柔性直流输电并网风电厂的低电压穿越能力改进(英文)

To achieve active control of the AC voltage magnitude of wind power plant(WPP)collector network and improve the fault ride-through(FRT)capability,an FRT scheme based on feed forward DC voltage control is presented for voltage source converter-high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)connected offshore WPPs.During steady state operation,an open loop AC voltage control is implemented at the WPP-side VSC of the HVDC system so that any possible control interactions between WPP-side VSC and VSC of wind turbine are minimized.Whereas during any grid fault,a dynamic AC voltage reference is made according to both the DC voltage error and AC active current from the WPP collector system,thus ensuring fast and robust FRT of the VSC-HVDC-connected offshore WPPs.Under the unbalanced fault condition in the host power system,the resulting oscillatory DC voltage is directly used in the VSC AC voltage controller at the WPP side so that the WPP collector system voltage also reflects the unbalance in the main grid.Time domain simulations are performed to verify the efficacy of the FRT scheme based on the proposed feed forward DC voltage control.Simulation results show satisfactory FRT responses of the VSC-HVDC-connected offshore WPP under balanced and unbalanced faults in the host power system,as is shown under a serious fault in the WPP collector network.     

Fault Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of VSC HVDC connected Offshore Wind Power Plants

To achieve active control of the AC voltage magnitude of wind power plant(WPP) collector network and improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability,an FRT scheme based on feed forward DC voltage contr...     

风电场柔性直流输电的故障穿越方法对风电机组的影响

柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统是大型风电场并网的较好选择,当发生交流系统故障时,故障穿越控制器可维持该系统的稳定性。然而,控制器会对风电机组造成一定影响。针对大型风电场VSC-HVDC系统接入的故障穿越问题,文中首先在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立了含有普通异步/双馈风电场详细模型的两端VSC-HVDC系统仿真模型,并验证了升频法和降压法两种典型的故障穿越方法。然后进一步研究了不同类型风电机组在不同的故障穿越方法下的特性和差异,从而得出风电场VSC-HVDC系统的故障穿越方法对风电机组的影响规律。研究得出的结论可以为不同类型的风电机组接入VSC-HVDC系统时故障穿越方法的选择提供一定的参考依据。     

海上风电场与柔性直流输电系统的新型协调控制策略

提出了一种适用于采用双馈机型的海上风电场与柔直输电系统的新型协调控制策略。接入风电场的送端换流站采用基于锁相环的定功率控制,根据风电场的有功参考值控制其有功功率输入,并且在送端换流站的有功功率控制外环中加入有功功率与直流电压平方的下垂特性来加强直流电压暂态稳定性;双馈风电机组采用同步控制,调节海上风电场交流电网的电压幅值和角度。相对于经典协调控制策略,该控制策略可以加强柔直输电系统的直流电压稳定性,对通信延时不敏感,通信成本较低。该控制策略还实现了送端交流电网故障下系统的故障穿越。文中以风电场接入基于多电平的两端柔直输电系统作为仿真研究对象,通过仿真分析验证了该协调控制策略的有效性和优越性。     

海上风电经VSC-HVDC系统受端电网不对称故障抑制策略

海上风电经柔性直流输电技术（即基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电系统,VSC-HVDC）送出系统中受端电网故障不仅影响受端换流站交直流侧系统的运行状态,严重情况下也会阻碍送端换流站和海上风电机组的正常运行。针对这一实际问题,分析了海上风电经VSC-HVDC送出系统中受端电网发生不对称故障的传播机理,提出了一种基于Lyapunov函数方法的负序分量抑制策略。首先,建立了海上风电机组经VSC-HVDC送出系统的拓扑结构,并分析了受端电网发生不对称故障的传播机理。其次,根据受端换流站的数学模型推导出满足Lyapunov函数全局稳定性的负序开关函数,并求解出开关函数的系数,进一步设计出相应的Lyapunov函数控制器。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink软件仿真将所提策略与传统PI控制进行对比,验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性。     

