,
1980, at Northeastern University. He has been with the Noranda Research Centre, Quebec, since 1964, and currently holds the
title of Director of Research and Development at Noranda. In 1973 he was the recipient of the TMS-AIME Extractive Metallurgy
Technology Award. He has specialized in the extractive metallurgy of copper and has a number of papers and patents in the
field. He is a Past President of the Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Dr. Tarassoff
served as a member of the TMS-AIME Board of Directors from 1980–1983. Effective at the 113th Annual Meeting, 相似文献
3.
C. B. Alcock 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1975,6(1):5-18
The Symposium of the Faraday Society in 1948 entitled “Physical Chemistry of Process Metallurgy” occurred at a time when the
science of pyrometallurgy was just beginning an era of rapid development. This lecture discusses the growth of the subject
in the ensuing 25 years showing that a profound increase in our range of understanding and of factual information has taken
place. The knowledge which has been gained now provides a good general framework for the industrial application of principles
and for teaching at the University level. The social and intellectual climate of the times, however, appears to be leading
to a slow-down in the pursuit of fundamental knowledge, in this as in many other applied scientific fields, and the case is
argued for a renewal of effort.
The Extractive Metallurgy Lecture was authorized in 1959 to provide an outstanding man in the field of nonferrous metallurgy
as a lecturer at the annual AIME meeting.
C. B. ALCOCK is Chairman of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science at the University of Toronto. He is a 1944
graduate of the Chemistry Department of London's Imperial College. He received his doctorate in chemical metallurgy from London
University in 1955.
After a short spell with the British Iron and Steel Research Association he was appointed Investigator in the Nuffield Research
Group of the Royal School of Mines in 1950. Joining the academic staff of the Metallurgy Department in 1953 as a Lecturer,
Dr. Alcock was a Reader in 1961 and a Professor of Metallurgical Chemistry in 1965. Dr. Alcock is a former Science Research
Foundation Professor of the Carnegie Institute of Technology and of North Carolina State University. He was a Ford Visiting
Professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1965. Dr. Alcock's research interests are in high temperature chemistry of
metal and ceramic systems. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London). 相似文献
4.
Paul G. Shewmon R.F. Mehl Medalist 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1998,29(6):1535-1544
A chronological summary is given of the various types of grain boundary fracture found in metals. In each case, there is an
impurity that adsorbs at the new (fracture) surface being formed. For the case of Fe-P alloys, a quantitative argument can
show that adsorption of phosphorous on the free surface greatly reduces the barrier to void nucleation compared to that in
the absence of phosphorous. The same or larger reduction would appear for any other element, which adsorbs more strongly than
phosphorous and displaces it at the surface. Such an argument is shown to explain a great many cases of dimpled grain boundary
fracture in strong alloys undergoing creep or hydrogen attack. The reduction in surface energy can also lead to a smooth grain
boundary fracture (no void nucleation), in which diffusion of solute to the new surface limits crack growth. Numerous examples
of this are also discussed.
Dr. Shewmon studied metallurgical engineering at the University of Illinois (B.S. 1952) and Carnegie Institute of Technology
(Ph.D. 1955). His first job was at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory, where he studied thermal diffusion in alloys and
surface diffusion. In 1958, he moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he served as a professor until 1967. The
text “Diffusion in Solids” was published in 1963. An NSF Fellowship was used to study at Professor C. Wagner’s Max Planck
Institute (Goettingen, Germany) in 1963.
From 1968 to 1973, he was at Argonne National Laboratory, serving successively as Associate Director of the Metallurgy Division,
Associate Director of the EBR-2 Project, and Director of the Materials Science Division. The text “Transformations in Metals”
was published in 1969. Materials behavior in fast breeder reactors was the main theme of his work during this period.
He was the director of the Division of Materials Research at the National Science Foundation from 1973 to 1975. From 1975
to 1993, he was Professor at Ohio State University in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering (later Materials Science
and Engineering), serving as Chairman from 1975 to 1983. Research interests during this period were hard particle erosion
and hydrogen-induced cracking of steel (“hydrogen attack”). From 1977 to 1993 he served on the Advisory Committee on Reactor
Safety for the United States Nuclear Regulations Committee, serving as Chair for three of those years.
Dr. Shewmon was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 and has been awarded the standing of Fellow in TMS,
ASM, ANS, and AAAS. He has received several outstanding paper awards (Noble-AIME, Raymond—TMS, Mathewson—TMS, and Howe—ASM).
He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois in 1981 and a Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist
Prize in 1984.
The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition
of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for
all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering.
The Institute of Metals Lecture was established in 1921, at which time the Institute of Metals Division was the only professional
division within the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. It has been given annually since 1922 by distinguished
people from this country and abroad. Beginning in 1973 and thereafter, the person selected to deliver the lecture will be
known as the “Institute of Metals Division Lecturer and R.F. Mehl Medalist” for that year. 相似文献
5.
Nathan E. Promisel 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1985,16(1):5-11
Recognizing the pervasive importance of materials science and engineering (MSE) to practically every facet of man’s life,
this lecture takes a broad view of the origin and technical trends and achievements in MSE, briefly reviewing its history
and relationship to society over many millennia, to the present day, with specific examples. Major emphasis, however, is placed
on modern MSE as related to current national issues, using as illustrations of the latter natural resources, industry and
the economy, research and development, education, and technology transfer. The discussion of these areas leads to consideration
of the role of the Federal Government and the importance of and need for a coherent national policy to deal with critical
issues, many of which are listed herein. Some important steps by the Government fostering high level coordination as well
as cooperation among government, industry, and academe are cited. Having thus illustrated the pervasive and vital impact of
MSE on society, and its current esteemed recognition and position of influence, the lecture concludes that in this period
of global change — social, economic, and technological — there is a challenge to MSE to respond beneficially to societal needs
more than ever before. The opportunity and mechanisms now exist. Greater participation in the public and political arenas,
with mutual education, is indicated.
NATHAN E. PROMISEL received his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science Degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
did his doctorate work at Yale University, and received an Honorary Doctor of Engineering Degree at Michigan Technological
University.
He became Assistant Lab Director at International Silver Company, leaving in 1940, and Chief Materials Scientist and Engineer
(aeronautics and weapons) and Materials Research Coordinator for the Department of the Navy, leaving in 1966. He is presently
an International Consultant.
Dr. Promisel has been a long-time member of the National Materials Advisory Board of the National Academies of Science and
Engineering, and from 1966 to 1974 was its Executive Director. He was also a Member of the Office of Technology Assessment
(Congress) Materials Advisory Committee, as well as Chairman or Member of numerous other Government and public technical groups.
These included being Chairman of the U.S. Group for the Science Exchange Program with the U.S.S.R., for materials and electrometallurgy,
and serving as Chairman of the NATO Aerospace Research Group (Materials and Structures).
Dr. Promisel is a member of the National Academy of Engineering; Past President, Fellow, and Honorary Member, American Society
for Metals; Past President and Founding Member of the Federation of Materials Societies; Honorary Member of AIME, ASTM, and
SAE (Materials Division); Fellow of British Institute of Metals and SAMPE. He has presented distinguished lectures to The
Electrochemical Society and ASTM.
