电网换相换流器和电压源换流器串联组成的混合直流换流器控制和保护研究

基于电网换相换流器和电压源换流器串联的混合直流换流器在克服交流故障时的换相失败和直流故障时的重启动具有优势。分析了该混合直流换流器运行方式、控制策略、电压源换流器保护原理、抵御换相失败原理和直流线路重启过程,认为由该混合直流换流器组成的高压直流输电系统,可克服传统直流和柔性直流输电的主要缺点。当逆变侧的交流系统发生故障时,电压源换流器可提供电压支撑来抑制直流电流增加,缓解电网换相换流器换相失败效应。当直流线路发生故障时,逆变侧电网换相换流器可阻断电压源换流器产生的故障电流,具备直流线路故障重启能力。另外,电压源换流器还为电网换相换流器提供无功功率,从而减少换流站无功设备配置。     

DC Fault Clearing Characteristics of a Bulk Power VSC HVDC Transmission System using DC Circuit Breakers

Development of wind power generation resources is considered in Japan. However, long‐distance transmission lines are necessary to utilize the wind power because most of the wind power resources are distant from load centers. A voltage source converter based high voltage dc transmission (VSC HVDC) system is an option to realize their effective use. A VSC HVDC system equipped with dc circuit breakers has been considered to clear the dc line faults promptly. However, the fault clearing characteristics by the dc circuit breakers have not been analyzed very well for the system with the long distance overhead transmission line. This paper focuses on a fault clearing in the VSC HVDC system with long‐distance overhead line by the dc circuit breaker using a new fault detection method. A 2.4‐GW bipolar VSC HVDC system with 600‐km overhead transmission line is modeled and its operation performance is verified by computer simulations. The simulation results demonstrate the detailed fault clearing characteristics with the long transmission line. Moreover, specifications required for the dc circuit breakers are considered in terms of operation delay, peak current, and absorbed energy.     

柔性直流输电线路故障处理与保护技术评述

由于柔性直流输电系统调节方式和自身结构的特殊性,直流线路的故障电流具有上升速度快、峰值大的特点,极易损坏换流器件和设备绝缘,且柔性直流系统无法通过调节触发角实现故障自清除。因此,对直流线路故障处理和保护提出了更高要求。对于柔性直流线路故障,不仅需要快速且可靠的线路保护对故障进行识别,也需要相应的处理措施和手段对故障后的电流进行有效限制,以减少故障冲击电流对换流器件、直流线路自身以及系统的损害。基于柔性直流输电线路的故障特征,从直流线路故障电流抑制、减少故障影响、线路保护原理等方面,系统地介绍了国内、国外柔性直流输电线路故障处理与保护技术的现状和发展。重点分析了几种辅助电路、新型换流器拓扑和直流输电结构,以及直流断路器在处理直流线路故障方面的性能。探讨了目前柔性直流输电线路故障处理和保护亟须解决的关键问题以及未来进一步的研究方向。     

Fault Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of VSC HVDC connected Offshore Wind Power Plants

To achieve active control of the AC voltage magnitude of wind power plant(WPP) collector network and improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability,an FRT scheme based on feed forward DC voltage contr...     

基于电压和电流突变量的高压直流输电线路保护原理

在对高压直流输电线路区内、外故障和雷击等暂态过程研究的基础上,提出了一种基于电压、电流突变量变化特征的高压直流输电线路主保护原理。该原理对两极线路同侧保护安装处测得的电压突变量幅值的比值设定阈值,选出故障极;利用故障线路两端电流突变量的极性在线路保护区内故障时相异、在区外故障时相同,区分线路上保护区内和区外故障。PSCAD/EMTDC软件对实际高压直流输电系统的仿真结果表明,该保护原理在双极两端中性点接地方式下能够快速判别故障极和区分线路上保护区内、外故障,可靠排除雷击干扰,在故障性雷击和高阻抗接地时准确动作,并适用于一极降压和一极全压运行、功率反送、一极停电检修及单极金属回线运行方式等。采样频率在10～100kHz范围内时可满足保护判据计算要求。     