辅助经VSC-HVDC并网的海上风电场故障穿越的动态制动电阻参数设计与控制策略

目前海上风电大规模远距离传输越来越多地应用基于电压源型换流器的高压直流输电系统（VSC-HVDC）。介绍了目前含VSC-HVDC的海上风电穿越岸上交流故障的研究方法,提出了一种利用动态制动电阻（dynamic braking resistor,DBR）抑制岸上交流故障期间直流线路的过电压,从而辅助风电场穿越岸上交流故障的改进控制方法,该方法能够无通讯地同时调节DBR功率和风电场输出功率。提出了能够满足直流过电压幅度和下降速度要求的DBR参数设计方法和控制策略。不同工况下的仿真验证了所提控制策略的正确性。     

一种适用于海上风电经MMC-MTDC并网的电网侧故障穿越方法

海上风电工程逐渐向深远海和多端柔性直流输电技术推进。当岸上交流电网发生故障时,海上风电经多端柔直并网系统应该具有故障穿越的能力。然而现有方法主要研究电网侧换流站的系统级控制策略,未尽限利用风场侧换流站及场站内变流器的协同配合,严重故障时易导致换流站过载。此外,传统两端柔直故障穿越方法未针对多端场景改进,可能会出现风场脱网事故。针对上述问题,首先将故障划分为自消纳和非自消纳场景。自消纳场景下不平衡功率较小,结合风机自身安全减载能力和从站剩余容量,分别提出了基于降压法的超速减载和考虑功率裕度的从站电压偏差下垂控制策略。非自消纳场景下不平衡功率较大,分别提出了调度中心通信正常和异常情况下的故障穿越控制策略。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台建模验证了所提控制方法的有效性。     

长距离直流电缆对柔性直流系统故障影响分析

远距离海上风电越来越多地选择柔性直流经海缆送出的方式。采用电缆的柔性直流(voltage source con ver ter based high voltage direct current, VSC-HVDC)输电系统,其故障特性比传统架空线直流输电系统更加复杂。文中基于对称单极拓扑的双端VSC-HVDC海上风电送出工程,简化了电缆和VSC-HVDC输电系统的数学模型,分析换流变阀侧交流系统单相接地和直流电缆线路单极接地等典型故障下的故障特性,运用叠加原理对故障机理进行解释;根据不同故障类型的故障源等效出不同的故障回路,得到了长距离电缆显著的电容效应对VSC-HVDC系统故障特征的复杂影响;利用实时数字仿真平台,搭建远海风电送出系统硬件在环仿真模型,验证了故障机理解析分析的正确性。     

大规模海上风电柔性直流输电技术应用现状和展望

海上风电具有风力资源稳定性强、年利用小时数高等特点,随着海上风电机组大型化、投资规模扩大以及建设成本下降,基于柔性直流输电技术的大规模海上风电送出已成为海上风电发展和研究的热点方向。结合国内外典型海上风电柔性直流输电工程,对换流阀、联接变压器、耗能装置、高压直流断路器、海底直流电缆关键电气设备应用现状等进行分析和总结,介绍控制系统构、硬件组成和控制算法研究现状。考虑到海上平台所处的盐雾腐蚀环境,介绍了联接变压器、换流阀的防腐设计和海水冷却系统设计。分析、总结了大规模海上风电的并网技术方案的研究现状,对海上换流站、海上风电场的发展趋势进行展望。     

基于VSC-HVDC并网风电场的低电压穿越技术研究

VSC-HVDC系统应用于大规模风电集中并网、远距离输送时,要解决电网故障时风电场的低电压穿越(LVRT)问题。为此,提出VSC-HVDC系统与风电场的协调控制策略。低电压穿越期间,通过HVDC两端变流站对电网提供无功支持并采用基于频率控制的快速功率降低算法控制风电场馈入功率,维持直流线路功率平衡。同时,提出风电机组分层控制,使之与HVDC功率控制相协调,保持风电机组的电压稳定。VSC-HVDC系统与风电场间无需通信连接,无需增加设备投资,具有较好的经济性。最后,算例仿真结果验证了该控制策略的快速性和有效性。     