Dr. Promisel has received numerous awards and is the holder of two patents. He has written 65 technical papers and has been
the author, contributor, or editor of eight books. 相似文献
6.
Alexander McLean 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2006,37(3):319-332
In our efforts to characterize and improve the performance of an existing steelmaking process or in our quest to generate
useful knowledge as a basis for the development of new manufacturing routes, measurements and models should be considered
as two interdependent requirements. Without measurements, our models are incomplete and unsatisfactory. Without models, we
fail to realize, or perhaps even comprehend, the potential significance of our measurements. Sometimes in our enthusiasm,
we construct sophisticated elegant models and forget the reality of the actual manufacturing process. In this computer age,
we need to remember again the importance of observations and accurate measurements. In addition, as engineers and applied
scientists, we have an obligation and a responsibility to facilitate the transfer of new knowledge into the realm of operating
practice. During this process of generation, evaluation, and communication of new knowledge, the knowledge exchange step is
perhaps the most difficult. In this context, the preeminent aim of collaborative activities between our educational institutions,
industrial organizations, government funding agencies, and professional societies is to ensure the availability of high-quality
people who not only understand the fundamental aspects and practical implications of their discipline, but also are fully
equipped with the essential skills of communication that will enable them to participate throughout their career in this most
challenging and satisfying activity, the science and technology of steelmaking.
The Brimacombe Memorial Lectureship was established in 1999 by the Process Technology Division of the Iron & Steel Society
to honor Dr. J. Keith Brimacombe’s outstanding accomplishments in the area of process metallurgy, his dedication to the steel
industry, and his profound effect on people in the industry; and also to acquaint members, students, and engineers with the
many exciting opportunities that exist in the area of process metallurgy and to inspire them to pursue careers in this field.
Professor McLean obtained his degrees in Applied Chemistry and Metallurgy from the University of Glasgow and the Royal College
of Science and Technology, now the University of Strathcylde. After 5 years with the Metallurgy and Materials Science Department
at McMaster University in the mid-1960s, he moved to the Graham Research Laboratory of Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation
in Pittsburgh. He returned to Canada in 1970 and joined the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science at the University
of Toronto where he served as the American Iron and Steel Institute Distinguished Professor from 1982 through 1986 and as
Department Chair from 1992 through 1997. He is an Adjunct Professor at Chiba Institute of Technology in Japan and holds the
position of Invited Professor at Kyoto University. In 1985, he served as President of the Iron and Steel Society of AIME and
in 1988 delivered the 65th Henry Marion Howe Memorial Lecture. He is an Honorary Member of AIME, the Iron & Steel Institute
of Japan, and the Hungarian Mining & Metallurgical Society. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and also several
professional associations. He has received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Miskolc in Hungary and the University
of Strathclyde in Scotland as well as awards from technical societies in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and
Japan for contributions to the science and technology of steel processing and for activities pertaining to metallurgical education.
He has authored or co-authored about 300 publications and has served as a consultant to companies in North America and Europe
and as a board member of several industrial organizations. He was appointed Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto
in 2002. 相似文献
7.
Arden L. Bement 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1987,18(1):5-17
The field of materials science and engineering is advancing at a revolutionary pace. It is now generally recognized as being
among the key emerging technological fields propelling our world societies into the twenty-first century. The driving forces
for this revolutionary pace are at once social, economic, political, and technological. For example, relatively recent changes
in United States federal policies in environmental control, hazardous waste management, and energy conservation along with
heightened international trade competition have resulted in major changes in material processing and use patterns. These changing
patterns are creating new requirements for material developments, substitutions, and associated processes. This paper traces
the emergence of materials policy and technological developments through four sub-periods of history: the birth and development
of engineering in the United States (1825–1900), the evolution of a national research infrastructure (1900–1945), the evolution
of a national science policy (1945–1973), and the intensification of global interdependency (1973-present). Future trends
in materials developments and future policy requirements are outlined.
Technical Resources, of TRW, Inc., began his professional career in 1954 as a research metallurgist and reactor project engineer
with General Electric Co. at the Hanford Atomic Products Operation in Richland, WA. In 1965 he joined Battelle Memorial Institute
as a manager of the metallurgy research department and three years later became manager of the fuels and materials department.
In 1970 Dr. Bement joined the faculty of Massachusetts Institute of Technology as professor of nuclear materials. From 1974
to 1976 he served as a member of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Bilateral Exchange Program in Magnetohydrodynamics and was the organizer
and principal investigator of the M.I.T. Fusion Technology Program. In 1976 Dr. Bement became Director of the Materials Sciences
Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and in 1979 was appointed Deputy Under-Secretary of Defense for Research
and Engineering. Dr. Bement has co-authored one book, edited three books, and authored over 90 articles on materials science,
energy, and defense technology. He is a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society, the American Society for Metals, and the American
Institute of Chemists. In addition, he is a member of the American Institute for Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers,
and the American Society for Testing and Materials. He has received outstanding achievement awards from the Colorado Engineering
Council in 1954, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1977, and the Colorado School of Mines in 1984. In 1980
he was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal by the Secretary of Defense. He is a member of the National Academy
of Engineering. Dr. Bement is chairman of the National Materials Advisory Board and a member of the Board of Army Science
and Technology, the Board on Engineering Sciences, the Board on Assessment of National Bureau of Standards Programs, and the
Board on Science and Technology for International Development of the National Research Council. Dr. Bement received an Engineer
of Metallurgy (E. Met.) degree in 1954 from the Colorado School of Mines. He received an M.S. in Metallurgical Engineering
from the University of Idaho in 1959, and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1963. He is a Lt. Colonel (ret.) in the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Dr. Bement and his family reside in Mayfield Village, OH. 相似文献
8.
Robert D. Pehlke 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2002,33(4):519-541
The historical development of solidification modeling is traced, as applied to solidification processing. Clearly, the growth
of this technology followed the computer explosion, particularly with regard to hardware. However, universities and government
laboratories made substantial contributions in the software area, particularly in removing roadblocks to the further development
of the technology and by creative examples. The commercial software houses have utilized these leading-edge developments,
a practice continued and expanding today. Heat-transfer analyses by computer were initiated by utilizing the analog computer,
which appeared to be a competing technology, but by the early 1960s, the digital computer had become the winner in larger-scale
computation. A number of benchmark achievements followed over the next several decades. The evolution of this technology is
documented, including predictions of solidification microstructure and resulting material properties. Future developments
are projected.
This lecture was presented to honor Edward DeMille Campbell (University of Michigan, Class of 1886), born in 1863, who was
appointed Assistant Professor of Metallurgy in 1890. Dr. Campbell brought a strong interest in the study of the constitution
of metals and alloys to the University of Michigan. In 1892, during a study of the composition of steel, he lost his eyesight
in a laboratory explosion. Within five days, he returned to the University, and resumed his teaching and research. Over the
next 30 years, he published 72 research papers, and developed a laboratory course in metallography. In 1924, working under
the direction of Professor Campbell, William Fink discovered a new, tetragonal form of iron (martensite) in the first significant
application of a new tool, X-ray diffraction, to physical metallurgy. It was these experiments that established the beginning
of a strong tradition in physical metallurgy at the University of Michigan. In 1898, Campbell led the effort to establish
Chemical Engineering at Michigan, becoming Professor of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry in 1902. In 1914, Campbell
was appointed Director of the University’s Chemical Laboratory and Professor of Chemistry. Following his death in 1925, the
American Society for Metals established this annual award in his name.