多馈入高压直流输电系统中功率倒向问题

高压直流输电系统逆变侧电力系统发生故障时,可能导致换流站出现线路的功率倒向。介绍了传统功率倒向的发生原因及解决方法,针对多馈入直流系统,建立了交直流互联系统EMTDC仿真模型。对于逆变站交流侧各种故障以及直流输电线路故障进行了分析。研究表明,在电气距离较近的多馈入直流系统交流侧发生严重故障时,可能导致两换流站同时发生换相失败,并导致换流站邻近多条交流线路发生功率倒向,纵联方向保护可能误动;直流线路故障一般不易引起功率倒向。对换相失败导致的功率倒向发生机理进行了阐述,故障恢复时无功需求急剧增加是倒向的主要原因。针对纵联方向保护易误动提出了实用的解决方案。     

一种新型的Hybrid HVDC系统研究

传统高压直流输电(HVDC)系统具有技术成熟、成本低廉的优点和需要吸收大量无功功率以及存在换相失败的危险等缺点;基于电压源换流器(Voltage Source Converter,VSC)的高压直流输电系统具有运行控制方式灵活的优点和相对成本较高的缺点。文中提出一种结合二者优点的新型混合直流输电方式,其送端采用传统HVDC 的相控换流器,受端采用VSC。仿真结果表明,这种混合直流输电系统可稳定地进行电力传输,且当交流系统发生单相接地故障和三相短路故障后,仍可以迅速恢复系统的稳定运行。     

电压源换流器型直流输电技术综述

电压源换流器型直流输电采用可关断电力电子器件和PWM技术,是新一代直流输电技术,它能弥补传统直流输电的部分缺陷,其发展十分迅速。为了进一步推动电压源换流器型直流输电在电力系统中的研究和应用,结合ABB公司几个典型应用工程,在详细介绍电压源换流器型直流输电的系统结构、基本工作原理和与传统直流输电相比的技术优势的基础上,对电压源换流器的拓扑结构、控制与保护策略、开关调制方式等技术问题的国内外研究现状进行了评述。分析表明:在工程应用中,通常从优化系统运行、可靠性、安全性和经济性等角度出发,选择结构简单的电压源换流器主回路结构,并采用能降低开关损耗的开关调制方式。最后就我国开发电压源换流器型直流输电技术提出了需要重点研究的几个关键领域。     

Grid Integration of Large DFIG-Based Wind Farms Using VSC Transmission

This paper describes the use of voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC transmission system (VSC transmission) technology for connecting large doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms over long distance. The operation principles of the proposed system are described, and new control strategies for normal and grid fault conditions are proposed. To obtain smooth operation, the wind farm side VSC (WFVSC) is controlled as an infinite voltage source that automatically absorbs power generated by the wind farm and maintains a stable local ac network. Fault ride through of the system during grid ac faults is achieved by ensuring automatic power balancing through frequency modulation using WFVSC and frequency control using DFIG. PSCAD/EMTDC simulations are presented to demonstrate robust performance during wind speed and power variations and to validate the fault ride through capability of the proposed system.     

A control structure for PWM-controlled static synchronous compensators under unbalanced conditions and grid faults

Grid connected Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) are the heart of many applications with power quality concerns due to their reactive power controllability. Among the widely used grid-connected applications of the VSCs, the Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) are commonly used for compensating the voltage quality problems that come from voltage sag and swell. In spite of superior feature of fast voltage regulation and reactive power support functionality, VSC-based STATCOMs have the major drawback of being sensitive to the grid disturbances, especially the unbalanced condition and faults. Moreover, when the STATCOMs are used in the Distributed Generation (DG) applications or reactive power support of the sensitive industrial load, the unbalanced condition becomes even more intolerable. Protection system usually trips due to over current or highly distorted current caused by negative sequence current flow under unbalanced conditions and system faults.This paper propose an alternative control structure to keep the VSC-based STATCOM online during the unbalanced condition and system faults by limiting the negative sequence current. This eliminates the need to redesign/overdesign of the STACOM power components and over rating of the semiconductor switches to operate under fault current. Converter MVA rating reduction will decrease the cost significantly. Proposed controller performance has been verified by simulation and Hardware-In-the-Loop test.     

