Effects of Cooling Rate and Solute Content on the Grain Refinement of Mg-Gd-Y Alloys by Aluminum

The effect of Al additions on grain refinement of Mg-Gd-Y alloys with different solute contents at different cooling rates has been investigated. For all alloys, significant grain refinement was due to the formation of Al₂(Gd _x Y_1?x ) nucleant particles. The number density and size distribution of Al₂(Gd _x Y_1?x ) were affected by both solute content and the cooling rate. Grain sizes (d _gs) of Mg-Gd-Y base alloys and of Mg-Gd-Y-Al alloys were related to solute content (defined by the growth restriction factor, Q), cooling rate ( \( \dot{T} \) ), and area number density (ρ _ns) and size (d _p) of nucleant particles that can be activated. It is found that grain sizes of Mg-Gd-Y base alloys follow the relationship \( d_{\text{gs}} = a + \frac{b}{{Q\sqrt {\dot{T}} }} \) , while grain sizes of Al-refined samples follow the relationship \( d_{\text{gs}} = \frac{a'}{{\sqrt {\rho {}_{\text{ns}}} }} + \frac{b'}{{\sqrt {\dot{T}} Qd_{\text{p}} }} \) , where a, b, a′, and b′ were constants. In addition, the grain refinement effect of Al additions was more susceptible to solute content and the cooling rate than that of Zr which is regarded as the most efficient grain refiner for Mg alloys.     

凝固过程初晶细化技术

1 前言 钢材的组织结构决定了其性能,尤其是强度和韧性.晶粒越细,钢材的强度和韧性就越高.近年来,人们针对细化晶粒组织做了大量的研究,开发了铁素体粒径达1μm的晶粒细化技术,其中主要是形变热处理(TMCP)技术.     

铝及铝合金细化剂的研究

综述了晶粒细化剂的发展历史及细化剂的细化机理和各种细化剂的比较。并着重介绍了新一代的Al-Ti-C晶粒细化剂。     

Effect of Grain Refinement on the Dendrite Coherency Point during Solidification of the A319 Aluminum Alloy

Dendrite coherency is important to the formation of the solidification structure and castability of alloys. The effects of grain refinement on the dendrite coherency in A319 aluminum alloy have been studied using the two-thermocouple thermal analysis technique in the solidifying sample. The fraction solid at the dendrite coherency point ( f_s^\textDCP f_{s}^{\text{DCP}} ) in the A319 alloy increases with increasing Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner, and varies from 16 to 21 pct when the amount of Al-5Ti-1B in the alloy is in the range of 0 to 4.6 wt pct. The results also indicate that the grain refinement increases the temperature interval of coherency (T _N – T _DCP) and coherency time (t _DCP), and it can postpone dendrite coherency. These changes were interpreted based on the dendrite growth rate, the growth restriction factor, and the microstructure.     

The Effect of Solute Elements on the Grain Refinement of Cast Zn

The effect of both peritectic-forming elements (Cu and Ag) and eutectic-forming elements (Mg and Al) on the grain refinement of cast pure Zn was investigated. It is found that these four alloying elements lead to effective grain refinement of cast pure Zn, although they have different values of growth restriction factor (Q). Mg and Al seem to have better grain refining efficiency for cast pure Zn than Cu and Ag. These results raise questions regarding the mechanisms of grain refinement in Zn-based alloys, and therefore further studies are required.     

铝液凝固过程中显微组织对溶质元素偏析的影响

以溶质元素分配系数小于1的元素Fe、Si、Ga、Zn为研究对象,通过分析工业试验条件下铝液凝固过程中杂质元素含量变化,以及对应的显微组织(包括晶粒形貌、尺寸和金属间化合物),并与热力学计算软件Factsage计算的Scheil-Gulliver冷却条件下杂质元素含量和析出相进行了比较。研究发现,铝液凝固初期固相中杂质元素含量最低,且均大于理论计算值,随着凝固的进行,杂质元素含量逐渐增高且与理论值偏差越来越大,出现以上现象的原因包括：1)铝液实际凝固过程中存在边界层效应,即从固相中排出的杂质元素没有完全扩散到液相中;2)铝液实际凝固过程中存在微观偏析现象,即沿着晶界处有Al-Fe-Si中间相析出。另外,发现本研究试验条件下铝液凝固组织有粗大柱状晶、细小柱状晶、等轴晶,粗大的柱状晶更有利于提高部分杂质元素的偏析提纯效率,通过控制提高强制冷却可以促进粗大柱状晶的形成。     

铝及铝合金细化剂的研究

综述了晶粒细化剂的发展及历史，细化剂的细化机理和各种细化剂的比较。并着重介绍了新一代的AlTiC晶粒细化剂。     

Effect of Chemical Composition on Susceptibility to Weld Solidification Cracking in Austenitic Weld Metal

