细粒度金刚石砂轮形貌测量与评价

采用基于扫描白光干涉原理的三维表面轮廓仪对粒度为3 000的金刚石砂轮表面形貌进行测量,其图像拼接功能可以确保较高的横向分辨率、较高的垂直分辨率和较大的取样面积。利用频谱分析方法对砂轮表面的频率构成进行分析,通过理想的低通数字滤波消除测量仪器引起的系统噪声和砂轮表面的高频分量,然后重建砂轮表面的三维形貌,在此基础上得出砂轮的磨粒出刃高度、静态有效磨粒密度、磨粒平均间距。研究表明,采用细粒度金刚石砂轮进行超精密磨削时,磨粒出刃高度大体上服从正态分布,静态有效磨粒密度远低于理论磨粒密度,真正起切削作用的磨粒数量极少。     

Recognition of diamond grains on surface of fine diamond grinding wheel

The accurate evaluation of grinding wheel surface topography, which is necessary for the investigation of the grinding principle, optimism, modeling, and simulation of a grinding process, significantly depends on the accurate recognition of abrasive grains from the measured wheel surface. A detailed analysis of the grain size distribution characteristics and grain profile wavelength of the fine diamond grinding wheel used for ultra-precision grinding is presented. The requirements of the spatial sampling interval and sampling area for instruments to measure the surface topography of a diamond grinding wheel are discussed. To recognize diamond grains, digital filtering is used to eliminate the high frequency disturbance from the measured 3D digital surface of the grinding wheel, the geometric features of diamond grains are then extracted from the filtered 3D digital surface, and a method based on the grain profile frequency characteristics, diamond grain curvature, and distance between two adjacent diamond grains is proposed. A 3D surface profiler based on scanning white light interferometry is used to measure the 3D surface topography of a #3000 mesh resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, and the diamond grains are then recognized from the 3D digital surface. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is reasonable and effective.     

Wear behavior and mechanism of single-layer brazed CBN abrasive wheels during creep-feed grinding cast nickel-based superalloy

Wear behavior and mechanism of single-layer brazed CBN abrasive wheels during creep-feed grinding nickel-based superalloy K424 was investigated. Grinding force and temperature acting on the abrasive wheels were measured. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to detect grain protrusion and wheel wear morphology. The normal distribution of the protrusion height of the brazed CBN grains on the wheel surface was determined. The results show that, though the grinding zone temperature is merely about 180°C during creep-feed grinding nickel-based superalloy, the grinding heat still has an important effect on the grain wear owing to the high temperature of the individual grain up to 500–600°C. Wear patterns of brazed wheels are composed of mild wear (attritious wear and grain micro-fracture) and severe wear (grain macro-fracture, erosion of the bonding layer). Strong joining of brazed CBN grains and Ag–Cu–Ti bonding layer improves significantly the resistance to grain pullout.     

磨削过程模拟及磨削机理研究（上）

在前人磨削理论基础上对砂轮结构做了更接实际的随机性假设,应用计算机数字模拟技术对磨削全过程进行了模拟,获得了磨削过程和磨削表面的许多重要数据和结果,给出了砂轮表层的磨料中中切削的磨粒数目和切屑的长度、厚度和体积。在研究砂轮结构的基础上得出砂轮磨粒分布的随机性是磨削加工能产生表面低粗糙度的重要因素。对砂轮磨料粒度及砂轮修整的定量研究表面,要获得超低粗糙度值磨削表面不仅需要选择较细磨粒,而且需要对砂轮     

On the sampling of three-dimensional polycrystalline microstructures for distribution determination

How to sample three-dimensional microstructure and effectively reduce experimental error is a challenging problem. Taking seven single-phase polycrystalline structures generated by 400×400×400 Potts Monte Carlo simulation as the study object, effects of sampling strategy on the determination of various characteristic parameters of the grain size distribution and grain topology distribution are studied. The mean voxel value (or volume) of individual grains in the three-dimensional simulated microstructure varies from 4.56×10(4) to 1.0×10(3) , and the number of grains contained in the structure varies from 63 901 to 1403. The results show that, a minimum of 200 sampled grains can ensure the relative error to be less than 5% for determination of the mean grain volume, the mean grain face number and the coefficient of variance of the distribution of grain size and the grain face number. Whereas for the coefficient of the skewness and the kurtosis of grain size distribution or grain face number distribution, a minimum of 800 sampled grains are required for the same error level. However, if some exceptional big grains appear, e.g. a grain larger than with eight multiples of mean grain volume and/or three multiples of mean grain face number, abnormal values of the two parameters would be resulted, even the number of examined grains is over 1000.     

