A novel controllable crowbar based onfault type protection technique for DFIGwind energy conversion system usingadaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

This paper proposes a novel controllable crowbar based on fault type (CBFT) protection technique for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system connected to grid. The studied system consists of six DFIG wind turbines with a capacity of 1.5 MW for each of them. The operation mechanism of proposed technique is used to connect a set of crowbar resistors in different connection ways via activation of controllable circuit breakers (CBs) depending on the detected fault type. For each phase of DFIG, a crowbar resistor is connected in parallel with a controllable CB and all of them are connected in series to grid terminals. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) networks are designed to detect the fault occurrence, classify the fault type, activate the CBs for crowbar resistors associated with faulted phases during fault period, and deactivate them after fault clearance. The effectiveness of proposed CBFT protection technique is investigated for different fault types such as symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults taking into account the single-phase to ground fault is the most frequently fault type that occurs in power systems. Also, a comparison between the behaviours of studied system in cases of using traditional parallel rotor crowbar, classical outer crowbar, and proposed CBFT protection techniques is studied. The fluctuations of DC-link voltage, active power, and reactive power for studied system equipped with different protection techniques are investigated. Moreover, the impacts of different crowbar resistance values on the accuracy of proposed technique are studied. The simulation results show that, the proposed technique enhances the stability of studied wind turbine generators and contributes in protection of their components during faults.     

A SCR crowbar commutated with power converter for DFIG-based wind turbines

This paper presents an active crowbar, constructed with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines to fulfill low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements demanded by grid codes. By this design, not only the active deactivation of the costly IGBT crowbar, replacing the passive crowbar for this ability, can be achieved with the more cost-effective SCRs, but also the reliability of the circuit is strengthened thanking to the high surge capability of SCR. In this topology, three back-to-back SCR switches are connected in delta form and further engaged with the rotor circuit of DFIG through power dissipation resistors, working as the main circuit of crowbar, while the rotor side converter (RSC) is used to commutate the SCRs at the desired deactivation moment to disconnect the crowbar, allowing for resumption of the feedback control to DFIG. By this topology the harmonics introduced into the rotor circuit by the diode bride in the IGBT crowbar are got rid of and by this commutation method the overvoltage risk at turning off the IGBT is eliminated. With the simulative results on a 2 MW DFIG, the comparison with the IGBT crowbar is made. The feasibility of the proposed crowbar technique is further demonstrated with experiments on a laboratory-scale test rig.     

Short circuit fault analysis in a grid connected DFIG based wind energy system with active crowbar protection circuit for ridethrough capability and power quality improvement

In power industry, improvement of the short circuit Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of grid integrated Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) for the wind power system is an important issue. In this paper an Active Crowbar Protection (ACB_P) system is proposed to enhance the Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of DFIG so as to improve the power quality of the system. The protection scheme proposed here is designed with a capacitor in series with the resistor unlike the conventional Crowbar (CB) having only resistors. The importance of ACB_P is to maintain the connection of DFIG with the grid during fault conditions to provide uninterruptable power supply to the loads. The major functions of the capacitor in the protection circuit are to eliminate the ripples generated in the rotor current and to protect the converters as well as the DC-link capacitor. The main objectives of the proposed approach are: minimisation of magnitude of rotor fault currents, maintenance of constant DC-link voltage, reduction in crowbar operation time to avoid disconnection between the DFIG and the Rotor side converter (RSC), improvement in the short circuit response of terminal voltage and enhancement in the dynamic responses of the DFIG. These objectives are achieved through the incorporation of ACB_P scheme between the rotor of the DFIG and RSC. The proposed scheme is validated on different types of fault conditions and it is observed that there is significant improvement in the objectives. Simulation results are carried out on a 1.7 MVA DFIG based WECS under different types of short circuit faults in MATLAB/Simulation and functionality of the proposed scheme is verified.     

