A protection scheme for microgrid with multiple distributed generations using superimposed reactive energy

With the growing integration of distributed generation, distribution networks have evolved toward the concept of microgrids. Microgrids can be operated in either the grid-connected mode to achieve peak shaving and power loss reduction or the islanded mode to increase the reliability and continuity of supply. These two modes of operation cause a challenge in microgrid protection, because the magnitude of fault current decreases significantly during the transition of a microgrid from the grid-connected mode to the islanded mode. This paper proposes a protection scheme for the microgrid based on superimposed reactive energy. The proposed scheme uses the Hilbert transform to calculate the superimposed reactive energy (SRE). The sequence components of superimposed current are adopted to detect fault incidents in the microgrid. The faulty phase and section are recognised by using the directional characteristics of SRE along with a threshold value. Moreover, a relay structure, which enables the proposed protection scheme, is designed. The significant feature of the proposed protection scheme is that it has the ability to protect the looped and radial microgrids against solid and high-impedance faults. To verify the efficacy of the proposed approach, extensive simulations have been carried out using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package. The results show that the proposed scheme successfully identifies and isolates various types of fault in a microgrid and performs well with different fault resistances and fault locations.     

基于HHT的微电网差分能量保护策略

针对微电网双向潮流和并网/孤岛运行时故障电流差异大的特点,在微电网差动保护的基础上,提出了基于HHT变换的差分能量保护新方法。对故障线路两端电流进行时-频变换(HHT变换)获得Hilbert谱,并计算谱能量,利用差分能量是否超出阈值判断是区内故障还是区外故障,且不同故障类型阈值无需改变。在PSCAD中搭建10 kV微电网模型并在Matlab中进行算例验证。大量仿真表明此方法能够可靠检测出并网和孤岛两种运行状态下的各种故障,而且有效解决了高阻抗故障(HIF)保护失效问题。     

智能配电网的自适应级联方向闭锁保护方案

针对未来智能配电网提出一种基于通用面向对象变电站事件(GOOSE)的自适应级联方向闭锁保护方案。定义了保护的参考方向整定规则和闭锁方向规则,使保护方案能够根据故障位置自适应改变闭锁方向。利用GOOSE在保护之间交换方向闭锁信号,使得保护之间具有互操作性。新方案具有良好的适应性,能够适应含多微网的闭环或开环运行的配电网,允许配电网工作于孤岛或并网等模式,并能快速切除线路和母线等多种元件故障。在电压互感器断线、断路器失灵以及通信失效等异常情况下,该保护方案仍具有很高可靠性。     

零序非工频分量注入式微电网接地故障保护方案

微电网中含有大量的分布式电源,且具有很多不同于传统配电网的特点,传统配电网中的保护方案难以满足其对可靠性与稳定性的要求。基于微电网的结构和故障特点,建立了含多个逆变型分布式电源的微电网故障网络模型,提出了一种基于零序非工频分量注入的微电网接地故障保护方案。该方案利用注入的零序非工频电流产生的故障特征,能够正确识别并切除微电网内部的各类接地故障,且同时适用于并网和孤岛2种运行方式。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC软件中进行了仿真分析,结果验证了所提保护方案的有效性与可靠性。     

基于GOOSE通信技术的微电网故障定位及隔离

微电网的运行及故障特性与传统电网区别明显,给微电网保护带来了挑战,为此文中提出了一种基于通用面向对象变电站事件(GOOSE)的微电网故障快速准确定位及隔离技术。将微电网区域化,以任一节点为中心,利用GOOSE通信传递相邻设备的方向过流信息完成微电网的故障定位,并通过GOOSE跳闸信号的传递实现故障隔离。文中从微电网运行特性、故障特性及故障定位隔离、工程实现以及工程验证等方面进行了阐述。此技术能够解决微电网多电源、多结构、多种运行方式(合环、开环、并网、孤岛等)、网络拓扑变化情况下的故障快速准确定位及隔离。目前,该技术已应用于多个工程项目,验证了其正确性和可行性。     