面向海上平台轻型化的跟网型中频远海风电场直流送出方案

海上风电具有广阔的发展前景,而可靠、高效的大规模远海风电并网系统是开发海上风电的关键技术.针对远海风电直流送出系统的海上平台轻型化问题,提出一种跟网型中频远海风电场直流送出方案.该方案采用跟网型风电机组,直流系统的整流侧和逆变侧都采用模块化多电平换流器(MMC).首先,从拓扑结构和控制系统2个方面对该跟网型中频方案进行了描述;接着,就海上风电场交流系统运行频率对风电场及其直流送出系统的影响进行了分析,包括对变压器、交流电缆和MMC等的影响.基于±320 kV/1000 MW海上风电直流送出系统,分析了100 Hz跟网型中频方案的技术经济性,包括关键电气设备的主回路参数、海上交流电缆造价、海上平台造价、风机造价、交流电缆损耗和整流站阀损耗、交流电缆输电能力.最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了跟网型中频方案的电磁暂态仿真模型,验证了该方案的有效性.     

A new fault-ride-through strategy for MTDC networks incorporating wind farms and modular multi-level converters

This paper presents a DC voltage control strategy for enhancing the fault-ride-through (FRT) capability of wind farms comprising of fully rated converter permanent magnet synchronous generators (FRC-PMSGs) connected to multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) grids through modular multi-level converters (MMCs). The proposed FRT strategy is implemented on a master controller located in the offshore AC substation of each wind farm. The underlying issue addressed via the scheme relates to over-voltages in the HVDC links when the power transfer is disrupted due to faults occurring in the AC onshore grid. The corresponding Matlab/Simulink® model has been validated using transient simulation, while the practical feasibility of the controller is demonstrated utilising Opal-RT^© real-time hardware platform.     

Transient analysis of super conducting fault current limiter integrated with multi-terminal direct current system

Since the extension of voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system to multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) system is easy, the application of MTDC system is more attractive than before. But the VSC based HVDC system is more vulnerable to DC line faults due to the high discharge current from the DC link capacitance. In this aspect, a super conducting fault current limiter (SCFCL) is a better choice to reduce the consequences of DC line faults. The main objective of this paper is to improve the dynamic performance of an offshore wind farm connected multi-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission system by incorporating SCFCL at different locations. Here, the SCFCL integrated MTDC system is modelled in MATLAB/Simulink and the results are presented for various AC/DC fault conditions.     

风电场经VSC-HVDC并网故障穿越协调控制策略

近年来基于电压源换流器的高压直流(VSC-HVDC)输电技术发展迅速,为保证电网安全运行,经VSCHVDC并网的风电场必须具备故障穿越能力。文中研究风电场经VSC-HVDC并网时的故障穿越能力,针对并网点故障换流站传输有功降低使得交流系统和直流系统功率不平衡,造成直流电压迅速升高影响系统运行的问题,设计了一种基于传统耗能电阻电路而改进的耗能电阻拓扑结构。当电网侧发生故障时,通过投入耗能电阻吸收功率差额并且结合风电机组进行协调控制,使得VSC-HVDC风电并网系统能够顺利平稳地穿越故障。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC搭建基于VSC-HVDC的风电场并网模型,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

海上风电场MMC HVDC并网系统暂态行为分析

对于海上风电场模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)并网系统,提出风电场侧模块化多电平换流器通过双维度单环直接控制风电场集电系统交流电压的方法,有效控制集电系统交流电压并保持稳定。基于PSCAD/EMTDC建立整个海上风电场直流并网系统模型,进行相应仿真研究,针对风速变化、风电场集电系统故障、电网故障以及MMC-HVDC直流单极接地故障等几种情况进行暂态分析,并与交流并网系统暂态结果进行比较。研究结果表明,采用所述控制方法的并网MMC-HVDC系统在发生相应故障时能够保持稳定运行,验证了海上风电场MMCHVDC并网系统及相应控制方法的正确性和有效性。     

Effects of VSC based HVDC system on distance protection of transmission lines

The priority to reactive power contribution from the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) connection to support the grid during faults as suggested by the modern Network Code (NC) for HVDC affects the distance protection of transmission lines. Moreover, suppressing the negative sequence current during an unbalanced condition also interferes with the proper operation of the distance relays. This is because the current contribution from the converter is limited in magnitude and modified in the waveform in order to protect the power electronic devices during the fault in comparison to the synchronous generator fault current characteristics. This paper discusses the cause as well as the severity of the problems faced by the distance protection of transmission lines connected to the VSC based HVDC system by analyzing the apparent impedance analytically and in the simulation. The response of the relay to balanced and unbalanced faults lying on transmission lines is investigated. It is shown that the VSC limited reactive support and suppressed negative sequence current affect fault detection, forcing the relay to malfunction. The results of this paper can be used as a reference for understanding the effects of VSC-HVDC system on the operation of the distance protection during faults.     

