Mitigation of SSR by Subsynchronous Current Injection with VSC HVDC

The Voltage Source Converter based HVDC provides asynchronous interconnection between two AC systems. The use of VSC HVDC enables independent control of real and reactive power. Unlike conventional HVDC, the VSC HVDC does not cause Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) when it is close to turbo-generators. The system strength of long ac transmission line can be enhanced by providing series compensation. However, there is a possibility of SSR interaction with turbine-generator due to the presence of the series capacitor in transmission line and may lead to shaft failure of the turbine-generator. The objective of this paper is to analyze the damping of subsynchronous resonance when the series compensated long AC line and VSC HVDC are originated from the same substation. A simple method for the extraction of subsynchronous component of line current using filter is proposed. The extracted subsynchronous frequency current is injected by the VSC HVDC converter close to the turbine-generator. This suppresses the subsynchronous current flowing through the generator and increases the damping of the system at critical torsional frequencies. This technique is termed as Subsynchronous Current Injection (SSCI). Subsynchronous current injector is designed using D–Q model of VSC HVDC. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for tuning the converter controllers and filter parameters. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed subsynchronous current injector in damping of SSR.     

A novel fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines

This paper presents a fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines based on the R–L differential-equation algorithm using the theory of equal transfer process of transmission lines. The measuring distances based on the proposed algorithm can fast approach the actual value of fault distance when a fault occurs in front of the series capacitor. When a fault occurs behind of the series capacitor, the fault loop, including the series capacitor, does not match the R–L transmission line model, so the measuring distances fluctuate severely. Based on this, the relative position of the fault with respect to the series capacitor can be judged effectively according to the fluctuation range of the measuring distances, and the accurate fault location can be obtained fast. A variety of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tests show that the new relay has fast operating speed and high accuracy when applied to the long series compensated transmission lines.     

Wavelet transform based digital protection for transmission lines

This paper presents a high speed, computationally efficient scheme for protection of transmission lines. The relay logic consists of three parts: directional protection, fault classification and fault location. Wavelet transform is used for extracting information from the fault transients and only the first level high frequency details of the voltages and currents are used. Proposed protection logic compares the directional signals from both terminals to discriminate between faults inside and outside the zone of interest. Fault classification is achieved using local terminal current information. An estimate of the location of the faults is obtained utilizing single faulted phase current information from both terminals. The logic is deterministic and can work reliably in the presence of fault resistance, load variation and CT saturation. The validity of the proposed logic was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of faults on a four bus meshed system modeled in EMTP/ATP.     

一种高压直流输电系统接地极线路保护新方法

针对目前基于信号注入的接地极线路保护方法在某些故障情况下可能出现保护拒动的问题,提出一种基于频带电压幅值积分的接地极线路保护新方法。通过仿真分析发现在高压直流输电系统接地极线路故障后其首端电压频谱会出现明显变化,基于此提出一种利用小波包分析获取接地极线路首端电压不同频带分量,以频带电压幅值积分在一段时间内的变化为保护判据的接地极线路保护方法。基于PSCAD/EMTDC软件的大量仿真结果表明,该方法能有效检测到接地极线路上的各种故障,识别准确性不受过渡电阻的影响,具有良好的应用前景。     

Transmission lines distance protection using artificial neural networks

This work presents the development and implementation of an artificial neural network based algorithm for transmission lines distance protection. This algorithm was developed to be used in any transmission line regardless of its configuration or voltage level. The described ANN-based algorithm does not need any topology adaptation or ANN parameters adjustment when applied to different electrical systems. This feature makes this solution unique since all ANN-based solutions presented until now were developed for particular transmission lines, which means that those solutions cannot be implemented in commercial relays.     

基于高压直流换流站站域信息的交流线路距离保护方法

为了解决发生换相失败时基于工频相量的交流线路距离保护将会受到影响而无法可靠判别故障的难题,提出了一种基于高压直流换流站站域信息的交流线路距离保护方法。因为未发生换相失败期间,距离保护可以准确地识别故障位置,所以可以考虑在换相失败期间闭锁距离保护,以避免其受到换相失败的影响。逆变器正常换相时,直流侧电流与交流侧电流基本相等,而换相失败时直流侧电流将远大于交流侧电流,利用此故障特征可对换相失败进行检测。基于换流站站内换相失败信息的检测与共享,可对传统距离保护的性能进行改善。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境下建立高压直流输电系统模型,对所提出保护方法的性能进行验证。仿真结果表明,新提出的距离保护可以避免换相失败对其的影响,在交流线路区内、外发生不同类型的故障时均能准确、可靠地判别故障位置。     