微网线路保护综述

含逆变器微源的微网线路故障时,由于逆变器的限流作用,流过逆变器的故障电流被限制在两倍额定电流以内,造成含逆变器微源的微网并、离网模式下故障电流差距较大,使得基于固定值的常规过流保护不适用于微网。基于上述问题,对造成微网线路故障电流不确定性的影响因素作出总结,主要有微网运行方式,DG接入退出、布局容量、控制方式,并对它们的影响作了分析。文中着重综合概括了目前国内外微网线路保护研究热点,并按是否依赖通信及保护原理的实现方法做了划分。最后针对目前微网线路保护存在的问题探讨其可能的发展方向。     

基于故障分量的孤岛微电网保护

微电网孤岛运行时的故障特性与并网情况有所区别,且与微电源的控制策略紧密联系,因而需要对孤岛微电网的保护进行具体的研究。根据U/f控制及PQ控制微电源在故障穿越下的故障模型,分析了不同故障类型时的输出电流特性,并对微电网中不同线路故障时各母线及馈线的相位特征进行分析,提出利用母线正序电压故障分量和各馈线正序电流故障分量的相位特征实现故障定位的孤岛微电网保护方案。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立了仿真模型,结果验证了该保护原理的正确性。     

微网保护分析

对微网特性以及影响保护的因素进行了分析,提出了微网的保护机制并进行了仿真。微网系统内部的保护须考虑逆变式电源的限流作用和微网双向潮流特性,还须综合考虑通信的应用,保护在不同运行方式下的适应性,与控制方式的协调性以及动作时间的合理设置等问题。在对这些因素进行分析的基础上,提出了微网的保护机制:对于线路故障,采用纵联保护;对于负荷故障,采用各相电流矢量和作为故障判据。研究中利用下垂控制原理在PSCAD中搭建了微网的模型,并对微网孤岛运行模式下各种负荷故障情况进行了仿真,仿真结果表明了所提负荷故障保护方法在孤岛运行方式下的有效性。     

基于虚拟同步发电机的微网运行模式无缝切换控制策略

对于采用对等控制策略的微网系统,如何实现孤岛/并网运行模式间的无缝切换是一项亟待克服的技术难点。文中首先介绍微网系统的基本结构与工作模式,针对微网孤岛与并网运行模式的特点,提出一种满足微网孤岛/并网切换的虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制策略。其次,为了适应微网的并网运行特性,提出一种基于控制器状态跟随的并行切换方法,即PQ控制的电流源模式和VSG控制的电压源模式的相位和电流指令都实时跟踪,为PQ/VSG控制模式间的无缝切换奠定基础。最后,建立微网系统的仿真模型和实验平台,共同验证了所提控制策略和并行切换方法的有效性。     

微电网保护研究综述

微电网的保护是微电网大规模发展过程中需要解决的关键问题之一。由于微电网存在孤岛运行模式以及分布式电源的大量接入,导致其故障电流的特征不明显,使得配电网中传统的保护策略存在拒动或者误动的情况,国内外研究人员针对此问题展开广泛研究。总结并分析了近年来微电网保护领域内的研究成果,首先梳理出微电网保护需要克服的难点和关键技术,然后将相关文献中采用的微电网保护方法分成七类,分别归纳了差动保护、过流保护、距离保护、自适应保护、基于电压量的保护、基于智能算法的保护以及故障电流补偿方法的技术特点和适用性。最后,在结论部分给出了微电网保护技术的主要特点和未来发展趋势,为其后续研究和应用提供参考。     

微网并网向孤岛运行模式的平滑切换控制方法研究

微电网存在两种运行模式,即并网运行和孤岛运行模式。微电网并网运行模式向孤岛运行模式的平滑切换对实现微电网正常运行以及负荷可靠供电有着重要的意义。提出了一种自适应系数的下垂控制方法应用于并网模式转变为孤岛模式,并分析了自适应系数下垂控制方法的工作原理,能够有效地解决并网模式向孤岛模式切换时引起的电压波动大、频率不稳定的情况。最后用MATLAB仿真证明了此方法的可行性。     