The influence of the chemical composition, especially the niobium content, chromium equivalent Cr_eq, and nickel equivalent Ni_eq, on the weld solidification cracking susceptibility in the austenite single-phase region in the Schaeffler diagram was investigated. Specimens were fabricated using the hot-wire laser welding process with widely different compositions of Cr_eq, Ni_eq, and niobium in the region. The distributions of the susceptibility, such as the crack length and brittle temperature range (BTR), in the Schaeffler diagram revealed a region with high susceptibility to solidification cracking. Addition of niobium enhanced the susceptibility and changed the distribution of the susceptibility in the diagram. The BTR distribution was in good agreement with the distribution of the temperature range of solidification (ΔT) calculated by solidification simulation based on Scheil model. ΔT increased with increasing content of alloying elements such as niobium. The distribution of ΔT was dependent on the type of alloying element owing to the change of the partitioning behavior. Thus, the solidification cracking susceptibility in the austenite single-phase region depends on whether the alloy contains elements. The distribution of the susceptibility in the region is controlled by the change in ΔT and the segregation behavior of niobium with the chemical composition.     

铝合金管材晶粒度的细化研究

通过控制6063管材截面晶粒尺寸,来满足某高端汽车客户标准中100μm的晶粒尺寸要求;从铸棒的均质制度、模具设计方式、挤压工艺三个方面进行优化控制,通过高倍显微镜、电导率和布氏硬度等检测方法进行深入分析.结果表明,铸棒采用高温短时的均质制度,模具减少前室的设计方法,挤压工艺使用低温快速的挤压方式,成功生产出符合高端汽车...     

Influence of Sigma Phase on Pitting Resistance Depending on Solidification Mode in AISI316L Weld Metal

The pitting corrosion resistances were investigated in the AISI 316L stainless steel weld metals with respect to the sigma phase precipitation in a 0.1 M NaCl solution. The modified flux-cored arc welding filler wires were fabricated at various chromium and nickel equivalent ratios using the flux-cored arc welding process. As the Cr/Ni equivalent ratio increased, the precipitated σ phase content increased in the temperature range of 923 K to 1123 K (650 °C to 850 °C), and the specimen that was aged at 1123 K (850 °C) precipitated the σ phase rapidly. The hardness increased with increasing sigma contents. During the potentiodynamic anodic polarization test, the specimens that were aged at 923 K to 1123 K (650 °C to 850 °C) exhibited lower pitting potentials than the as-weld metal. Additionally, the specimens that were aged for longer times exhibited lower pitting potentials. The pits occurred preferentially in the ductility dip cracking in specimen 1, whereas intergranular pits occurred in the sigma phase regions along the vermicular ferrite and acicular ferrite grain boundaries in specimens 2 and 3.     

Effect of Inclusion and Filtration on Grain Refinement Efficiency of Aluminum Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - It is well known that the filtration efficiency of ceramic foam filters (CFF) on aluminum melt can be significantly reduced by the addition of grain...     

Behavior of Boron in Molten Aluminum and its Grain Refinement Mechanism

The mechanism of heterogeneous grain refining of aluminum by ultrafine elemental boron particles was investigated. In order to facilitate the observation of the boron-aluminum interface, a boron filament was introduced in a melt at 1013 K (740 °C) containing different levels of Ti. The Al/B interface was studied using transmission electron microscopy and different phases were identified using the electron diffraction method. The experimental results showed that boron is dissolved in pure aluminum while its dissolution is inhibited in presence of titanium solute. A thin layer of TiB₂ formed at the surface of boron thickens with residence time in the melt. The mechanisms by which aluminum is crystallized on boron are discussed.     

The Effect of Solute Atoms on Aluminum Grain Boundary Sliding at Elevated Temperature

Grain boundary sliding (GBS) is an important deformation mechanism for elevated temperature forming processes. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the effect of solute atoms in near grain boundaries (GBs) on the sliding of Al bicrystals at 750 K (477 °C). The threshold stress for GBS is computed for a variety of GBs with different structures and energies. Without solute atoms, low-energy GBs tend to exhibit significantly less sliding than high-energy GBs. Simulation results show that elements which tend to phase segregate from Al, such as Si, can enhance GBS in high-energy GBs by weakening Al bonds and by increasing atomic mobility. In comparison, intermetallic forming elements, such as Mg, will form immobile Mg-Al clusters, decrease diffusivity, and inhibit GBS.     

精铝及铝精炼

介绍了精铝的性质及用途,铝精炼的几种方法,包括三层液电解精炼法、偏析法和区域熔炼法等。     

Effect of Solidification Segregation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Ni-Cr-Mo-V Steel Weld Metal

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The effects of solute elements segregation during solidification on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a Ni-Cr-Mo-V rotor weld metal...     

纤维/金属复合材料凝固时溶质偏析及数值计算方法

根据合金凝固过程中的守恒定律和传输原理,建立了纤维增强金属基复合材料在凝固过程中溶质传递的数学模型,并建立和推导了复合材料凝固时溶质偏析的数值计算方法。