The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition
of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for
all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering.
Robert D. Pehlke studied at the University of Michigan, B.S.E. (Met. Eng.) 1955, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, S.M. (Met.) 1958,
and Sc.D. (Met.) 1960, and at the Technical Institute, Aachen, as a Fulbright Fellow, 1956–57. He joined the faculty of the
University of Michigan as Assistant Professor in February 1960, and was appointed Associate Professor in June 1963 and full
Professor in June 1968. In May 1973, he was named Chairman of the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. In
June 1978 and 1983, he was reappointed Department Chairman and served until June 1984. In 1994, he was Visiting Professor
at Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan).
He is a member of AIME and ASM, and has served on numerous divisional and award committees within these societies. He has
served on the Technical Divisions Board (1982–84), as Secretary of the ASM Academy for Metals and Materials Committee, and
in 1976 was named a Fellow of the Society. In 1964, he co-edited the ASM seminar volume on Computers in Metallurgy. He has
served as Chairman of the Process Technology Division and as a Director of the ISS-AIME. In 1980, he was named a Distinguished
Life Member of the ISS. In 1976, he received the Science Award Gold Medal of the Extractive Metallurgy Division of TMS-AIME.
In 1983, he was named a Fellow of TMS. He was chairman of the former AIME-ISS Division Publications Committee. He served as
chairman of the Editorial Board for the AIME Monograph Series on Oxygen Steelmaking. In 1980, he presented the Howe Memorial
Lecture on “Steelmaking—The Jet Age.”
In 1991–92, he was the Krumb Lecturer of the Metallurgical Society. In 1980, he was named a Case Institute Centennial Scholar
and the Van Horn Distinguished Lecturer at Case Western Reserve University. He has lectured widely internationally, and at
technical conferences, universities, corporations, and technical society chapters, including presenting a number of keynote,
invited, and honorary lectures.
He was National President of Alpha Sigma Mu and a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and the New York Academy of Sciences. He
is also a member of the American Society for Engineering Education and the American Foundry Society. He has held memberships
in the Iron and Steel Institute of London, the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, and the Verein Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute.
He is a registered professional engineer in the State of Michigan. Dr. Pehlke has served as Foundry Educational Foundation
Professor at The University of Michigan for 17 years.
Professor Pehlke has authored or co-authored over 300 publications, including editing, authoring, or co-authoring 11 books.
His text Unit Processes of Extractive Metallurgy has been widely used throughout the world. He co-authored Continuous Casting—Design and Operations, which is Volume 4 of the ISS-AIME series. He has won seven American Foundry Society Best Paper awards.
In 1963, Dr. Pehlke published an ASM pioneering paper first describing computer modeling of continuous casting of steel. In
1964, he continued this work in conjunction with McLouth Steel Corporation, which had just installed the first slab casting
machine for steel in the United States. In 1968, he, with the support of the Heat Transfer Committee of the American Foundry
Society, initiated the first university research program in North America on computer modeling of the solidification of shaped
castings.
His early professional employment included three summers each with General Motors Research Laboratories and the Ford Scientific
Laboratory. He has consulted extensively on a wide range of metallurgical subjects, principally with ferrous and nonferrous
metal producers and their suppliers.
His research has covered a broad range of metallurgical topics with an emphasis on high-temperature physical chemistry of
metallurgical systems, modeling of solidification of metals, and computer applications in metallurgy. 相似文献
9.
Robert D. Pehlke 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2002,33(8):2251-2273
The historical development of solidification modeling is traced, as applied to solidification processing. Clearly, the growth
of this technology followed the computer explosion, particularly with regard to hardware. However, universities and government
laboratories made substantial contributions in the software area, particularly in removing roadblocks to the further development
of the technology and by creative examples. The commercial software houses have utilized these leading-edge developments,
a practice continued and expanding today. Heat-transfer analyses by computer were initiated by utilizing the analog computer,
which appeared to be a competing technology, but by the early 1960s, the digital computer had become the winner in larger-scale
computation. A number of benchmark achievements followed over the next several decades. The evolution of this technology is
documented, including predictions of solidification microstructure and resulting material properties. Future developments
are projected.
This lecture was presented to honor Edward DeMille Campbell (University of Michigan, Class of 1886), born in 1863, who was
appointed Assistant Professor of Metallurgy in 1890. Dr. Campbell brought a strong interest in the study of the constitution
of metals and alloys to the University of Michigan. In 1892, during a study of the composition of steel, he lost his eyesight
in a laboratory explosion. Within five days, he returned to the University, and resumed his teaching and research. Over the
next 30 years, he published 72 research papers, and developed a laboratory course in metallography. In 1924, working under
the direction of Professor Campbell, William Fink discovered a new, tetragonal form of iron (martensite) in the first significant
application of a new tool, X-ray diffraction, to physical metallurgy. It was these experiments that established the beginning
of a strong tradition in physical metallurgy at the University of Michigan. In 1898, Campbell led the effort to establish
Chemical Engineering at Michigan, becoming Professor of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry in 1902. In 1914, Campbell
was appointed Director of the University’s Chemical Laboratory and Professor of Chemistry. Following his death in 1925, the
American Society for Metals established this annual award in his name.
The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition
of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for
all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering.
Robert D. Pehlke studied at the University of Michigan, B.S.E. (Met. Eng.) 1955, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, S.M. (Met.) 1958,
and Sc.D. (Met.) 1960, and at the Technical Institute, Aachen, as a Fulbright Fellow, 1956–57. He joined the faculty of the
University of Michigan as Assistant Professor in February 1960, and was appointed Associate Professor in June 1963 and full
Professor in June 1968. In May 1973, he was named Chairman of the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering. In
June 1978 and 1983, he was reappointed Department Chairman and served until June 1984. In 1994, he was Visiting Professor
at Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan).
He is a member of AIME and ASM, and has served on numerous divisional and award committees within these societies. He has
served on the Technical Divisions Board (1982–84), as Secretary of the ASM Academy for Metals and Materials Committee, and
in 1976 was named a Fellow of the Society. In 1964, he co-edited the ASM seminar volume on Computers in Metallurgy. He has
served as Chairman of the Process Technology Division and as a Director of the ISS-AIME. In 1980, he was named a Distinguished
Life Member of the ISS. In 1976, he received the Science Award Gold Medal of the Extractive Metallurgy Division of TMS-AIME.
In 1983, he was named a Fellow of TMS. He was chairman of the former AIME-ISS Division Publications Committee. He served as
chairman of the Editorial Board for the AIME Monograph Series on Oxygen Steelmaking. In 1980, he presented the Howe Memorial
Lecture on “Steelmaking—The Jet Age.”