基于储能的可再生能源微网运行控制技术

建立了包括光伏、风电、储能和能量管理系统(EMS)的典型微网结构,给出了基于储能的微网组网方案和运行控制方式,分析了储能在微网离网运行、并网运行及无缝切换等过程中的控制作用。基于LCL滤波器的储能电压源型变换器,提出了包含逆变器滤波电感电流环、滤波电容电压环和并网电感电流环的三环控制策略,通过保持内部两环的稳定性实现微网运行模式的平滑转换。最后,搭建了微网研究与测试平台,验证了上述控制策略的有效性。     

面向多能互补微网的故障辨识与继电保护算法

由于含有多种具有互补特性的分布式电源,多能互补微电网在能源综合利用、供电可靠性和运行经济性方面具有明显的优势。然而与传统配电网相比,各类分布式电源的并入导致微电网拓扑结构和运行方式变得更为复杂,并网和离网运行对应的故障特性存在差异,使得传统继电保护方案难以满足此类微电网保护的要求。针对这一问题,首先围绕传统继电保方案的不足展开讨论,分析微电网网内故障特点,继而提出一种适用于微电网的改进故障辨识算法,以实现对网内故障的快速准确辨识。综合考虑多能互补微网继电保护的需求,结合改进故障辨识算法,将改进电流差动保护与广域自适应电流速断保护相结合,提出一种适用于微电网分布式电源上下游线路的综合继电保护算法,在缩小故障影响范围的基础上,提高保护响应速度并降低保护拒动的概率。最后,利用RT-LAB实时仿真系统构建含风、光、储、微型燃气轮机等分布式电源在内的多能互补微网模型,通过网内模拟不同类型故障,验证了所提故障辨识和继电保算法的有效性。     

A novel fault protection system using communication-assisted digital relays for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system

This paper develops a novel fault protection system for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system. Communication-supported digital relays which have different protection modules are used for this novel microgrid protection system. The protection modules in a digital relay have various functionalities to protect AC microgrids from various fault types, such as: low/high-impedance ground faults and short-circuits. To effectively use the developed novel microgrid protection system, the first step is to reconfigure different microgrid structures into a standard microgrid configuration having a multiple-grounding system through using delta/wye-grounded or wye-grounded/wye-grounded transformers. Then, a fast–dependable–adaptable (FDA) fault protection algorithm is developed to protect AC microgrids from faults occurring at trunk lines, common buses or branch lines. At an islanded operation mode of AC microgrids, by using digital relays, a new protection module is designed to detect, locate, and classify the faults occurring at trunk lines and common AC buses, while other protection modules can use the existing protection methodologies (e.g. directional/non-directional overcurrent protection principles, etc.) to detect and clear the faults at source branches or load branches of the microgrids. At a grid-connected operation mode, standard overcurrent protection modules are applied for the FDA fault protection system. Simulation and experiment results obtained from various fault cases at a real low-voltage AC microgrid have validated the effective operation of the FDA fault protection system.     

基于故障分量的微电网保护适用性

微电网具有潮流双向流动、并网孤岛运行时故障电流差别大以及拓扑结构灵活多变的特点,给微电网的保护带来了很大的挑战。基于故障分量原理的保护相较于其余的保护方法具有明显的优势,但微电网中的大多数微电源经逆变器接入电网,其故障特性主要受控制策略影响,不同于传统的同步发电机,现有的故障分量分析方法已不再适用。因此,分析故障分量保护在含逆变型分布式电源(IIDG)的微电网中的适用性十分必要。文中主要针对IIDG在恒功率控制策略下的等效模型,建立含多个IIDG的微电网故障附加网络,比较同一母线上的故障线路与其余馈线的正序电流故障分量,从幅值和相位两个角度对故障分量原理进行了分析,并在PSCAD软件中对微电网模型进行了仿真,验证了分析的正确性。     

Numerical inverse definite minimum time overcurrent relay for microgrid power system protection