柔性直流电网架空线路快速保护方案

基于柔性直流输电的直流电网技术,是大规模清洁能源接入电网的有效手段,直流电网快速线路保护是其面临的重要技术挑战之一。以国内计划建设的张北直流电网工程为背景,提出了一套适用于全网配置直流断路器、采用架空线输电的对称双极直流电网线路快速保护方案。保护仅利用单端信息进行故障判别,且保护数据窗短,满足速动性的要求;保护采用电压梯度快速检测故障,利用限流电抗器对故障电压信号的平滑作用实现故障区间的判别,并根据零模与一模电压传播特性的差异判定故障极,实现保护的选择性与高可靠性。结合直流电网的PSCAD模型,验证了所提出方案在不同故障情况下的保护性能,并分析了保护对运行方式改变的适应性。     

快速工频量高频方向保护的新方案

本文针对相电压补偿方向元件的不足,提出了两种新型的方向元件－－负序电压补偿式方向元件和相电压故障分量补偿方向元件,通过大量的ＥＭＴＰ仿真验证了其优良性能,并在此基础上,提出了实现快速工频量高频方向保护的新方案,即：对于各种不对称故障采用负序电压补偿式方向元件,对于三相故障采用相电压故障分量补偿式方向元件,对于非全相状态下的故障采用和电压补偿式方向元件。     

Study on FRT compliance of VSC-HVDC connected offshore wind plants during AC faults including requirements for the negative sequence current control

In this paper three new control modules are introduced for offshore wind power plants with VSC-HVDC transmission. The goal is to enhance the Fault Ride Thought (FRT) capability of the HVDC system and the connected offshore wind power plant during balanced and unbalanced AC faults. Firstly, a positive-sequence-voltage-dependent (PSVD) active current reduction control loop is introduced to the offshore wind turbines. The method enhances the performance of the offshore AC voltage drop FRT compliance strategy. Secondly, an adaptive current limiting control strategy which operates simultaneously on the positive and the negative sequence current is discussed. It enables negative sequence current injection, while at the same time respecting the maximum fault current capacity of the HVDC converter station. Finally, a state machine is proposed for the VSC-HVDC system and for the offshore wind turbines respectively. It coordinates the fault and the post-fault response during balanced as well as unbalanced faults, ensuring a smooth shift from the normal operating point towards the fault and the post-fault period. The test system consists of a two level VSC-HVDC link, rated at ±250 kV, connecting an offshore wind power plant with 700 MW generation capacity. Simulation results with a detailed EMT type model in PSCAD/EMTDC environment are presented.     

直流双极闭锁故障下送端系统暂态过电压计算方法

针对特高压直流输电系统闭锁引起的暂态过电压严重威胁系统安全运行的问题,推导建立了直流双极闭锁后换流母线暂态电压的解析表达式。在此基础上,建立了送端交流系统电力网络等值模型,推导出了直流双极闭锁后送端交流系统内任一关键节点暂态过电压的计算方法。为判断送端新能源节点面临高压穿越问题的严重程度、提前发现系统薄弱环节,提出用阻抗比来表征节点的暂态过电压程度。在直流双极闭锁后节点暂态电压压升值随着阻抗比增大而呈现线性升高的趋势。基于DIgSILENT仿真平台,搭建了CIGRE直流输电标准测试系统和吉泉±1100 kV高压直流送端系统,验证了送端系统暂态过电压计算方法及结论的正确性。     

柔性直流输电并网风电厂的低电压穿越能力改进(英文)

To achieve active control of the AC voltage magnitude of wind power plant(WPP)collector network and improve the fault ride-through(FRT)capability,an FRT scheme based on feed forward DC voltage control is presented for voltage source converter-high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)connected offshore WPPs.During steady state operation,an open loop AC voltage control is implemented at the WPP-side VSC of the HVDC system so that any possible control interactions between WPP-side VSC and VSC of wind turbine are minimized.Whereas during any grid fault,a dynamic AC voltage reference is made according to both the DC voltage error and AC active current from the WPP collector system,thus ensuring fast and robust FRT of the VSC-HVDC-connected offshore WPPs.Under the unbalanced fault condition in the host power system,the resulting oscillatory DC voltage is directly used in the VSC AC voltage controller at the WPP side so that the WPP collector system voltage also reflects the unbalance in the main grid.Time domain simulations are performed to verify the efficacy of the FRT scheme based on the proposed feed forward DC voltage control.Simulation results show satisfactory FRT responses of the VSC-HVDC-connected offshore WPP under balanced and unbalanced faults in the host power system,as is shown under a serious fault in the WPP collector network.     