In 1991–92, he was the Krumb Lecturer of the Metallurgical Society. In 1980, he was named a Case Institute Centennial Scholar
and the Van Horn Distinguished Lecturer at Case Western Reserve University. He has lectured widely internationally, and at
technical conferences, universities, corporations, and technical society chapters, including presenting a number of keynote,
invited, and honorary lectures.
He was National President of Alpha Sigma Mu and a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and the New York Academy of Sciences. He
is also a member of the American Society for Engineering Education and the American Foundry Society. He has held memberships
in the Iron and Steel Institute of London, the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, and the Verein Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute.
He is a registered professional engineer in the State of Michigan. Dr. Pehlke has served as Foundry Educational Foundation
Professor at The University of Michigan for 17 years.
Professor Pehlke has authored or co-authored over 300 publications, including editing, authoring, or co-authoring 11 books.
His text Unit Processes of Extractive Metallurgy has been widely used throughout the world. He co-authored Continuous Casting—Design and Operations, which is Volume 4 of the ISS-AIME series. He has won seven American Foundry Society Best Paper awards.
In 1963, Dr. Pehlke published an ASM pioneering paper first describing computer modeling of continuous casting of steel. In
1964, he continued this work in conjunction with McLouth Steel Corporation, which had just installed the first slab casting
machine for steel in the United States. In 1968, he, with the support of the Heat Transfer Committee of the American Foundry
Society, initiated the first university research program in North America on computer modeling of the solidification of shaped
castings.
His early professional employment included three summers each with General Motors Research Laboratories and the Ford Scientific
Laboratory. He has consulted extensively on a wide range of metallurgical subjects, principally with ferrous and nonferrous
metal producers and their suppliers.
His research has covered a broad range of metallurgical topics with an emphasis on high-temperature physical chemistry of
metallurgical systems, modeling of solidification of metals, and computer applications in metallurgy. 相似文献
10.
Roderick I. L. Guthrie 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2004,35(3):417-437
Fluid flows are an integral part of many metallurgical processing operations. They affect the viability, effectiveness, and
efficiency of many reactors, be they physical or chemical, in nature. The performance characteristics of blast furnaces, steelmaking
vessels, ladles, tundishes, and the molds of continuous casting machines are all strongly influenced by such flows of fluids.
Similarly, the question of liquid metal quality, and cast microstructures, is bound up with the way fluids have flowed and
interacted. In all these aspects, the evolution in our techniques and abilities to model single- and multiphase flows and
their attendant heat- and mass-transfer processes has contributed significantly to our understanding, and ability, to control
these processes, to design improvements, and to develop new processes. To be ignorant of such matters can doom a processing
operation to the scrap heap of metallurgical failures. This article reviews some of the more important aspects of flows in
metallurgical reactor systems associated with steel and aluminum processing, by way of a series of typical examples.
Roderick I.L. Guthrie is the Director of the McGill Metals Processing Centre (MMPC) and the Macdonald Professor of Metallurgy
in the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University (Montreal). Leaving Durham Cathedral School,
as Head Chorister, in 1953, he later graduated from Nottingham High School in 1960, took an honors degree in metallurgy at
the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, in 1963, and went on to obtain a doctorate in process metallurgy in 1967, under
the guidance of Professors Richardson and Bradshaw of the Nuffield and John Percy Research Groups. Since then, Dr. Guthrie
has carried out pioneering research in process engineering metallurgy, on a multitude of topics related to the processing
of iron and steel, and of light metals. As well as some 350 papers written in collaboration with his many graduate students,
he also wrote the textbooks “Engineering in Process Metallurgy” and “The Properties of Liquid Metals” published by Oxford
University Press, in 1990.
Something of an inventor, Guthrie presently holds some 150 patents on a variety of inventions, one of which is in use, worldwide,
for the detection of inclusions in liquid aluminum (LiMCA). Most recently, an in-situ sensor for the three-dimensional scanning of inclusions in liquid steel has been successfully accomplished, also based on
the electric sensing zone technique, again in close collaboration with industrial colleagues. Dr. Guthrie’s most recent research
interests are concerned with the high-speed, near-net-shape casting of sheet materials via twin-roll, and single belt, casting machines, and the possibility of bulk amorphous sheet materials.
His career of 30 years at McGill University has been interspersed with 20 summers as a full-time research consultant to the
steel and aluminum industries, plus a number of Visiting Professorships at the Universities of Tohoku, NTH, KTH, Carnegie
Mellon, Greenwich, and Guildford. Dr. Guthrie is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Mining, a Fellow of the Royal Society
of Canada, a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society. He has
been the recipient of numerous Best Paper Awards, including two Henry Marion Howe Medals of the ASM, two John Chipman Awards
of the ISS, two Extractive Metallurgy Awards of the TMS, and three Light Metal Awards of TMS and CIM. He has served on the
Board of Directors of the Metallurgical Society of Canadian Institute of Mining, Metals and Petroleum Engineers, being its
President in 1992. 相似文献
11.
Mechanical properties of thin films 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
William D. Nix 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1989,20(11):2217-2245
The mechanical properties of thin films on substrates are described and studied. It is shown that very large stresses may
be present in the thin films that comprise integrated circuits and magnetic disks and that these stresses can cause deformation
and fracture to occur. It is argued that the approaches that have proven useful in the study of bulk structural materials
can be used to understand the mechanical behavior of thin film materials. Understanding the mechanical properties of thin
films on substrates requires an understanding of the stresses in thin film structures as well as a knowledge of the mechanisms
by which thin films deform. The fundamentals of these processes are reviewed. For a crystalline film on a nondeformable substrate,
a key problem involves the movement of dislocations in the film. An analysis of this problem provides insight into both the
formation of misfit dislocations in epitaxial thin films and the high strengths of thin metal films on substrates. It is demonstrated
that the kinetics of dislocation motion at high temperatures are expecially important to the understanding of the formation
of misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial structures. The experimental study of mechanical properties of thin films requires
the development and use of nontraditional mechanical testing techniques. Some of the techniques that have been developed recently
are described. The measurement of substrate curvature by laser scanning is shown to be an effective way of measuring the biaxial
stresses in thin films and studying the biaxial deformation properties at elevated temperatures. Submicron indentation testing
techniques, which make use of the Nanoindenter, are also reviewed. The mechanical properties that can be studied using this
instrument are described, including hardness, elastic modulus, and time-dependent deformation properties. Finally, a new testing
technique involving the deflection of microbeam samples of thin film materials made by integrated circuit manufacturing methods
is described. It is shown that both elastic and plastic properties of thin film materials can be measured using this technique.
The Institute of Metals Lecture was established in 1921, at which time the Institute of Metals Division was the only professional
division within the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Society. It has been given annually since 1922
by distinguished men from this country and abroad. Beginning in 1973 and thereafter, the person selected to deliver the lecture
will be known as the “Institute of Metals Division Lecturer and R.F. Mehl Medalist” for that year.