陶瓷CBN砂轮地貌建模与磨削仿真

针对砂轮表面上磨粒形状的不规则性、尺寸的不确定性以及分布的随机性特点,采用随机空间平面切分实体的方法生成了具有实际磨粒几何特征的不规则多面体磨粒;提出了虚拟格子法,实现了磨粒空间位置的随机分布,构建了陶瓷CBN砂轮地貌仿真模型;采用有限元法和光滑粒子流体动力学法的耦合方法进行了砂轮地貌模型磨削仿真,通过切削层SPH粒子的运动情况,分析了磨粒的切削机理及工件表面的创成机理。     

Recognition of diamond grains on surface of fine diamond grinding wheel

The accurate evaluation of grinding wheel surface topography, which is necessary for the investigation of the grinding principle, optimism, modeling, and simulation of a grinding process, significantly depends on the accurate recognition of abrasive grains from the measured wheel surface. A detailed analysis of the grain size distribution characteristics and grain profile wavelength of the fine diamond grinding wheel used for ultra-precision grinding is presented. The requirements of the spatial sampling interval and sampling area for instruments to measure the surface topography of a diamond grinding wheel are discussed. To recognize diamond grains, digital filtering is used to eliminate the high frequency disturbance from the measured 3D digital surface of the grinding wheel, the geometric features of diamond grains are then extracted from the filtered 3D digital surface, and a method based on the grain profile frequency characteristics, diamond grain curvature, and distance between two adjacent diamond grains is proposed. A 3D surface profiler based on scanning white light interferometry is used to measure the 3D surface topography of a #3000 mesh resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, and the diamond grains are then recognized from the 3D digital surface. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is reasonable and effective. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2007, 47(3): 358–362 [译自: 大连理工大学学报]     

基于凸多面体碰撞检测的虚拟砂轮建模研究

虚拟砂轮建模时大多采用包围球对磨粒进行碰撞检测,而包围球相互接触时凸多面体磨粒之间仍存在间隙,导致虚拟砂轮表面与实际砂轮表面差异较大,影响后续磨削过程仿真的准确性.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于凸多面体碰撞检测的虚拟砂轮建模方法.推导了砂轮表面磨粒随机位置的数学模型,基于凸多面体碰撞检测判断磨粒干涉状况,最终生成虚拟砂轮...     

Analytical modeling of grinding wheel loading phenomena

Wheel surface condition plays an important role in the grinding operation. Grinding wheel loading, meaning chip accumulation in the space between grains, leads to deteriorating wheel cutting ability and causes excessive force and temperature. This paper presents an analytical model of wheel loading phenomena as a function of cutting parameters, wheel structure, and material properties. The model is based on the adhesion of workpiece material to abrasive grain surface. It is validated by experimental results from grinding nickel-based superalloy with cubic boron nitride vitrified wheel. This model considers wheel specifications including abrasive grains size and the number of cutting edges. Cutting parameters and process temperature are the other determinant factors. On the basis of this model and empirical results, the effects of the various process parameters are presented.     

金刚石砂轮中磨粒出刃的分形分析

针对金刚石砂轮微观出刃形貌复杂的问题,提出分形维数和等价出刃尺寸的评价指标。目的是利用分形维数和等价出刃尺寸分别评价砂轮磨粒的破碎程度和砂轮磨粒出刃的均匀程度。试验和分析结果表明,进给深度越大,砂轮出刃的分形维数就越大,表明砂轮磨粒的破碎程度越大,会给加工表面造成较大的粗糙度或划伤表面。进给深度对磨粒出刃的等价出刃尺寸的影响不大。     

