考虑Chopper动作的双馈风电机组三相短路电流分析

直流母线并接直流卸荷电路(Chopper)以保护转子侧变频器(RSC)是一种较常用的双馈风电机组低电压穿越改造方案。目前对称故障下双馈风电机组短路电流特性研究以故障后投入撬棒(Crowbar)电阻为主,Chopper动作下双馈风电机组短路电流特性研究几乎没有,故而难以分析其作用下双馈风电机组短路电流特性对系统中保护动作可靠性和设备安全的影响。类比双馈风电机组故障后投入Crowbar电阻的分析思路——转子回路串入电阻,通过分析对称故障后Chopper动作下的转子电流回路,将被闭锁的RSC和Chopper等效为可变电阻,分析了该等效电阻阻值随电压跌落程度和故障前转差率的变化规律。根据故障后双馈感应发电机的磁链、电压关系,通过数学解析得到Chopper动作下对称短路电流解析表达式。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建配置Chopper的双馈风电机组模型,仿真验证了该表达式的有效性。     

动态调整转子撬棒阻值的双馈风电机组低电压穿越方法

双馈感应发电机(DFIG)等大型电力电子发电设备接入电网,改变了电力系统源端的暂态特性。在系统故障下,为保证DFIG不脱网运行,常采用转子撬棒保护电路完成低电压穿越(LVRT)。DFIG的暂态特性与故障发生时刻和故障程度有关,传统固定阻值的撬棒电路很难保证不同故障下的LVRT。从时域角度推导了撬棒投入后的暂态转子电流表达式,并提出了基于动态调整转子撬棒阻值的DFIG的LVRT方案,制定了转子撬棒自适应控制策略及阻值整定方法。仿真分析了不同电压跌落深度下所提方案的LVRT特性。结果表明,所提方法不仅能够满足不同电压跌落深度下的转子电流和直流母线电压,而且降低了撬棒投入次数及时间。     

基于Crowbar的双馈风力发电低电压穿越研究

随着风力发电机容量和风电规模的增加,要求双馈感应发电机(DFIG)能够实现低电压穿越(LVRT)能力。在电网电压跌落的对称故障下,针对原有LVRT技术的不足,提出一种采用主动式Crowbar电路的控制策略。在电压跌落后,转子电流突升时,触发Crowbar电路,旁路转子侧变换器;在电流恢复到一定程度时,断开Crowbar电路,使转子侧变换器投入工作。通过有、无Crowbar电路仿真对比表明,该方法可较好地控制转子过电流、母线过电压及电磁转矩的振荡,同时在故障期间向系统输送无功,达到LVRT的要求。     

Low voltage ride-through enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine using DC link switchable resistive type fault current limiter

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines utilise small-scale voltage sourced converters with a limited overcurrent withstand capability, which makes the DFIG-based wind turbines very vulnerable to grid faults. Often, modern DFIG systems employ a crowbar protection at the rotor circuit to protect the rotor side converter (RSC) during grid faults. This method converts the DFIG to a squirrel cage induction generator, which does not comply with the new grid codes. The recent grid codes need wind turbines to stay connected to the utility grid during and after power system faults, especially in high penetration level of wind power. Furthermore, the crowbar switch is expensive. This paper proposes a novel DC-link switchable resistive-type fault current limiter (SRFCL) to improve the LVRT capability of the DFIG. The proposed SRFCL is employed in the DC side of the RSC. The SRFCL solves crowbar protection activation problems and eliminates subsequent complications in the DFIG system. The proposed SRFCL does not have any significant impact on the overall performance of the DFIG during normal operation. Whenever the fault, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, occurs, the SRFCL not only limits rotor over-currents but also prevents rotor speed acceleration and restricts high torque oscillations even during zero grid voltage, as recommended by some grid codes. To prove the effective operation of the SRFCL on the RSC fault current limitation, analytical analysis is performed in each switching interval. The proposed approach is compared with the crowbar-based protection method. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC software. In addition, a prototype is provided to demonstrate the main concept of the proposed approach.     