电网不对称故障下VSC-HVDC系统的直接功率控制

针对在电网传输线路发生不对称故障时,采用稳态的电压源换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统控制算法将引起直流电压波动,交流电流畸变等问题,提出采用改进的直接功率控制(DPC)算法对VSC-HVDC系统的稳态和暂态过程进行控制。该方法以瞬时无功功率理论和dq变换为基础,通过实时控制电压源换流器(VSC)系统输入输出功率平衡,从而完成系统的交直流功率传输。对于不对称故障时直流电压出现的波动问题,通过对输入的瞬时功率进行分解,采用正序功率和相位作为控制信号对电压波动进行抑制。最后,通过PSCAD软件对所提出的控制算法进行系统仿真,从仿真的结果看出当系统故障时,改进的算法能够有效的抑制直流电压的波动,降低电流的谐波含量。同时也验证了该算法不仅能够很好的完成系统的稳态和暂态的过程控制而且能够有效隔离电网故障增强电网的稳定性。     

New protection method for HVDC lines including cables

For the third project of the Hokkaido-Honshu HVDC Link in Japan, called the HVDC Link III project (rated at 250 kVDC-1200 A-300 MW), we developed an HVDC transmission line protection method based on a new working principle that allows high-speed and highly sensitive detection of faults, enhancing reliability in the supply of electric power. In general, increasing the sensitivity of relays will lead to an increased likelihood of undesired operation whereas lowering the sensitivity will impair the responsiveness of the relays. Our proposed method meets these apparently incompatible requirements very well. Basically classified as a differential scheme, the HVDC transmission line protection method compensates for a charging and discharging current that flows through the line-to-ground capacitance at times of voltage variations caused by a line fault or by the operation of DC power systems. The developed protection method is also characterized in that it uses current changes induced by voltage variations to restrain the operation of a relay. This configuration has made the proposed method far superior in responsiveness and sensitivity to the conventional protection method. A simulation using an EMTP (Electro-Magnetic Transients Program) was conducted on this method. Developed relay equipment embodying the new protection method was subjected to various verification tests, where this equipment was connected to a power system simulator, before being delivered to the HVDC Link III facility     

Data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme to enhance distance relay performance during power swing

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing.     

直流输电系统再启动功能改进措施

在高压直流长距离输电中,直流线路发生故障的概率较高,完善和合理使用再启动功能对提高直流输电系统的可用率意义重大。结合南方电网公司和国家电网公司直流工程的运行情况,分析了目前直流线路故障再启动功能现状,发现存在正常双极运行时负极再启动功能退出、可重启的故障范围小等问题。提出了改进建议:完善直流控制系统软件,加强两极之间再启动功能协调配合,在一极事故闭锁、直流线路故障及再启动期间,暂时闭锁另一极的再启动功能,防止两极同时或相继重启,避免因控制软件限制再启动功能的投入。并提出接地极线路接地故障和金属回线故障时,相应的接地极线路不平衡保护（GR模式）和直流线路横差保护的出口方式应由极闭锁调整为直流再启动。     

基于工频变化量的序分量距离保护

为了适应孤岛运行低电流值的故障特性,一般分布式电源孤岛运行时的保护方法与并网运行时的不同。但是随着分布式电源投入和切除配电网频率的增加,保护的整定值也必须频繁地在不同保护方法之间转换。所以提出了基于工频变化量的序分量距离保护,以短路故障时负序电压为例,对其电压分布进行分析,得出了负序和零序继电器的动作判据,并在Matlab中搭建负序和零序继电器的仿真模块。通过仿真分析了在并网和孤岛两种情况下,该保护方法在不同故障距离和过渡电阻情况下的动作情况,从而验证了该保护方法在并网和孤岛两种方式下均能够可靠动作。