电网电压跌落下双馈风力发电系统强励控制

为增强电网故障下双馈风力发电系统(DFIG)的低电压穿越(LVRT)运行能力,提出一种DFIG转子侧变换器(RSC)强励控制策略。在基于定子磁链定向的矢量控制策略中增加多频比例谐振控制器(MFPR),当电网故障造成发电机定子电压跌落时,多频比例谐振控制器能够对转子侧变换器(RSC)的输出励磁电压进行补偿,抑制转子故障电流,实现DFIG的低电压穿越运行。分析了转子电压等级与DFIG的低电压穿越运行区间的关系,为DFIG转子侧变换器的电压等级设计标准提供了参考依据。控制系统结构简单,保证了系统的响应速度,可同时对电网对称跌落和不对称跌落产生的故障电流进行抑制。通过对1.5 MW双馈风力发电机组进行仿真研究,验证了理论分析的正确性和所提控制策略的可行性。     

双馈风力发电系统故障特性及保护方案构建

针对双馈电机励磁方式的特点,本文分析了电网发生故障时定子短路电流呈现的"多态"故障特征,论述了故障点距离、Crowbar保护动作门槛值以及励磁逆变器控制系数等因素对双馈电机短路电流特性的影响,并进行了仿真验证。基于以上研究结果,从提高双馈电机故障穿越能力的角度出发,提出了一套适用在风电场并网节点处的新型复合式电流—电压保护方案。通过对传统电流保护的改进和构建低电压穿越运行特性的电压保护,使其能够适应双馈电机的故障特征,满足风场联络线上故障的可靠切除及配电系统内故障时风电场的低压穿越运行,对实现含双馈风电机组的电网稳定及故障后的快速恢复具有重要意义。     

Impact of VSC faults on dynamic performance and low voltage ride through of DFIG

A doubly-fed induction generator’s (DFIG’s) sensitivity to external faults has motivated researchers to investigate the impact of various grid disturbances, such as voltage sags and short circuit faults, on its low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability. However, no attention has been paid to the impact of internal faults in voltage source converters (VSCs), that interface a DFIG with the grid, on the dynamic performance of the machine. This paper investigates the impacts of various VSC faults, on the dynamic performance and LVRT capability of a DFIG. Faults such as open and short circuit within VSC switches and across the DC-link capacitor are considered in this paper. The impact of internal VSC faults when they occur within the grid side converter (GSC) and rotor side converter (RSC) is investigated. Compliance of the voltage profiles of a DFIG with the LVRTs specified in the recent grid codes of the USA, Spain, Mexico, Denmark, Ireland, Germany, Quebec and the UK are examined for the faults studied. The simulation results show that these faults should be considered in designs of protection systems aimed at avoiding any catastrophic failure of the converter switches or wind turbine.     

考虑Chopper动作的双馈风电机组三相短路电流分析

直流母线并接直流卸荷电路(Chopper)以保护转子侧变频器(RSC)是一种较常用的双馈风电机组低电压穿越改造方案。目前对称故障下双馈风电机组短路电流特性研究以故障后投入撬棒(Crowbar)电阻为主,Chopper动作下双馈风电机组短路电流特性研究几乎没有,故而难以分析其作用下双馈风电机组短路电流特性对系统中保护动作可靠性和设备安全的影响。类比双馈风电机组故障后投入Crowbar电阻的分析思路——转子回路串入电阻,通过分析对称故障后Chopper动作下的转子电流回路,将被闭锁的RSC和Chopper等效为可变电阻,分析了该等效电阻阻值随电压跌落程度和故障前转差率的变化规律。根据故障后双馈感应发电机的磁链、电压关系,通过数学解析得到Chopper动作下对称短路电流解析表达式。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建配置Chopper的双馈风电机组模型,仿真验证了该表达式的有效性。     

电压不对称骤升下DFIG暂态特性及无功协调控制

针对双馈感应风力发电机(DFIG)电网电压不对称骤升故障,传统的研究大多集中于定子磁链暂态特性的分析,忽略了故障时间对DFIG的影响。以单相和两相不对称骤升故障为例,详细分析了DFIG在不同故障发生时刻的定子磁链暂态特性,并推导出对应的定子磁链和转子电压表达式。此外,DFIG一般运行在单位功率因数下,这忽略了其自身RSC和GSC的无功协调能力。针对这一问题,提出了DFIG无功协调控制方案,以此帮助风电系统实现穿越故障。仿真结果验证了暂态特性推导的正确性以及RSC和GSC无功协调控制方案的有效性,所提控制策略有效抑制了并网点电压的骤升,同时满足了系统无功支撑的需求。     

基于Crowbar保护控制的交流励磁风电系统运行分析

随着越来越多的交流励磁风力发电机接入电网运行,新的电网运行规则要求发电机在电网电压跌落时仍能保持不间断运行.为保护转子励磁电源和发电机,常采用Crowbar保护电路来限制电压跌落时转子回路的最大电流.文中通过仿真详细研究了电网故障时交流励磁风电系统的运行行为,就电压跌落程度及旁路电阻取值对Crowbar保护控制的影响以及采用Crowbar电路的系统运行特点进行了讨论分析.仿真结果验证了Crowbar电路的有效性,该方法可实现故障时交流励磁风力发电机不间断运行.     