超微粒金刚石和富勒烯研具创建超平滑表面的研究

制备了超微粒金刚石和富勒烯研磨工具,并分别进行了硅片研磨试验,详细分析了两种材料的研磨特性如表面粗糙度的稳定性、磨料粒度对研磨效果的影响以及研磨材料的显微结构等。试验结果表明,使用0~1/8μm粒度的金刚石研具获得的表面粗糙度值大于使用0~1/4μm粒度金刚石研具的表面粗糙度值,这是因为磨粒被粘结剂覆盖所致。研究结果表明,采用富勒烯研具研磨硅片可获得Ra5nm的超平滑镜面。     

The effect of dynamic behavior on surface roughness of ball screw under the grinding force

The dynamic behavior of a ball screw under a moving grinding force and the resulting ball screw surface roughness are investigated. The system includes a ball screw, a headstock, a tailstock, a steady rest, a grinding wheel, and a wheel head. Equations of motion of the system are derived through Lagrangian approach combined with global assumed mode method in this study. The transient responses of the system due to a moving force are evaluated using Runge?CKutta method. Results show that the steady rest can reduce 90% vibration in a grinding process. An equation is proposed to predict the maximum response by the cutting depth. Then we simulate the grain height distribution on the grinding wheel, considering transient response on the ball screw and the grinding wheel. Lastly, the ball screw surface roughness could be simulated via calculating the depth of all working grains. The purpose of using grinding process is that the ball screw needs fine surface roughness. The ball screw surface roughness is influenced by the grain size more than the structure numbers can be.     

基于数值建模的砂轮形貌仿真与测量

建立球形磨粒在空间随机运动的数学模型,提出创建三维砂轮数值模型的方法。提取仿真砂轮的表层磨粒以生成虚拟砂轮形貌,依据振动模型确定的磨粒中心坐标,将球形磨粒转化为不规则六面体进行统计分析。以单点金刚石笔为修整工具,建立修整模型并将其引入砂轮形貌生成过程之中。利用激光传感器测量实际砂轮形貌的磨粒分布规律,并将试验统计数据与同特征的仿真结果相比较,分析两结果之间的区别和联系。通过计算磨粒突出高度、磨粒间距等评价参数,讨论砂轮形貌修整前后的差异,测量和仿真的结果表明：在初始砂轮形貌中,磨粒突出高度呈正态分布,修整后则近似均匀分布,大部分磨粒间距分布在0.2～0.6 mm,为进一步探讨砂轮形貌对磨削工件的影响提供了依据。     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的精密修整及效果评价

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮作为一种新型的磨削工具,具有磨粒固结强度高、磨粒出露大、容屑空间大等优点,比较适合高效率大切深的强力磨削,然而这种工具对高性能的脆性材料的精密磨削却比较困难。本文通过两种精密的修整工艺,使得加工表面质量大大提高。通过观察砂轮磨粒形态的变化可知,磨粒在修整过程中存在有磨损钝化、破碎、表面粘附等现象;通过对砂轮轮廓的激光测量可知,砂轮的磨粒等高性在修整过程中是明显改善的。通过修整磨粒粒径300μm的钎焊砂轮磨削氧化锆的表面粗糙度达到了Ra0.2μm。     

杯形CBN砂轮端面磨削的自锐过程分析及磨削效果改善

以曲线沟槽的磨削加工为目的 ,本文对金属结合剂杯形小直径 CBN砂轮端面磨削沟槽底面时的砂轮自锐 (Self- dressing)过程进行了研究。金属结合剂杯形小直径 CBN砂轮的自锐行为表现为磨粒磨损后的破碎产生新切削刃 ,磨钝磨粒的脱落和砂轮结合剂被磨屑去除产生新磨粒 ,保持了砂轮工作面上磨粒密度的相对稳定 ,维持了砂轮的锋锐性。通过提高砂轮硬度以期减缓磨粒脱落 ,增加单个磨粒的服务期限 ,试验结果表明已加工表面粗糙度 Rz小于 3.5 μm,砂轮磨损减小了 40 % ,磨削过程稳定 ,取得了良好的磨削效果     

3D metal removal simulation to determine uncut chip thickness, contact length, and surface finish in grinding