Access of distributed generation gets complicated at the distribution level, and hence managing these systems effectively becomes highly challenging. Microgrids have been proposed as a way of integrating a large number of distributed renewable energy sources with a distribution system. They are low to medium voltage networks of small load clusters with distributed generation sources and storages. Microgrids can be operated in the islanded mode or the grid‐connected mode. If a microgrid is connected to the system, it is seen as a single aggregate load. One of the potential advantages of a microgrid is that it could provide more reliable supply to customers by islanding itself from the system in the event of a major disturbance. However, a major problem with microgrid implementation in islanded operation is designing a proper protection scheme. The fault currents for grid‐connected and islanded microgrids are significantly different. Additionally, high penetration of inverter‐connected distributed generation sources leads to conditions where no standard overcurrent protection method will work. Overcurrent protection is considered as the backbone of any protection strategy, especially in distribution systems. Distribution systems constitute the largest portion of the power system network, and therefore the diagnosis of faults in this system is a challenging task. Faults occurring in distribution systems will affect the reliability, security, and quality of a power system. Field‐processable gate array (FPGA) Xilinx Zynq‐based numerical overcurrent relay protection is provided to the microgrid that is operated in islanded mode. This results in faster discrimination and quicker isolation of the faulty section from the microgrid. This improves the reliability of the microgrid because the fault is rapidly diagnosed and isolated from the healthy part, thanks to the high‐speed operation of the 800‐MHz FPGA Xilinx Zynq‐based numerical overcurrent relay. This system is simulated using MATLAB Simulink SimPower system tool box and LabView software. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

光伏DG接入配电网及微电网的过电压自动调节方法研究

针对光伏DG接入配电网因过电压而导致渗透率低的问题、微电网离网运行期间过电压问题,以及微电网在非计划孤岛状态下并网转离网暂态过电压问题,提出一种P/U下垂调节方法。当光伏DG接入配电网,该方法能避免光伏DG因过电压而退出运行。当光伏DG接入离网运行微电网,因负荷减少、DG出力增加等因素而导致过电压时,该方法可以实现无通信互连线的稳态离网能量平衡。当含光伏DG的微电网在并网转离网期间,该方法能够解决暂态过电压问题。首先推导电压偏差公式并分析过电压产生机理。其次介绍P-U下垂调节方法原理。最后为验证方法可行性,以光伏DG接入配电网为算例分析对象,搭建Matlab/Simulink仿真模型,并在逆变器样机上进行试验验证。结果表明P-U下垂调节方法可行有效。     

An efficient optimal capacitor allocation in DG embedded distribution networks with islanding operation capability of micro-grid using a new genetic based algorithm

Capacitor banks are commonly used in electric distribution networks as a kind of reactive power sources. These sources are located in distribution networks for power factor correction, loss reduction, and voltage profile improvement. For these purposes optimal capacitor placement is needed to determine capacitors types, sizes and locations. Distribution system with Distributed Generation (DG) can have micro-grid that it will operate in both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. The aim of this paper is to provide a method for optimal capacitor (fixed and switchable) placement in such a distribution network. The effect of different operation modes of DGs on the network is also investigated. The proposed method can guarantee the benefits of capacitor installation at different load levels. It is based on genetic algorithm (GA) with new coding and operators. Switching table of the allocated capacitors can be found through the proposed structure of the chromosome. Some case studies developed to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.     

一种新型的微网自适应过流保护方法

微网灵活的运行模式给保护带来了严峻的挑战,对此提出了一种新型的微网自适应过流保护方法。以微网三处典型的故障为案例,从并网和离网角度剖析了微网自适应保护应具备的功能。以此为基础,给出了微网自适应保护方案并阐述了集中式微网保护的主从工作机制;提出了三段式自适应保护的过电流整定算法,设计了故障识别流程;基于分析传统过电流保护时限配合在微网保护中存在的弊端,提出了微网自适应保护在并网和孤岛时的动作时限优化方案,结合案例分析了其优点。理论和案例分析表明,所提自适应保护方法能够快速可靠地识别故障区域,满足微网对保护的要求。     

基于多重逆变器复杂控制策略的微电网运行控制

针对传统的基于单个主控电源的主从控制和下垂控制存在的缺陷,本文借鉴传统电网的调频特性,提出了一种多重逆变器DroopV/fP/Q复杂控制策略用于微电网的运行控制,可充分利用负荷的频率特性,最大程度的避免微电网离并网转换时电源控制模式的切换,较好地实现离并网的平滑切换,有效地提高了微电网孤岛运行的可靠性。利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件搭建的微电网仿真模型验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性和可行性,为微电网的平滑切换和可靠运行提供了新的解决思路。