WILLIAM D. NIX, Professor, obtained his B.S. degree in Metallurgical Engineering from San Jose State University, San Jose,
CA, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, respectively, from Stanford University,
Stanford, CA. He joined the faculty at Stanford in 1963 and was appointed Professor in 1972. In 1964, Professor Nix received
the Western Electric Fund Award for Excellence in Engineering Instruction and, in 1970, the Bradley Stoughton Teaching Award
of ASM. He received the 1979 Champion Herbert Mathewson Award and, in 1988, was the Institute of Metals Lecturer and recipient
of the Robert Franklin Mehl Award of TMS-AIME. He was elected Fellow of the American Society for Metals in 1978 and elected
Fellow of TMS-AIME in 1988. He also received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from San Jose State University in 1980, and he
served as Chairman of the 1985 Gordon Conference on Physical Metallurgy. In 1987, he was elected to the National Academy of
Engineering. In 1966, he participated in the Ford Foundation's “Residence in Engineering Practice” program as Assistant to
the Director of Technology at the Stellite Division of Union Carbide Corporation. From 1968 to 1970, Professor Nix was Director
of Stanford's Center for Materials Research. Professor Nix is engaged in research on the mechanical properties of solids.
He is principally concerned with the relation between structure and mechanical properties of materials in both thin film and
bulk form. He is coauthor of about 190 publications in these and related fields. Professor Nix teaches courses on dislocation
theory and mechanical properties of materials. He is coauthor of “The Principles of Engineering Materials,” published in 1973
by Prentice-Hall, Incorporated, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 相似文献
12.
F. D. Richardson 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1971,2(10):2747-2756
Drops and bubbles are of great importance to the extractive metallurgist in his attempts to speed up processes by the use
of sprays, foams, and jets. In this lecture the ways in which bubbles bring about mass transfer in liquid metals and in slag
metal reactions are described. The role of interfacial turbulence is considered together with the effects of bubble size and
frequency and the properties of the slag and metal phases. Reactions between drops of metal and flowing gases are analyzed
in terms of mass transfer in the reacting phases and of chemical steps at the interface. Recent results obtained on reactions
involving metal drops falling through liquids are considered in relation to mass transfer models in which internal circulation
plays an important part. The work described reports only one facet of the rapidly developing subject of Process Engineering
which ought now to feature prominently in metalurgical education.
Dr. F. DENYS RICHARDSON. Professor of Extraction Metallurgy. Department of Metallurgy, Royal School of Mines. Imperial College
of Science and Technology, London, England, graduated in chemistry at University College, London, in 1933, and obtained a
Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1936. From 1937 to 1939 he was Commonwealth Fund Fellow at the University of Princeton. From
1946 to 1950 he worked as superintendent chemist at BISRA, building up the work of the chemistry department.
He went to Imperial College in 1950 to found the Nuffield Research Group in Extraction Metallurgy and advance the study of
chemical metallurgy at high temperatures. He received awards in recognition of his work on the thermodynamic properties of
high-temperature systems with special reference to iron- and steelmaking and for his work on high-temperature chemical metallurgy.
He was appointed Professor of Extraction Metallurgy at Imperial College in 1957, his objectives there being to establish the
department as a research center for chemical and process engineering metallurgy, and to develop a metallurgy course in which
these subjects receive as much attention as physical metallurgy. In 1963 he was elected a Fellow of the Metallurgical Society
of the AIME, and in 1964 he gave the AIME Howe Memorial Lecture. Professor Richardson delivered the Hatfield Memorial Lecture
in 1964, the May Lecture of the Institute of Metals in 1965, and the Wernher Memorial Lecture of The Institution of Mining
and Metallurgy in 1967. He was elected a Member of Council of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1967, having been an Honorary
Member since 1962. In 1968 he became a Vice-President of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. In that year he was also
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute, both honors for
his contribution to the understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of metallurgical processes. In 1970 the honorary
degree of Doktor-Ingenieur was conferred on him by the Technische Hochschale, Aachen.
The 1971 Extractive Metallurgy Division Lecture, “Drops and Bubbles in Extractive Metallurgy.” was delivered on Wedresday,
March 3, 1971. 相似文献
13.
This paper attempts to summarize some of Edgar Bain’s inspired contributions to metallurgy during a period of about a decade—surely
one of the most intensely creative eras in the history of the profession. It is necessarily subjective and to some extent
incomplete, but it hopefully provides a documentation of clear thinking about important practical and theoretical problems
and of incisive experimentation to confirm critical hypotheses.
H. W. PAXTON, on leave from Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., is Director, Division of Materials Research, National
Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 相似文献
14.
A. D. Romig 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2004,35(6):1021-1028
The field of nanotechnology is developing rapidly, as are its practical application in society. In this article, we give examples
that demonstrate the enormous potential that exists for this new class of materials, and for devices with critical dimensions
of less than 100 nm. We also identify some of the challenges that need to be faced in order to fully realize the practical
benefits of nanotechnology, and discuss possible risks that may come with this new technology. In all cases, the unique advantage
of nanotechnology can be traced back to nanoscale physical and chemical properties that are quite different from those encountered
in more traditional microscopic (micro) or macroscopic (macro) materials and devices. Unique nanoscale properties and behaviors
are already being used to increase energy efficiency, improve healthcare, and strengthen national security. However, while
progress is rapid, many challenges remain. These include manufacturing at the nanoscale, integration of nanoscale materials
and devices with more conventional technology, and predictive modeling that will allow nanotechnology to be engineered reliably
into useful applications and products. Nanotechnology can be expected to have an increasing impact on human lives and society
at large. As we strive to use nanotechnology to improve human life through better healthcare, cleaner environment, and improved
national security, we must also work to detect and assess the negative impacts that nanotechnology (or any new technology)
might bring. We suggest that the conduct of science should be allowed to proceed unimpeded, so that we can fully understand and appreciate the rules of nature at the nanometer
scale. That said, scientific pursuits that involve self-replication in synthetic systems, encryption, defense technology,
or the enhancement of human intelligence should be reviewed. The development of new technology from fundamental science and
the process of deciding what new technology is to be created for what purpose are topics for reasoned debate among the general
public as well as in the forums of scientific peer review and political decision making.
Dr. Alton D. Romig, Jr., is currently Vice President, Nonproliferation and Assessments, at Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque,
NM). His responsibilities include the leadership and management of the development and engineering activities that provide
systems, science, technology, and expertise in support of national objectives to reduce the threat to the United States from
proliferation of and use of weapons of mass destruction. Program areas include remote sensing, proliferation assessment, technology
assessment, international security, physical security, and nuclear/chemical/biological nonproliferation and counterintelligence.
Dr. Romig is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is active on a number of National Academy of Engineering/National
Research Council Committees and Boards. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and
member of Science, Engineering and Public Policy Committee and TMS (Fellow Class of 2005) (The Metals, Minerals and Materials
Society). Dr. Romig is also Fellow and former President of ASM INTERNATIONAL (formerly American Society for Metals). He also
serves on the Boards of Atomic Weapons Establishment Management Limited, a Lockheed Martin joint venture company in the United
Kingdom, and Technology Ventures Corporation, a Lockheed Martin subsidiary dedicated to technology commercialization.
