Ti6Al4V ELI钛合金加热与保温过程的数值模拟研究

采用Deform-3D软件建立了Ti6Al4V ELI钛合金的3D加热有限元模型。详细模拟了Ti6Al4V ELI钛合金在不同加热曲线下的温升过程,并通过热处理实验验证了所模拟加热时间的准确性。结果表明:采用分段加热的方式,可以明显缩短坯料在β相区的保温时间,而且坯料规格越大,优势就越明显。通过实验验证,对热处理后的坯料心部组织进行金相观察,所有的初生α相都已消失,并发生了β转变,且出现了明显的晶界,两相组织变成魏氏组织,说明坯料心部已经热透,证明所建立的模型可靠。     

网带式连续钎焊炉内钢坯温度场数值模拟

在用耐热温度数据记录仪测温实验的基础上,建立了网带式连续钎焊炉内钢坯升温过程的数学模型,利用有限元软件ANSYS对其温度场进行有限元数值模拟。通过计算出45钢坯料不同表面温度的实时换热系数,同时将环境温度作为时间的函数施载,模拟得到坯料在钎焊炉中各区段的温度场的实时分布情况。同时模拟计算了钎焊炉加热段内坯料特征点处温度随时间的变化曲线,并与测温曲线进行了对比。结果表明:模拟计算值与实测数据吻合良好,温差值最大为9℃,验证了所建传热模型的正确性。     

中密度纤维板非稳态热传导解析及数值模拟

基于无限大平板模型的非稳态热传导理论,推导了适用于中密度纤维板试件在空气介质加热条件下的温度场和达到目标温度加热时间的解析方程,采用ANSYS有限元软件对加热过程进行了有限元建模和模拟分析。验证试验分别测试研究了介质温度、试件厚度和幅面尺寸对温升行为的影响,并与解析法和有限元模拟法获得的结果进行了比较。结果表明,理论解析法和有限元模拟得到的温升曲线与实测温升曲线吻合,试件达到目标温度时间与实测值相比最大误差为2.0%,验证了解析解和有限元模型的有效性。     

2.25Cr1Mo钢大型筒体锻件差温热处理过程研究

通过在差温炉中的加热试验和有限元模拟,研究了2.25Cr1Mo钢大型筒体锻件热处理加热过程的温度场,计算了筒体在热处理过程中的温度变化;采用逆算法确定了筒体加热过程预热段和高速升温段的综合界面换热系数。综合界面换热系数由对流换热系数、辐射换热系数和修正换热系数三部分组成。在高速升温段,由于局部炉气分布不均匀,修正换热系数较大;而在预热和保温段,计算所得的修正换热系数较小。运用修正的换热系数计算的筒体的外表面温度与实际测量温度相差±13℃。预测结果表明,所编制的软件程序与实际升温曲线符合很好,为今后预测大型锻件差温热处理过程的温度场提供了依据。     

基于有限元的热冲压界面换热系数反算

为了获得热冲压板料和模具的界面换热系数,本文通过设计圆台实验分别获得热冲压淬火过程中5、10、20、30和40 MPa保压压强时的板料中心降温曲线和模具模面中心向下1.5 mm处的升温曲线。在考虑模具热电偶温度响应时间和板料由奥氏体向马氏体转变的相变潜热影响基础上,提出运用有限元反算求解界面换热系数的方法,进而获得界面换热系数与保压压强的对应关系。结果表明,界面换热系数值与压强近似呈直线关系,使用该方法时板料与模具的模拟温度曲线和实验温度曲线的相对误差可控制在15%以内,且二者的平均绝对误差最大不超过24℃。     

半固态触变成形坯料感应加热的数值模拟

半固态触变成形技术以其降低宏观偏析，减少多孔性，成形力小和近终成形等优点受到广泛关注。在触变成形之前，使坯料具有均匀的固－液相分布和球状晶粒是很重要的，这就要求加热快而迅速，为满足这一要求，目前普遍采用电磁感应加热，文中对感应加热进行了有限元理论分析，采用商用有限元软件ANASYS对半固态触变成形坯料感应加热进行了为数值模拟，模拟了频率，加热时间，线圈电流强度系数，坯料尺寸半径，线圈尺寸大小等参数对坯料温度的影响。     

大型高温合金锻坯加热及冷却过程模拟

以传热学为基础,基于ANSYS Fluent有限元软件,通过整体求解法对整体加热炉和大型高温合金GH4698锻坯的温度场进行了模拟研究。利用Fluent UDF编程实现加热炉中的反馈调节系统;冷却过程为出炉空冷,通过计算坯料与空气的对流换热系数,然后利用UDF实现锻坯冷却过程中边界条件的设置。通过模拟和实验结果比较验证可知,锻坯升温和降温的模拟曲线与实测曲线趋势基本一致。由模拟和实验的误差曲线分析可知,在加热过程中,加热段误差较大,而保温段误差较小;冷却过程中高温段误差较大,而低温段误差较小,并分析了模拟和实验误差产生的原因。     

不同热装方式下铸坯温度分布研究

采用有限元软件对步进式加热炉内钢坯加热过程进行分析计算,建立铸坯加热温度场模型,计算不同热装条件下铸坯中心与表面的温度变化曲线。以铸坯1/4断面为研究对象,分析铸坯断面全流程温度分布,得到连铸坯表面温度、角部温度、心部温度的变化曲线。模拟分析不同热装方式装炉的铸坯在加热炉内的加热升温情况,提取铸坯表面和中心位置的加热曲线。模拟加热炉内加热过程,为降低铸坯断面温差、加热炉能耗以及提高生产效率提供依据。     

低合金连铸坯粗轧前高压水除鳞换热系数的研究

根据试验获得的钢板内部冷却曲线,采用DEFORM反传热模型计算出低合金钢板高压水除鳞对流换热系数。在计算中考虑了水压、除鳞喷嘴距钢板表面距离、钢板表面温度对换热系数的影响。为了便于应用,对不同工况计算得到的高压水除鳞换热系数进行归纳整理,然后采用非线性回归方法回归出高压水除鳞对流换热系数模型。为了验证回归的换热系数模型正确性,将国内某钢厂现场生产实际工况的参数代入换热系数模型,计算得到对应工况下的高压水除鳞对流换热系数。根据此换热系数采用有限元软件模拟连铸坯除鳞温度场,通过有限元模拟温度和现场实测温度曲线的比较,两者吻合度较高,证明了回归的高压水除鳞换热系数模型合理。     

熔模铸造ZL114A铝合金凝固过程界面换热系数研究

为获得ZL114A铝合金在凝固过程中温度场的分布规律,根据实际工况设计了测温实验方案,利用热电偶和热成像仪得到了金属及其型壳在凝固过程中温度场的变化曲线,并根据实际测得的温度曲线借助ProCAST模拟软件中的反算模块对铸件与型壳间的界面换热系数进行了反求,得到了更加符合实际的界面换热系数。随后对其进行验证,用该界面换热系数所模拟求得的金属液温度曲线与实测值最大温差为10℃,型壳温度曲线与实测值最大温差为15℃,该方法及结果为铝合金熔模精铸模拟界面换热系数的设置提供了参考依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。