基于无功判定法的Crowbar保护电路退出控制

"并网难"已成为风电发展的瓶颈,而低电压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Through,LVRT)是风电并网中的核心技术,目前主要采用Crowbar保护电路实现风电机组在大干扰下也具有LVRT能力,而Crowbar电路退出时间对电网故障恢复有很大的影响。根据我国风电大规模远距离的特点,在DIgSILENT中建立了双馈风力发电机组(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,DFIG)的动态模型,并经过远距离输电线与IEEE9节点电力系统相连,仿真分析了DFIG在各种短路故障条件下的运行特性,提出一种基于无功功率判定的Crowbar退出控制方法,能实现Crowbar电路在故障切除后立刻退出,提高了DFIG的LVRT能力。     

电压不对称骤升下DFIG暂态特性及无功协调控制

针对双馈感应风力发电机(DFIG)电网电压不对称骤升故障,传统的研究大多集中于定子磁链暂态特性的分析,忽略了故障时间对DFIG的影响.以单相和两相不对称骤升故障为例,详细分析了DFIG在不同故障发生时刻的定子磁链暂态特性,并推导出对应的定子磁链和转子电压表达式.此外,DFIG一般运行在单位功率因数下,这忽略了其自身RS...     

Impact of VSC faults on dynamic performance and low voltage ride through of DFIG

A doubly-fed induction generator’s (DFIG’s) sensitivity to external faults has motivated researchers to investigate the impact of various grid disturbances, such as voltage sags and short circuit faults, on its low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability. However, no attention has been paid to the impact of internal faults in voltage source converters (VSCs), that interface a DFIG with the grid, on the dynamic performance of the machine. This paper investigates the impacts of various VSC faults, on the dynamic performance and LVRT capability of a DFIG. Faults such as open and short circuit within VSC switches and across the DC-link capacitor are considered in this paper. The impact of internal VSC faults when they occur within the grid side converter (GSC) and rotor side converter (RSC) is investigated. Compliance of the voltage profiles of a DFIG with the LVRTs specified in the recent grid codes of the USA, Spain, Mexico, Denmark, Ireland, Germany, Quebec and the UK are examined for the faults studied. The simulation results show that these faults should be considered in designs of protection systems aimed at avoiding any catastrophic failure of the converter switches or wind turbine.     

基于序网等值电路的双馈风电机组接入系统短路电流计算方法

为了方便和准确地计算双馈风电机组(DFIG)接入系统的短路电流分布,提出了投撬棒后DFIG的工频和转频序网等值电路,并给出了利用该等值电路计算系统短路电流的方法。通过求解投撬棒后DFIG磁链的状态微分方程,得到其工频分量和转频分量的解析表达式。在此基础上,将DFIG的电压空间矢量方程按转频和工频分量进行分解,并根据空间矢量与相量间的关系,分别形成了转频和工频序网等值电路。其中,转频正序、负序等值电路分别为带内阻抗的电势和无源阻抗,而工频正序、负序等值电路均为无源阻抗。利用该等值电路只需已知DFIG的电机参数和故障初值条件而无需仿真即可求得DFIG接入系统各处的短路电流。以某DFIG接入系统为例,通过PSCAD仿真验证了该等值电路和短路计算方法在不同故障条件下的有效性。     

基于改进风力发电机组下的低电压穿越控制策略研究

随着风电场低电压穿越（low voltage ride though, LVRT）要求的提出,传统Crowbar技术的弊端显现出来,故障时转子侧变流器被短接,发电机定子侧失去为电网提供无功的能力。提出一种改进的双馈风力发电机组（doubly-fed induction generator, DFIG）模型,使用DC-Chopper,串联动态制动电阻（series dynamic braking resistor, SDBR）代替Crowbar,在故障时能够控制直流母线电压,抑制转子侧过电流,起到保护直流侧电容和转子侧变流器的作用。由于转子侧变流器不退出运行,所以在控制策略上提出了通过控制转子侧变流器来实现发电机定子侧在故障期间向电网提供部分无功支持,同时网侧变流器采用变功率因数控制,在故障情况下给电网提供主要的无功支持,实现低电压穿越。     