For his pioneering work in analytical electron microscopy and solid-state diffusion, Dr. Romig has received several awards,
including the Burton Medal (1988), awarded by the Electron Microscopy Society of America to an Outstanding Young Scientist;
the K.F.J. Heinrich Award (1991), given by the Microbeam Analysis Society to an Outstanding Young Scientist; the ASM Silver
Medal for Outstanding Materials Research (1992); and the Acta Metallurgica International Lectureship (1993–1994). Dr. Romig
has also been named the 2003 ASM-TMS Distinguished Lecturer in Materials and Society.
He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in materials science and engineering from Lehigh University in 1975, 1977, and
1979, respectively. In 1979, he joined Sandia National Laboratories as a member of the technical staff, Physical Metallurgy
Division. After a variety of management assignments, he was named Director, Materials and Process Sciences, in 1992. From
1995 to 1999, he was Director of Microsystems Science, Technology, and Components. In 1999, he was named Chief Technology
Officer and Vice President for Science, Technology, and Partnerships. In that role, he was Chief Scientific Officer for the
Nuclear Weapons program, accountable for Sandia’s interactions with industry and the Laboratories’ Campus Executive program.
In addition, he was responsible for the Laboratory Directed Research & Development program. He served in this capacity until
attaining his present position in 2003.
With Terry A. Michalske and R.J. Floran 相似文献
15.
A. D. Romig 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(12):3641-3648
The field of nanotechnology is developing rapidly, as are its practical application in society. In this article, we give examples
that demonstrate the enormous potential that exists for this new class of materials, and for devices with critical dimensions
of less than 100 nm. We also identify some of the challenges that need to be faced in order to fully realize the practical
benefits of nanotechnology, and discuss possible risks that may come with this new technology. In all cases, the unique advantage
of nanotechnology can be traced back to nanoscale physical and chemical properties that are quite different from those encountered
in more traditional microscopic (micro) or macroscopic (macro) materials and devices. Unique nanoscale properties and behaviors
are already being used to increase energy efficiency, improve healthcare, and strengthen national security. However, while
progress is rapid, many challenges remain. These include manufacturing at the nanoscale, integration of nanoscale materials
and devices with more conventional technology, and predictive modeling that will allow nanotechnology to be engineered reliably
into useful applications and products. Nanotechnology can be expected to have an increasing impact on human lives and society
at large. As we strive to use nanotechnology to improve human life through better healthcare, cleaner environment, and improved
national security, we must also work to detect and assess the negative impacts that nanotechnology science (or any new technology) might bring. We suggest that the conduct of should be allowed to proceed unimpeded, so that we can
fully understand and appreciate the rules of nature at the nanometer scale. That said, scientific pursuits that involve self-replication
in synthetic systems, encryption, defense technology, or the enhancement of human intelligence should be reviewed. The development
of new technology from fundamental science and the process of deciding what new technology is to be created for what purpose
are topics for reasoned debate among the general public as well as in the forums of scientific peer review and political decision
making.
Dr. Alton D. Romig, Jr., is currently Vice President, Nonproliferation and Assessments, at Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque,
NM). His responsibilities include the leadership and management of the development and engineering activities that provide
systems, science, technology, and expertise in support of national objectives to reduce the threat to the United States from
proliferation of and use of weapons of mass destruction. Program areas include remote sensing, proliferation assessment, technology
assessment, international security, physical security, and nuclear/chemical/biological nonproliferation and counterintelligence.
Dr. Romig is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is active on a number of National Academy of Engineering/National
Research Council Committees and Boards. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and
member of Science, Engineering and Public Policy Committee and TMS (Fellow Class of 2005) (The Metals, Minerals and Materials
Society). Dr. Romig is also Fellow and former President of ASM INTERNATIONAL (formerly American Society for Metals). He also
serves on the Boards of Atomic Weapons Establishment Management Limited, a Lockheed Martin joint venture company in the United
Kingdom, and Technology Ventures Corporation, a Lockheed Martin subsidiary dedicated to technology commercialization.
For his pioneering work in analytical electron microscopy and solidstate diffusion, Dr. Roming has received several awards,
including the Burton Medal (1988), awarded by the Electron Microscopy Society of America to an Outstanding Young Scientist;
the K.F.J. Heinrich Award (1991), given by the Microbeam Analysis Society to an Outstanding Young Scientist; the ASM Silver
Medal for Outstanding Materials Research (1992); and the Acta Metallurgica International Lectureship (1993–1994). Dr Roming
has also been named the 2003 ASM-TMS Distinguished Lecturer in Materials and Society.
He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in materials science and engineering from Lehigh University in 1975, 1977, and
1979, respectively. In 1979, he joined Sandia National Laboratories as a member of the technical staff, Physical Metallurgy
Division. After a variety of management assignments, he was named Director, Materials and Process Sciences, in 1992. From
1995 to 1999, he was Director of Microsystems Science, Technology, and Components. In 1999, he was named Chief Technology
Officer and Vice President for Science, Technology, and Partnerships. In that role, he was Chief Scientific Officer for the
Nuclear Weapons program, accountable for Sandia’s interactions with industry and the Laboratories’ Campus Executive program.
In addition, he was responsible for the Laboratory Directed Research & Development program. He served in this capacity until
attaining his present position in 2003.
With Terry A. Michalske and R.J. Floran 相似文献
16.
Grain boundary cracking 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul G. Shewmon 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》1998,29(3):509-518
A chronological summary is given of the various types of grain boundary fracture found in metals. In each case, there is an
impurity that adsorbs at the new (fracture) surface being formed. For the case of Fe-P alloys, a quantitative argument can
show that adsorption of phosphorous on the free surface greatly reduces the barrier to void nucleation compared to that in
the absence of phosphorous. The same or larger reduction would appear for any other element, which adsorbs more strongly than
phosphorous and displaces it at the surface. Such an argument is shown to explain a great many cases of dimpled grain boundary
fracture in strong alloys undergoing creep or hydrogen attack. The reduction in surface energy can also lead to a smooth grain
boundary fracture (no void nucleation), in which diffusion of solute to the new surface limits crack growth. Numerous examples
of this are also discussed.
Dr. Shewmon studied metallurgical engineering at the University of Illinois (B.S. 1952) and Carnegie Institute of Technology
(Ph.D. 1955). His first job was at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory, where he studied thermal diffusion in alloys and
surface diffusion. In 1958, he moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he served as a professor until 1967. The
text “Diffusion in Solids” was published in 1963. An NSF Fellowship was used to study at Professor C. Wagner’s Max Planck
Institute (Goettingen, Germany) in 1963.
From 1968 to 1973, he was at Argonne National Laboratory, serving successively as Associate Director of the Metallurgy Division,
Associate Director of the EBR-2 Project, and Director of the Materials Science Division. The text “Transformations in Metals”
was published in 1969. Materials behavior in fast breeder reactors was the main theme of his work during this period.