The two most important geometric parameters that describe the mechanics of grinding are the uncut chip thickness and the contact length. Currently, analytical approaches are used to estimate these parameters. The accuracy of these approaches, however, is limited because they do not take into account the random shape, size, and protrusion height and placement of the abrasive grains around the circumference of the grinding wheel. In this paper, a simulation technique was used to gain new insight into the effect of the stochastic nature of grinding wheels on the geometric properties of the grinding process. The simulator was used to calculate the number of active grains, uncut chip thickness, and contact length for a stochastic wheel model of Radiac Abrasive’s WRA-60-J5-V1 grinding wheel. These values were then mapped to every grain on the grinding wheel and used to determine the instantaneous material removal rate of the wheel and workpiece surface finish. There was excellent agreement between the predicted and experimentally measured surface topology of the workpiece. The results suggest that only 10–25 % of the grains on the grinding wheel are active and that the average grinding chip may be as much as ten times thicker and ten times shorter than would be produced by a grinding wheel with a regular arrangement of cutting edges as assumed by existing analytical approaches.     

Study on micro-interacting mechanism modeling in grinding process and ground surface roughness prediction

In the research on grinding process modeling, the stochastic nature of grain sizes and locations need to be considered. A new numerical model was developed which will describe the micro-interacting situations between grains and workpiece material in grinding contact zone. The model was established based on a series of reasonable assumptions, the critical conditions of starting points of plowing and cutting stages, and the redefined grinding contact zone. It indicated that there are four types of grain existing in grinding contact zone: uncontact, sliding, plowing, and cutting grains. The number of grains per unit wheel volume (N _v ) and the undeformed chip thickness (h _cu,max), which are key parameters in grinding process modeling, were firstly obtained. The numbers and distributions of different grain types along grinding contact zone were then obtained and analyzed. Calculation results showed that only a small fraction of grains participate in cutting interactions and the changing laws of each grain types along grinding contact length are very different from each other, which gives a deeper insight into grinding process and can be a good foundation for more precise grinding force prediction and thermal analysis. Another important application of this model is for ground surface roughness prediction and a new method on this purpose was developed. At last, two comparisons were made between calculation results and existing experimental data for validating the work on paper. Comparison results showed that the roughness of ground surface can be well predicted and gave the method theoretically to reduce ground surface roughness.     

磨料粒度对电镀CBN砂轮磨损影响的有限元仿真分析

以单颗CBN磨粒的磨损为例,对电镀CBN砂轮的磨损进行研究。针对磨削淬硬轴承钢GCr15,将单颗CBN磨粒适当简化成圆锥体,建立楔形滑擦模型,利用Deform 3D软件对单颗CBN磨粒的磨耗磨损进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:不同粒度磨粒的磨损形式相似,均为前端面磨成弧形月牙洼形,尖端逐渐磨成平台;相同条件下磨粒的最大磨损量随着磨料粒度号的增大而减小。同时也说明了细粒度的电镀CBN砂轮的磨损较小。研究结果对进一步研究电镀CBN砂轮制造工艺有指导意义。     

基于球切多面体和光密度的砂轮建模与测量

针对金刚石砂轮磨粒形状的不规则性、尺寸的变化性以及空间位置随机分布的特点,采用基于球坐标的随机点产生的空间平面切分实体的方法,建立更接近实际的虚拟多面体磨粒,并建立金刚石砂轮模型;从类似机床刀具切削刃的磨刃二面角出发,运用仿生物学中光密度以及计算机数字图像处理的方法,提出了基于光密度、积分光密度、平均积分光密度的一种新的砂轮形貌评价方法,并通过试验测量研究了磨刃二面角与积分光密度值之间的关系。研究结果表明,磨刃二面角越大,积分光密度值越大,在0~200之间变化。最后结合砂轮表面面积密度、磨粒平均个数、出刃高度、积分光密度值等参数验证了所建立的虚拟多面体磨粒和砂轮模型的有效性。     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整实验研究

为满足单层钎焊金刚石砂轮高效精密加工的性能要求,对磨粒有序排布单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整进行了实验研究。采用磨粒有序排布的钎焊金刚石修整工具对钎焊砂轮进行了修整,该修整方法通过修整工具粒度的变化以及修整速比的调整来控制砂轮形貌,从而使氧化锆的磨削表面粗糙度达到了精密加工的水平。对砂轮形貌进行了观测统计,数据表明,砂轮磨粒的等高性得到明显改善且避免了磨粒端部的严重钝化。