基于谐波注入信息传递的海上风电柔直并网故障穿越方法

海上风电柔直送出系统在交流电网发生故障时应该具备故障穿越能力.然而,风电场和柔直系统中的多类型换流设备在没有高速通信的情况下,很难协同控制实现系统低电压穿越过程中的直流电压稳定.因此,提出基于谐波注入信息传递的海上风电柔直送出系统故障穿越协调控制方法.在故障期间,风电场侧换流器检测到直流电压超过阈值后降低风电场交流电压幅值,并向系统注入谐波,使得风电机组换流器根据不同谐波阈值协同限制注入电网的功率,实现无通信条件下系统多换流设备协同的故障穿越.通过与常规的只由风电场侧换流器单独降功率的方法进行比较,在电网的各种故障类型下,所提方法可以更快速地将柔直直流电压限定在允许范围之内,系统可实现安全、可靠的故障穿越.     

A control strategy for a multi-terminal HVDC network integrating wind farms to the AC grid

This paper describes a novel control strategy of voltage source converters (VSC) in large-scale wind farm applications, in order to achieve a constant DC voltage for connecting to the long transmission system based on multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) technology. The control strategy is based on a multi-loop current and voltage control for tracking the predetermined value of the DC link voltage in the rectifier side station to achieve proper performance in the irregular circumstances of wind farm operation. In addition, the control strategy is able to transmit the maximum input power to the consumption side in different situations in grid side converter. Grid connection of the HVDC system is analysed under two conditions: balanced AC grid, and connection of unbalanced nonlinear load into the AC grid. The control strategy guarantees injection of minimum harmonic current components from the grid to the loads. MATLAB simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for different types of variations in AC voltage amplitude and frequency of wind turbines output voltage.     

基于VSC-HVDC的风电分散并网下垂控制策略

海上风电的大规模开发使得柔性直流(VSC-HVDC)输电技术得到了越来越广泛的关注与应用。文中通过引入交流电压下垂控制,提出了基于VSC-HVDC的适应送端交流分散模式下的风电场多端并网的协调控制策略。在柔性直流输电传统控制策略的基础上,保留配电网侧逆变器的定直流电压控制,以保证系统功率平衡;而使风电场侧整流器采用交流电压下垂控制,以代替原有的恒功率控制,从而引入下垂控制的无需通信联系和合理动态分配等优势。仿真分析表明所提控制策略不仅能保证有功出力灵活自动跟踪系统额定值,而且还具有一定的负荷波动容忍度和交直流故障隔离功能,且在风电场采用送端交流分散模式同时向多端配电网供电时,能在风电机组切出系统的情况下快速实现潮流反转,以保证系统供电可靠性,并能自动按照额定比例在各配电网间合理分配动态功率,为风电分散并网的协调运行提供了有效的解决途径。     

风电场VSC-HVDC并网不平衡运行改善控制策略

风电场柔性高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统交流不平衡运行时,并网输出功率存在二倍电网频率波动,并网电压、电流波形畸变,恶化风电场并网的电能质量。为改善风电柔性高压直流输电系统在交流不平衡状况下的并网性能,针对双馈风电场侧交流不平衡运行状况提出了一种改善控制策略。该改善控制策略在计及相关平波电抗器、变压器等值阻抗影响的基础上,建立了风电场VSC-HVDC系统不平衡运行数学模型,并提出基于正负序双dq解耦轴系下的正负序控制给定电流策略。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真平台对比仿真引入改善控制策略前后的系统运行性能,对比结果表明所提改善控制策略可以有效抑制风电场并网功率波动,改善系统并网电压、电流波形。