He was the director of the Division of Materials Research at the National Science Foundation from 1973 to 1975. From 1975
to 1993, he was Professor at Ohio State University in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering (later Materials Science
and Engineering), serving as Chairman from 1975 to 1983. Research interests during this period were hard particle erosion
and hydrogen-induced cracking of steel (“hydrogen attack”). From 1977 to 1993 he served on the Advisory Committee on Reactor
Safety for the United States Nuclear Regulations Committee, serving as Chair for three of those years.
Dr. Shewmon was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 and has been awarded the standing of Fellow in TMS,
ASM, ANS, and AAAS. He has received several outstanding paper awards (Noble-AIME, Raymond—TMS, Mathewson—TMS, and Howe—ASM).
He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Illinois in 1981 and a Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist
Prize in 1984.
The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition
of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for
all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering. 相似文献
17.
George Krauss 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2001,32(2):205-221
This article reviews the strengthening and fracture mechanisms that operate in carbon and low-alloy carbon steels with martensitic
microstructures tempered at low temperatures, between 150 °C and 200 °C. The carbon-dependent strength of low-temperature-tempered
(LTT) martensite is shown to be a function of the dynamic strain hardening of the dislocation and transition carbide substructure
of martensite crystals. In steels containing up to 0.5 mass pct carbon, fracture occurs by ductile mechanisms of microvoid
formation at dispersions of second-phase particles in the matrix of the strain-hardened tempered martensite. Steels containing
more than 0.5 mass pct carbon with LTT martensitic microstructures are highly susceptible to brittle intergranular fracture
at prior austenite grain boundaries. The mechanisms of the intergranular fracture are discussed, and approaches that have
evolved to minimize such fracture and to utilize the high strength of high-carbon hardened steels are described.
The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition
of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for
all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering.
Dr. George Krauss is currently University Emeritus Professor at the Colorado School of Mines. He received the B.S. in Metallurgical
Engineering from Lehigh University in 1955 and the M.S. and Sc.D. degrees in Metallurgy from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1958 and 1961, respectively, after working at the Superior Tube Company as a Development Engineer in 1956. In
1962–63, he was an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforshung (Düsseldorf, Germany). He served at
Lehigh University as Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor of Metallurgy and Materials Science from 1963
to 1975 and, in 1975, joined the faculty of the Colorado School of Mines as the AMAX Professor of Physical Metallurgy. He
was the John Henry Moore Professor of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the time of his retirement from the Colorado
School of Mines in 1997.
In 1984, Dr. Krauss was a principal in the establishment of the Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center, an
NSF industry-university cooperative research center at the Colorado School of Mines, and served as its first director until
1993. He has authored the book Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing Principles, ASM International, 1990, coauthored the book Tool Steels, Fifth Edition, ASM International, 1998, and edited or coedited several conference volumes on topics including tempering of steel, carburizing,
zinc-based coatings on steel, and microalloyed forging steels. He has published over 280 papers and lectured widely at technical
conferences, universities, corporations, and ASM chapters, including a number of keynote, invited, and honorary lectures.
Dr. Krauss has served as the President of the International Federation of Heat Treatment and Surface Modification, 1989–91,
and as President of ASM International, 1996–97. He is a Fellow of ASM International and has received the Adolf Martens Medal
of the German Society for Heat Treatment and Materials Technology, the Charles S. Barrett Silver Medal of the Rocky Mountain
Chapter ASM, the George Brown Gold Medal of the Colorado School of Mines, and several other professional and teaching awards,
including the ASM Albert Easton White Distinguished Teacher Award in 1999. He is an Honorary Member of the Iron and Steel
Institute of Japan and a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society of AIME. 相似文献
18.
George Krauss 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2001,32(4):861-877
This article reviews the strengthening and fracture mechanisms that operate in carbon and low-alloy carbon steels with martensitic
microstructures tempered at low temperatures, between 150 °C and 200 °C. The carbon-dependent strength of low-temperature-tempered
(LTT) martensite is shown to be a function of the dynamic strain hardening of the dislocation and transition carbide substructure
of martensite crystals. In steels containing up to 0.5 mass pct carbon, fracture occurs by ductile mechanisms of microvoid
formation at dispersions of second-phase particles in the matrix of the strain-hardened tempered martensite. Steels containing
more than 0.5 mass pct carbon with LTT martensitic microstructures are highly susceptible to brittle intergranular fracture
at prior austenite grain boundaries. The mechanisms of the intergranular fracture are discussed, and approaches that have
evolved to minimize such fracture and to utilize the high strength of high-carbon hardened steels are described.
The Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture was established in 1926 as an annual lecture in memory of and in recognition
of the outstanding scientific contributions to the metallurgical profession by a distinguished educator who was blind for
all but two years of his professional life. It recognizes demonstrated ability in metallurgical science and engineering.
Dr. George Krauss is currently University Emeritus Professor at the Colorado School of Mines. He received the B.S. in Metallurgical
Engineering from Lehigh University in 1955 and the M.S. and Sc.D. degrees in Metallurgy from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1958 and 1961, respectively, after working at the Superior Tube Company as a Development Engineer in 1956. In
1962–63, he was an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforshung (Düsseldorf, Germany). He served at
Lehigh University as Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor of Metallurgy and Materials Science from 1963
to 1975 and, in 1975, joined the faculty of the Colorado School of Mines as the AMAX Professor of Physical Metallurgy. He
was the John Henry Moore Professor of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the time of his retirement from the Colorado
School of Mines in 1997.
In 1984, Dr. Krauss was a principal in the establishment of the Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center, an
NSF industry-university cooperative research center at the Colorado School of Mines, and served as its first director until
1993. He has authored the book Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing Principles, ASM International, 1990, coauthored the book Tool Steels, Fifth Edition, ASM International, 1998, and edited or coedited several conference volumes on topics including tempering of steel, carburizing,
zinc-based coatings on steel, and microalloyed forging steels. He has published over 280 papers and lectured widely at technical
conferences, universities, corporations, and ASM chapters, including a number of keynote, invited, and honorary lectures.
Dr. Krauss has served as the President of the International Federation of Heat Treatment and Surface Modification, 1989–91,
and as President of ASM International, 1996–97. He is a Fellow of ASM International and has received the Adolf Martens Medal
of the German Society for Heat Treatment and Materials Technology, the Charles S. Barrett Silver Medal of the Rocky Mountain
Chapter ASM, the George Brown Gold Medal of the Colorado School of Mines, and several other professional and teaching awards,
including the ASM Albert Easton White Distinguished Teacher Award in 1999. He is an Honorary Member of the Iron and Steel
Institute of Japan and a Distinguished Member of the Iron and Steel Society of AIME. 相似文献
19.
Merton C. Flemings 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2001,32(4):853-860
Metallurgy/materials education will continue to evolve to encompass, in an intellectually unified way, the full range of structural
and functional materials. Computation, information, and other advanced sciences and technologies will assume increasing roles
in materials education, as will distance and continuing education. The advantages of the changes will be many … to the graduates,
to emerging industries, and to the traditional metallurgical industries seeking productive, creative young engineers as employees.
The need for continuing change in our metallurgy/materials departments is now no less if we are to attract the best young
people into our field in the numbers needed and to best serve the needs of industry.