基于希尔伯特-黄变换的高压直流线路行波保护

为了提高直流输电线路保护的动作可靠性和准确性,采用希尔伯特-黄(Hilbert-Huang)变换分析了故障下行波波形,结合直流线路低电压等综合判据构成了一种直流输电行波保护新方案。该保护能利用对信号的经验模态分解更准确地提取故障行波特征,然后通过求行波信号高频固有模态函数分量的瞬时频谱分析提取故障特征、形成故障判据。该保护原理不但具有传统行波保护的所有优点,还具有抗干扰能力,可以用于捕捉直流输电线路故障时的行波头到达时间,对于直流输电故障定位具有一定实用价值。实际故障录波及仿真验证表明,该保护可以保证区内高阻接地正确动作.且在逆变侧交流短路故障或换相失败时不误动。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的HVDC突变量方向纵联保护方法

高压直流输电线路的行波保护存在对装置采样率要求高及耐受过渡电阻能力差等问题。作为后备保护的纵联电流差动保护,为了防止线路分布电容等问题导致的误动,失去了速动性的优点,动作时间较长。利用HVDC线路发生区内外故障时,两端保护装置检测的电压和电流突变量的极性差异,提出基于Hilbert-Huang变换的突变量方向纵联保护方法。在分析不同故障时电压和电流突变量相位差别的基础上,采用Hilbert-Huang变换求取突变量相位差,识别两者的极性差异,进而判断故障发生的方向。基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建了高压直流输电仿真模型,仿真结果表明,所提方法在各种故障情况下都能够实现保护的快速识别,可靠性高,且受过渡电阻的影响较小。     

天广直流输电系统线路行波保护介绍

行波保护是天广直流输电系统的线路主保护,首先介绍了行波保护的算法以及根据运行实际情况对其所做的改进,然后根据故障暂态录波和数据分析了行波保护的动作过程,计算结果表明,天广直流保护系统采用的行波保护能够快速准确地检测直流线路故障。最后还讨论了行波保护在运行中曾出现的问题。     

高压直流输电线路暂态保护分析与展望

现时高压直流输电线路保护广泛采用ABB或西门子保护方案和配置。通过对ABB和西门子行波保护动作特性仿真结果分析及运行经验表明,二者保护方案无法可靠、灵敏地切除高阻接地故障,且易受噪声等外界信号干扰。同时,对国内外直流线路暂态保护的新思想进行分析总结,提出了提高高压直流输电线路暂态保护抗过渡电阻能力及区内、区外故障暂态分析所必须解决的几个关键性问题,为日后高品质直流线路保护判据的提出提供研究方向。     

高压直流输电线路保护的探讨

对高压直流输电线路的故障特征及其线路保护进行了分析与探讨,针对直流线路故障的特点,对各种保护原理进行了简要分析,认为行波保护作为HVDC系统线路保护的主保护符合高压直流输电线路故障特征并具有绝对的优越性,为高压直流输电线路行波保护的分析与研究提供了理论基础。     

同塔并架高压直流输电线路故障及保护特性研究

同塔并架高压直流线路技术应用前景广阔。文中重点研究直流线路布置方式和故障形式对同塔并架直流线路故障识别和保护配置影响,提出综合应用等值电网求解、交流电网直流主回路电磁暂态建模、典型故障模式抽取等技术,建立仿真平台,研究典型故障特性下直流线路行波、突变量、直流欠压和纵差等保护特征值,分析直流线路保护影响因素和规律。研究表明:现有直流线路保护可有效识别大部分故障,但识别特定导线布置特定故障存在困难。建议直流工程线路设计中,避免采用特定导线布置,提高线路保护识别和响应故障能力。该研究可支撑直流工程设计、建设、运行和维护,具有推广和应用价值。     

基于多频带能量的高压直流输电线路单端暂态电流保护

分析高压直流输电(High Voltage Direct Current,HVDC)线路边界和线路的频率特性,直流线路边界和直流线路对故障暂态电流信号高频分量都具有衰减作用。一些文献据此利用高频分量作为单端暂态保护的判据,但是对于长线路来说,直流线路对于高频分量的衰减可能会大于直流线路边界对高频分量的衰减作用,这样可能会造成保护误动作。进一步分析发现,直流线路边界对于低频分量具有放大作用,直流线路对于低频分量具有衰减作用。因此提出一种基于多频带能量的HVDC线路单端暂态电流保护新原理。利用0~1.25 kHz低频带能量、高频带和低频带能量比来区分区内、区外短路故障,故障性雷击和非故障性雷击,利用正极和负极的能量比判别故障极。     

