连铸过程中方坯脱方的原因与预防措施的研究

铸坯脱方是指连铸方坯和矩形坯4个角不成直角,铸坯断面形状变为平行四边形、梯形或菱形,是小方坯连铸过程中常见的质量缺陷。一般认为,结晶器和二冷段前区冷却不均匀是脱方的主要原因,所有可能导致冷却不均匀的因素如结晶器严重磨损、结晶器振动偏摆、二冷喷淋管偏斜、二冷喷嘴堵塞等等都可能是其诱因。针对连铸生产过程中的方坯脱方问题,从工艺、设备、操作等方面进行了分析,提出了预防方坯连铸脱方问题的相关措施和方法。     

HRB335小方坯脱方的原因分析及控制轧制

脱方是小方坯连铸常见的质量缺陷,一般认为结晶器磨损严重,钢水在结晶器内冷却不均匀,以及二冷喷嘴状况不佳,二次冷却不均匀等是脱方的主要原因。分析了新疆八一钢铁股份有限公司（以下简称八钢）第一炼钢厂2号连铸机HRB335钢连铸坯脱方的成因：一是HRB335钢水过热度较高,相比过热度较低的HPB235,其坯壳厚度比HPB23...     

40Cr连铸坯内部角裂机理研究与控制

针对某厂用氧气顶吹转炉—LF精炼—连铸生产的40Cr连铸坯内部角裂,通过对生产工艺流程、连铸机设备分析,采用热酸侵低倍试验、金相法和探针能谱分析对缺陷进行研究,发现缺陷不存在组织异常和质点沉淀现象。通过运用ANSYS软件对连铸结晶器凝固过程进行热模拟,发现角裂形成于结晶器内的凝固过程,根本原因是铸坯在结晶器凝固过程的传热特性产生明显热节区甚至在铜管使用后期伴随出现鼓肚,从而诱导产生应力使铸坯近角部热节区成为裂纹易发区。确定缺陷涉及钢水成分、连铸工艺参数及铜管圆角不适,最终通过对生产工艺参数的严格控制和结晶器铜管圆角半径的优化设计,使1.0级以下内部角裂的控制在89.68%以内。     

组合式结晶器内连铸坯皮下气泡的形成

通过对有关文献的评述,讨论了连铸板坯皮下气泡的形成原因和分布特点,说明连铸过程中组合式结晶器角缝中上升气流吹入钢水可造成连铸坯皮下气泡。降低钢水过热度、降低拉速以促使结晶器内钢水尽快形成稳定坯壳,从而可以抵抗气流吹入,减轻皮下气泡的形成。由于在组合式结晶器内连铸坯皮下气泡的产生是难以避免的,所以棒材生产线的方坯连铸机不宜采用组合式结晶器,采用管式结晶器是当前的发展趋势。     

连铸板坯角部结疤缺陷的研究与实践

对宝钢梅山炼钢厂连铸板坯角部结疤缺陷形成过程与机理进行了研究。通过对板坯结疤的宏观形貌分析和形成全过程的现场跟踪观察，初步判断板坯角部结疤缺陷产生于结晶器内弯月面位置。其原因在于弯月面初生坯壳的破裂、溢流、冷凝过程造成了坯壳角部凝固沟溢流。据此，提出了相应的工艺改进措施，即减少保护渣的烧结性，严格控制结晶器振动偏差，做好结晶器均匀冷却的控制，从而保证结晶器铜板质量及与结晶器内初生坯壳受力相关的设备功能的精度，避免板坯角部结疤缺陷的产生。     

45钢连铸坯角裂研究与工艺控制

45钢连铸坯在生产中易出现铸坯的内部角裂缺陷.通过低倍试验、金相法和探针能谱分析,对缺陷作了分析.基于ANSYS对结晶器凝固过程进行温度场模拟得出,缺陷萌生于结晶器内,根本原因是铸坯在结晶器中凝固传热不均导致铸坯偏角区出现热节区效应,从而诱导产生热应力作用于凝固前沿致使沿柱状晶晶间铁素体开裂.通过重新设定结晶器铜管圆角半径和优化工艺,最终避免了内部角裂.     

三钢160 mm×160 mm连铸高拉速生产技

研究分析连铸普钢高效化的生产工艺,得出高效化连铸面临的主要问题为漏钢、铸坯内部缺陷和脱方。采用改善点状高效结晶器和高拉速保护渣、优化二冷比配水、降低钢水过热度和拉矫机压力的措施,提高了160 mm×160 mm小方坯连铸拉速,最高拉速从3.2 m/min提高到3.7 m/min。铸坯漏钢、内部质量和脱方也得到较好的控制。     

降低优钢连铸坯角部纵裂废品

现场实践发现铸坯角部纵裂产生于结晶器，其主要原因是钢管磨损超标，足辊未对中、结晶器振动不平稳且其冷却水速达不到要求，坯壳与结晶器壁间气隙不均匀，使相邻坯壳厚度不一，在角部产生应力集中，形成角部开裂。采取措施后，纵裂废品大幅度下降。     

低碳微合金钢中厚板表面裂纹形成原因分析

分析了中厚板表面裂纹形成的原因。结果表明：中板表面裂纹是连铸坯表面裂纹的遗传,连铸结晶器内坯壳不均匀是导致裂纹产生的根本原因。通过降低C含量、更换镀层结晶器等措施,取得了良好的效果。     

连铸板坯结晶器内凝固坯壳裂纹敏感性研究

基于钢凝固两相区溶质微观偏析模型和连铸结晶器内坯壳凝固生长二维瞬态热/力耦合有限元模型,提出了定量化描述结晶器内坯壳凝固生长的裂纹敏感性预测模型---CSC(Cracking Susceptibility Coefficient)模型。通过分析结晶器内包晶钢坯壳凝固宏观热/力学行为和坯壳裂纹敏感系数分布,探究了板坯结晶器内包晶钢坯壳凝固生长过程中裂纹敏感性的变化规律。结果表明,典型包晶钢板坯连铸工况下,坯壳偏离角区域易产生"热点",引发坯壳凝固前沿脆性温度区宽度扩大,结晶器窄面线性单锥度极易破坏坯壳应力分布的均匀性;包晶钢板坯表面裂纹和皮下裂纹主要产生于坯壳凝固初期,坯壳角部皮下裂纹则在结晶器内大部分区域均可能产生。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。