Merton C. Flemings received his S.B. degree from MIT in the Department of Metallurgy in 1951. He received his S.M. and Sc.D.
degrees, also in Metallurgy, in 1952 and 1954, respectively. From 1954 to 1956, he was employed as Metallurgist at Abex Corporation
(Mahwah, NJ), and in 1956 returned to MIT as Assistant Professor. He was appointed Associate Professor in 1961 and Professor
in 1969. In 1970, he was appointed Abex Professor of Metallurgy. In 1975, he became Ford Professor of Engineering, and, in
1981, Toyota Professor of Materials Processing. He established and was the first director of the Materials Processing. He
established and was the first director of the Materials Processing Center at MIT in 1979. He served as Head, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, from 1982 to 1995 and thereafter returned to full-time teaching and research as Toyota
Professor. He was Visiting Professor at Cambridge University in 1971, Tokyo University in 1986, and Ecole des Mines in 1996.
In 1999, he was appointed Co-Director of the Singapore-MIT Alliance, a major distance educational and research collaboration
among MIT and two Singaporean universities.
Professor Flemings’ research and teaching concentrate on engineering fundamentals of materials processing and on innovation
of materials processing operations. He is active nationally and internationally in strengthening the field of Materials Science
and Engineering and in delineation of new directions for the field. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering
and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is author or co-author of 300 papers, 26 patents, and 2 books in the
fields of solidification science and engineering, foundry technology, and materials processing. He has worked closely with
industry and industrial problems throughout his professional career and currently serves on a number of corporate and technical
advisory boards.
He received the Simpson Gold Medal from the American Foundrymen’s Society in 1961, the Mathewson Gold Medal of TMS in 1969,
and the Henry Marion Howe Medal of ASM International in 1973 and became a Fellow, ASM International, in 1976. In 1977, he
was awarded the Henri Sainte-Claire Deville Medal by the Societe Francaise de Metallurgie. In October 1978, he received the
Albert Sauveur Achievement Award from ASM INTERNATIONAL. In 1980, he received the John Chipman Award from AIME. In 1984, he
was elected an honorary member of the Japan Foundrymen’s Society and, in 1985, received the James Douglas Gold Medal from
the AIME. The Italian Metallurgical Association awarded him the Luigi Losana Gold Medal in 1986, and he was elected honorary
member of The Japan Iron and Steel Institute in 1987. He was elected a TMS Fellow in 1989. In 1990, he received the TMS Leadership
Award, and the Henry Marion Howe Medal and delivered the Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture of ASM INTERNATIONAL. In
1991, he received the Merton C. Flemings Award from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Sigma Alpha Mu elected him a Distinguished
Life Member in 1992. In 1993, he received the TMS 1993 Bruce Chalmers Award and was elected Councillor of the Materials Research
Society. He was elected to the ASM INTERNATIONAL Board of Trustees in 1994. He received the Acta Metallurgica J. Herbert Holloman
Award in 1997 for “contributions to materials technology that have had major impact on society.” Also in 1997 he was appointed
David Turnbull Lecturer of the Materials Research Society for “outstanding contributions to understanding materials phenomena
and properties.” He received the Educator Award of TMS in 1999, received the FMS (Federation of Materials Societies) National
Materials Advancement Award in late 1999, and delivered the ASM and TMS Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society in
2000. 相似文献
20.
Merton C. Flemings 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2001,32(2):197-204
Metallurgy/materials education will continue to evolve to encompass, in an intellectually unified way, the full range of structural
and functional materials. Computation, information, and other advanced sciences and technologies will assume increasing roles
in materials education, as will distance and continuing education. The advantages of the changes will be many ... to the graduates,
to emerging industries, and to the traditional metallurgical industries seeking productive, creative young engineers as employees.
The need for continuing change in our metallurgy/materials departments is now no less if we are to attract the best young
people into our field in the numbers and to best serve the needs of industry.
Merton C. Flemings received his S.B. degree from MIT in the Department of Metallurgy in 1951. He received his S.M. and Sc.D.
degrees, also in Metallurgy, in 1952 and 1954, respectively. From 1954 to 1956, he was employed as Metallurgist at Abex Corporation
(Mahwah, NJ), and in 1956 returned to MIT as Assistant Professor. He was appointed Associate Professor in 1961 and Professor
in 1969. In 1970, he was appointed Abex Professor of Metallurgy. In 1975, he became Ford Professor of Engineering, and, in
1981, Toyota Professor of Materials Processing. He established and was the first director of the Materials Processing Center
at MIT in 1979. He served as Head, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, from 1982 to 1995 and thereafter returned
to full-time teaching and research as Toyota Professor. He was Visiting Professor at Cambridge University in 1971, Tokyo University
in 1986, and Ecole des Mines in 1996. In 1999, he was appointed Co-Director of the Singapore-MIT Alliance, a major distance
educational and research collaboration among MIT and two Singaporean universities.
Professor Flemings’ research and teaching concentrate on engineering fundamentals of materials processing and on innovation
of materials processing operations. He is active nationally and internationally in strengthening the field of Materials Science
and Engineering and in delineation of new directions for the field. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering
and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is author or co-author of 300 papers, 26 patents, and 2 books in the
fields of solidification science and engineering, foundry technology, and materials processing. He has worked closely with
industry and industrial problems throughout his professional career and currently serves on a number of corporate and technical
advisory boards.
He received the Simpson Gold Medal from the American Foundrymen’s Society in 1961, the Mathewson Gold Medal of TMS in 1969,
and the Henry Marion Howe Medal of ASM International in 1973 and became a Fellow, ASM International, in 1976. In 1977, he
was awarded the Henri Sainte-Claire Deville Medal by the Societe Francaise de Metallurgie. In October 1978, he received the
Albert Sauveur Achievement Award from ASM INTERNATIONAL. In 1980, he received the John Chipman Award from AIME. In 1984, he
was elected an honorary member of the Japan Foundrymen’s Society and, in 1985, received the James Douglas Gold Medal from
the AIME. The Italian Metallurgical Association awarded him the Luigi Losana Gold Medal in 1986, and he was elected honorary
member of The Japan Iron and Steel Institute in 1987. He was elected a TMS Fellow in 1989. In 1990, he received the TMS Leadership
Award, and the Henry Marion Howe Medal and delivered the Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture of ASM INTERNATIONAL. In
1991, he received the Merton C. Flemings Award from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Sigma Alpha Mu elected him a Distinguished
Life Member in 1992. In 1993, he received the TMS 1993 Bruce Chalmers Award and was elected Councillor of the Materials Research
Society. He was elected to the ASM INTERNATIONAL Board of Trustees in 1994. He received the Acta Metallurgica J. Herbert Holloman
Award in 1997 for “contributions to materials technology that have had major impact on society.” Also in 1997 he was appointed
David Turnbull Lecturer of the Materials Research Society for “outstanding contributions to understanding materials phenomena
and properties.” He received the Educator Award of TMS in 1999, received the FMS (Federation of Materials Societies) National
Materials Advancement Award in late 1999, and delivered the ASM and TMS Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society in
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