电网电压骤升时DFIG定转子电流分析及无功电流配置改进

在双馈感应发电机（DFIG）高电压穿越（HVRT）问题中,电压骤升引起的暂态过电流不足以触发撬棒保护动作,致使HVRT下的定转子短路电流特性比低电压穿越（LVRT）更复杂。推导了计及电磁暂态过渡过程和转子侧换流器（RSC）调控共同作用影响下的定转子电流表达式。在此基础上考虑并网规范要求的DFIG无功电流支撑,控制RSC和网侧换流器（GSC）输出与骤升幅度相对应的分量,使DFIG工作于无功支持状态。仿真结果表明,定转子电流表达式准确描述了HVRT期间的故障电流,所得结果更具一般性,且对故障电气量的计算具有重要意义;改进无功电流配置实现了DFIG的HVRT。研究结果对掌握DFIG的动态过程具有一定的参考价值。     

双馈风电机组低电压穿越特性的试验研究

低电压穿越能力正逐渐成为大型并网风电机组的必备功能之一,要求风电机组在电网电压跌落发生时保持并网,故障消除后快速恢复正常运行。在分析双馈机组电压跌落特性的基础上,采用了转子主动式Crowbar电路和直流侧卸荷电路相结合的方法来实现双馈风电机组的低电压穿越功能,讨论了具体的低电压穿越控制策略,通过仿真验证了电路结构和控制策略的正确性。在实验室10 kW双馈机组实验平台上,采用电压跌落发生器模拟电网电压跌落故障,进行了电网电压跌落至额定电压20%时不同持续时间的测试,证实了所采用的低电压穿越控制策略的有效性。     

双馈感应风力发电机实现LVRT仿真研究

在基于双馈电机的并网风力发电系统中,一般采用附加转子侧撬棒电路的方法来实现低电压过渡。当电网电压发生严重短暂跌落故障时,可以同时附加直流侧卸荷电路以更好地实现低电压穿越。为实现低电压运行,撬棒电阻值的选取至关重要。在考虑最大转子故障电流和直流母线钳位效应的双重因素下,给出了双馈式风电机组撬棒保护电阻取值约束式,并讨论了DFIG附加两种保护电路后具体的低电压穿越控制策略。对2MW DFIG风力发电系统进行仿真,结果表明,在选择合适的保护电阻基础上,通过对保护电路的合理控制,附加撬棒电路和直流侧卸荷电路可以有效帮助DFIG实现低电压穿越运行。     

电网对称故障时双馈感应发电机不脱网运行的系统仿真研究

利用经实验验证的时域仿真模型对一典型的2MW双馈感应风力发电系统在电网对称故障时的控制和响应进行仿真研究。与在电网故障时将转子端部直接短接的保护方案相比较,采用所提出的电网故障励磁控制与正常运行时的风能跟踪控制相结合,可以保证发电机迅速恢复有功输出,从而提高整个电力系统在故障切除后的运行稳定性。针对电网对称故障时发电机不脱网运行的可控范围进行仿真计算的结果表明:典型双馈感应风力发电机可在电网故障引起发电机变压器系统侧电压最低下降到30％额定电压时仍可保持不脱网运行。对影响电网故障励磁控制性能的各种因素,包括发电机故障前初始运行点及电机参数进行了研究,发现适当增加发电机漏感或定予侧电阻有助于进一步提高电网故障时励磁控制的效果。     

Small signal stability enhancement of DFIG based wind power system using optimized controllers parameters

This paper presents the state space modelling of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for small signal stability assessment. The gains of PI controller in torque and voltage control loop of rotor-side converter (RSC) are optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the dynamic performance of DFIG. These optimized parameters results in improved damping of DFIG and minimizes the oscillations in rotor currents and electromagnetic torque. The nature of modes of oscillations for DFIG integrated to infinite bus are analysed under different operating conditions such as varying wind speed and grid strength. The transient analysis with optimized parameters shows the enhancement in LVRT capability during voltage sag and three phase fault as desired by grid codes.     