基于波形相似度分析的直流输电线路故障测距

为了克服行波测距原理耐受过渡电阻能力较弱以及所需采样率过高的缺陷,提出了一种基于波形相似度分析的直流输电线路故障测距方法。基于正向、反向差电流与故障点电流的函数关系,利用Pearson相关系数分析2种差电流波形相似性并提取故障位置的相关信息。所提方法利用线路两端电压、电流的时域信息,受过渡电阻影响较小,具备较强的抗噪声能力,可靠性高。经过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证,所提方法能够实现线路全长的准确故障定位。     

基于时域卷积功率差的多端混合高压直流线路快速纵联保护方法

针对现有直流线路差动保护速动性不足、双端数据需要严格同步的问题,以三端混合高压直流输电系统为对象,在S域上对不同故障情况下的功率特性进行数学解析,发现利用S域功率差特征可以有效识别区内外故障,并实现故障区域的准确定位;在此基础上,构造了一种时域故障特征量——卷积功率,实现对S域功率特征的有效提取;进而提出了一种基于时域卷积功率差的多端混合高压直流线路快速纵联保护方法。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真验证表明,该方案能在4 ms/10 kHz的时间窗内正确识别区内故障和故障区域,并具有故障选极的特性,无需双端数据严格同步,且具有较高的可靠性、灵敏性及抗干扰能力。     

高压直流输电系统的通信

介绍了高压直流输电系统的直流控制保护系统及其对通信的要求，提出了高压直流输电系统换流站站间通信及直流换流站至调度中心的通信方案。     

高压直流输电线路行波保护实用整定原则

现阶段行波保护缺乏成熟整定原则,导致整定计算效率不足且隐藏误整定因素。基于此,提出高压直流输电线路行波保护的实用整定原则。考虑直流输电线路区内、区外不同故障类型,分析了直流线路端口电压变化率、电压变化量、电流变化量的故障响应特性;揭示了行波保护电压变化率、电压变化量、电流变化量动作判据的功能,分析了各动作判据的逻辑配合关系;考虑保护灵敏性和选择性要求,提出了各动作判据定值的实用整定原则。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台验证了所提整定原则的有效性。     

光伏经多端柔性直流输电并网的控制研究

为解决大规模光伏电站远距离输电问题,采用光伏电站接入基于直流电压-有功功率-交流电压控制的多端柔性直流输电系统的并网方案。利用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件构建了一个包含两座光伏电站和一个无源网络的五端柔性直流输电系统模型,并对该系统的运行特性进行了详细的仿真分析。仿真结果表明,当光伏电站的输出功率发生波动时,五端柔直系统传输的有功功率可实现自动平衡;当电网发生三相短路故障时,光伏电站依然能够稳定运行,具有较好的故障穿越能力。     

数学形态学用于高压直流输电线路行波保护的探讨

首先分析了高压直流输电线路行波传播特点及行波保护中的两个关键问题即行波滤波和波头捕获,继而详细介绍了数学形态学滤波技术和形态学梯度技术,并把它们成功地应用于直流输电线路暂态行波滤波和故障行波波头的捕获。仿真结果表明,形态滤波技术对于行波信号中的白噪声尤其是对于正负相间的脉冲噪声有很好的滤波能力;经形态学梯度变换后的暂态故障行波中的突变分量易于检测,这种基于数学形态学的行波保护方法在高压直流线路行波保护中具有良好的应用前景。     

Adaptive distance relay setting for parallel transmission network connecting wind farms and UPFC

The paper presents an adaptive distance relay setting for parallel transmission network connecting wind farms. The ideal trip characteristics of distance relay is greatly affected in presence of mutual coupling of parallel transmission lines as the apparent impedance is significantly affected. Similarly, the reach setting of the relay for the lines connecting wind farms is significantly affected as the relay end voltage fluctuates continuously. Thus, the proposed study focuses on developing adaptive relay setting for parallel transmission network including wide variations in operating conditions of wind farms and effect of mutual coupling, together. Further, the performance of the proposed adaptive relay setting for parallel lines including Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) indicates the potential ability of the proposed analytical approach in handling distance relaying in transmission system.