基于转子串阻容的双馈风机低电压穿越能力优化

为了优化电网电压发生不对称故障时双馈风力发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的低电压穿越(low voltage ride through,LVRT)能力,提出一种优化方法,即在转子侧串联电阻和电容改善DFIG的LVRT能力。传统的Crowbar方法中,故障期间DFIG将产生不可控的情形并且吸收一定无功,不利于电网电压恢复。而采用转子串阻容方法,限制了转子侧电压的负序分量和直流分量,抑制了转子开路电压和转子过电流,保证了DFIG在故障期间可控状态,并提供无功,有利于电网电压的恢复。仿真结果表明,所提方法能使DFIG成功进行低电压穿越,保证了DFIG在故障期间可控。     

利用改进Crowbar电路提高DFIG低电压穿越能力

在分析传统Crowbar保护电路的基础上,提出利用串联制动电阻的改进Crowbar保护电路.利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台建立了基于双馈感应风力发电机(DFIG)的风电场并网仿真模型,针对提出的改进保护电路,对双馈感应风力发电机在电网电压跌落的情况下的运行特性进行了仿真研究,并将两种电路的保护效果进行对比,结果表明,该改进保护电路设计合理,有效地提高了DFIG的低电压穿越能力.     

基于组合保护方案提高DFIG低电压穿越能力的仿真分析

电网故障导致电压跌落时,大容量风电场中风机的相继切出会影响系统运行的稳定性。为保证电网安全可靠运行,风力发电机组的并网导则要求目前广泛应用的双馈感应发电机（DFIG）具备低电压穿越（LVRT）能力,即确保电网电压跌落情况下DFIG保持不脱网运行。本文在深入分析传统Crowbar保护电路的基础上,针对其不足提出了组合保护方案并给出了相应的控制策略。基于Matlab/Simulink平台建立了风电场并网运行仿真模型,仿真结果表明所提组合保护方案能够有效提高DFIG的低电压穿越能力。     

应用于风力发电系统中的撬棒阻值整定新方法

在电网发生电压跌落故障的情况下,双馈异步发电机(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,DFIG)多采用撬棒保护电路以实现低电压穿越(Low Voltage Ride Though,LVRT),而撬棒阻值的选择对机组的LVRT效果影响很大。从DFIG在电压跌落故障下的暂态数学模型出发,运用空间矢量分析和拉普拉斯变换的方法,推导出风电机组在电压跌落故障下的暂态电流时域表达式、转子侧故障电流的计算式。由此提出一种切合工程实际的撬棒阻值整定方法,解决了投入撬棒保护电路后转子侧出现过电流和直流母线过电压的问题。算例及仿真实验数据均表明,采用该方法可有效抑制暂态故障分量,显著提高风力发电系统的LVRT水平。     

电网电压不对称跌落时DFIG的控制策略研究

相比于对称故障,不对称故障时双馈风力发电机(Doubly Fed Induction Generators, DFIG)的电磁暂态过程更为复杂,对DFIG造成的危害也越大。从电网电压不对称跌落时DFIG的电磁暂态过程入手,分析了DFIG各电磁量产生二倍频波动和过电流的直接原因。在此基础上,提出了一种电网电压不对称跌落时转子侧变换器(Rotor Side Converter, RSC)的转子电压补偿控制策略,通过控制RSC交流侧的输出电压,对转子暂态电动势和负序电动势进行补偿。该控制策略可在电网轻度不对称故障时有效消除转子电流二倍频波动;在电网严重不对称故障时最大限度地减小转子电流冲击,增强DFIG的低电压穿越能力。此外,根据转子侧变换器的电压容量,对补偿控制策略的完全补偿范围进行了分析。仿真结果验证了所提出控制策略的有效性。     

A novel control scheme for DFIG-based wind energy systems under unbalanced grid conditions

This paper presents an analysis and a novel control scheme for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy generation under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The control objectives are: (i) to limit the rotor currents, (ii) to suppress ripples in the torque and (iii) to suppress the dc-link voltage fluctuation through converter controls. Negative sequence compensation techniques by one of the converters, namely, the rotor side converter (RSC) or the grid side converter (GSC) in a DFIG are discussed and their limitations are presented. A coordinated control scheme with a concise structure compared to the conventional dual sequence control structure is proposed in this paper. The RSC is controlled to suppress ripples in the torque and the rotor currents while the GSC is controlled to suppress ripples in the dc-link voltage by considering the rotor power effect. The major contributions of the paper include: (i) the presentation of the limitation of negative sequence compensation using one converter; (ii) development of a concise coordination control scheme which is free of low pass filters and uses a reduced number of reference frame transformation. Matlab/Simulink tests for a 2MW DFIG demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme.     