Short Circuit Current Calculation Method of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with Crowbar Protection Based on Flux Transient Characteristics

With the wide application of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), accurate calculation and analysis of the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection has become very important key to realizing the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of DFIG and establishing the corresponding grid protection scheme. In view of this, a method to calculate the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection when different types of fault occur in the grid is proposed in this paper. First, the DFIG stator and rotor 2nd-order differential equations in the cases of grid symmetrical fault and asymmetrical fault are established respectively. And the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance remains unchanged in the fault duration is obtained. On this basis, the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance varies in the fault duration is derived. And then, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the short circuit current calculation model is analyzed, including the variation pattern of flux eigenvalues with the crowbar resistance, and the variation feature of flux amplitude and phase angle with the rotor speed. Besides, the transient variation characteristics of different flux components are studied. Finally, time-domain simulation tests verify that the proposed calculation method is correct and applicable to different types of crowbar circuits in the market. Besides, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the stator short circuit current peak, peak time and current frequency in different fault cases is revealed.     

双馈风电机组低电压穿越的Crowbar优化控制策略分析

双馈风电机组的低电压穿越通常采用在转子侧加撬棒保护电路（Crowbar）的方法。为有效评估双馈风电机组的故障暂态行为,首先分析了电网故障期间撬棒投入后的机组定转子电流特性,讨论了撬棒阻值的取值范围。在此基础上,以PSCAD/EMTDC为平台,建立包含撬棒保护电路的双馈风力发电机组模型,分析了2种撬棒控制策略下的机组动态响应,提出了一个评价机组动态响应的指标函数,对仿真结果比较分析,得出了双馈风电机组在不同电压跌落情况下实现低电压穿越的撬棒优化控制策略。     

双馈感应风力发电机故障穿越特性及其控制

风电场低电压穿越能力对接入系统的暂态稳定性有着重要影响。分析双馈感应风力发电机的励磁控制原理,在此基础上研究风电机组基于电流解耦的矢量控制策略以及故障期间转子侧变流器Crowbar(撬棒)滞环保护方案和网侧变流器的电压支撑技术。运用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真工具研究常规同步发电机和双馈风力发电机2种类型机组在短时间和长时间短路故障时的暂态响应特性,并探讨变流器参数对风电机组性能的影响。结果表明:变流器紧急应对措施可以使风机迅速恢复控制能力,从而通过灵活地调节其转子磁链矢量的幅值和相角使电压快速重建;此外,选择合适的直流侧电容容量将增强不对称故障情况下网侧变流器抵抗负序电流的能力。     

电网对称故障下基于active crowbar双馈发电机控制

随着风力发电规模和风电机组单机容量不断增大,要求大型风电机组具有低电压穿越能力,因此需要研究三相对称故障下双馈风力发电机控制方法.在电网电压突然跌落时,由于双馈发电机中的电磁耦合关系,在定转子中感应出过电压过电流,为保护转子侧变换器,需要通过crowbar来短路双馈发电机的转子.针对传统的passive crowbar的不足,采用active crowbar电路的控制方法.当电网故障造成双馈发电机转子过流时,开启active crowbar电路来旁路转子侧变换器.当转子电流下降到一定程度时断开crowbar,转子侧变换器恢复工作,此时双馈电机可以向电网同时提供有功无功支持.理论分析的基础上进行了仿真研究.仿真结果证实了采用active crowbar可以有效地实现双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越.     

双馈感应式风力发电系统低压穿越能力仿真研究

在电网故障条件下,风电并网导则要求风电发电机具备低压穿越能力.为了保护发电机及其变流器,双馈式感应风力发电机(英文缩写DFIG),需要采用Crowbar保护电路为转子过电流提供旁路通道,同时抑制直流母线过电压.文章介绍了在PSCAD平台下搭建的2MW双馈感应式风力发电系统,并对有无Crowbar电路的DFIG在三相短路...     

基于变结构准Z源的双馈风电机组强励变换器

当电网电压发生深度跌落时,需要风力发电系统不脱网且向电网提供动态无功支撑,采用传统励磁变换器的双馈风电机组往往需要通过外加装置才能实现这一要求.外加装置使系统变得复杂,可靠性和效率降低.针对这一问题,文中分析了双馈风电机组低电压穿越的瓶颈,提出了构建坚强励磁系统的思想,并设计了一种基于变结构准Z源的新型双馈风电机组强励变换器.将传统的电容型母线替换为准Z源网络,当电网正常时该变换器运行于可调电压的单电容型母线状态,当电网电压发生深度跌落时,该变换器可以迅速升高直流链电压,从而保证转子侧变换器在故障期间始终可控.搭建了双馈风电机组低电压穿越仿真与实验系统,仿真与实验结果表明所提强励变换器拓扑具有良好的稳态与动态性能,在电压深度跌落时能够有效控制转子电流,实现双馈风电机组的低电压穿越和无功支撑.