电网电压骤升时DFIG定转子电流分析及无功电流配置改进

在双馈感应发电机（DFIG）高电压穿越（HVRT）问题中,电压骤升引起的暂态过电流不足以触发撬棒保护动作,致使HVRT下的定转子短路电流特性比低电压穿越（LVRT）更复杂。推导了计及电磁暂态过渡过程和转子侧换流器（RSC）调控共同作用影响下的定转子电流表达式。在此基础上考虑并网规范要求的DFIG无功电流支撑,控制RSC和网侧换流器（GSC）输出与骤升幅度相对应的分量,使DFIG工作于无功支持状态。仿真结果表明,定转子电流表达式准确描述了HVRT期间的故障电流,所得结果更具一般性,且对故障电气量的计算具有重要意义;改进无功电流配置实现了DFIG的HVRT。研究结果对掌握DFIG的动态过程具有一定的参考价值。     

基于VSC-HVDC的DFIG风电场低电压穿越 改进控制策略

提出了一种适用于VSC-HVDC系统并网DFIG风电场的低电压穿越控制策略。根据DFIG机组和VSC模型,计算了无功功率极限。传统的Crowbar电路在系统故障时将转子侧换流器（RSC）进行短路,使DFIG风电场失去对系统提供无功功率的能力。提出了改进控制策略,根据电网故障严重程度控制Crowbar电路的动作。根据风电场和VSC-HVDC系统各个换流器的功率极限,提出了输电系统风电场侧换流器（WFVSC）优先的无功功率分配策略,根据电网的无功缺额分配换流器之间的无功出力。使用MATLAB/Simulink平台搭建了仿真系统,对改进控制策略进行了验证。     

Short Circuit Current Calculation Method of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with Crowbar Protection Based on Flux Transient Characteristics

With the wide application of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), accurate calculation and analysis of the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection has become very important key to realizing the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of DFIG and establishing the corresponding grid protection scheme. In view of this, a method to calculate the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection when different types of fault occur in the grid is proposed in this paper. First, the DFIG stator and rotor 2nd-order differential equations in the cases of grid symmetrical fault and asymmetrical fault are established respectively. And the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance remains unchanged in the fault duration is obtained. On this basis, the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance varies in the fault duration is derived. And then, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the short circuit current calculation model is analyzed, including the variation pattern of flux eigenvalues with the crowbar resistance, and the variation feature of flux amplitude and phase angle with the rotor speed. Besides, the transient variation characteristics of different flux components are studied. Finally, time-domain simulation tests verify that the proposed calculation method is correct and applicable to different types of crowbar circuits in the market. Besides, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the stator short circuit current peak, peak time and current frequency in different fault cases is revealed.     

电网电压骤升故障下双馈风力发电机变阻尼控制策略

双馈风力发电机在电网电压跌落情况下的不间断运行已成为当前研究热点,而电网电压骤升对双馈风力发电系统的运行也构成了威胁。为研究双馈风力发电机的高电压穿越特性及其控制策略,分析了电网电压骤升激起的双馈感应发电机的电磁过渡过程。针对不同转速和电网电压骤升幅度对系统的影响,提出一种基于变阻尼的转子励磁控制策略,减小了故障情况下...     

双馈感应风力发电系统低电压穿越控制策略研究及其分析

基于双馈感应发电机(DFIG)风力发电系统模型,通过分析电网电压跌落情况下的各种运行状况,提出在电网严重故障期间,采用Active Crowbar电路和直流侧卸荷电路保护变流器和避免直流侧电压过压。在电网故障恢复期间,Crowbar电路的再次投入使得系统无功需求增大。并在网侧变流器的功率容量范围内,提出一种网侧变流器无功功率的控制策略来实现对电网无功支持,以助于电网故障恢复以及加快机端电压恢复。基于PSCAD/EMTDC平台建立了仿真系统模型并验证了该控制策略的有效性。该控制策略满足了风电机组并网的低电压穿越,有效提高了DFIG风电机组运行的可靠性。