天然气烟气冷凝式余热利用技术

介绍天然气冷凝式余热回收原理,分析天然气燃烧产物的组成,对排烟热损失、节能量、冷凝率进行了计算和分析。结果显示,烟气中可回收的蒸气潜热达到烟气低位热值的11.2%。排烟热损失随排烟温度的升高而增加,当排烟温度低于露点温度时,排烟热损失随排烟温度的升高急剧增加,水蒸气冷凝率随排烟温度的升高而降低。此外,对这种方法降低烟气中NOX排放的环保特性也进行了探讨。     

含磷共聚物钻井液降黏剂合成及性能评价

以丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和含磷化合物共聚合成了抗220℃高温的钻井液降黏剂,对含磷化合物用量、引发剂(过硫酸铵)用量和滴加温度等对钻井液降黏剂特性黏度和降黏率的影响进行了考察。结果显示,钻井液降黏剂的最佳合成条件为:含磷单体用量为反应单体总质量的6%,过硫酸铵用量为反应单体总质量的2%,滴加溶液温度为55℃。利用红外光谱(IR)对钻井液降黏剂进行了表征,并借助热分析考察了钻井液降黏剂的热稳定性,同时对其在泥浆中的降黏性能进行了室内评价。研究结果表明:研制的钻井液降黏剂可以显著降低泥浆的黏度和切力,加入0.5%降黏剂的淡水基浆,高温降黏率可以达到91.4%;具有较好的抗盐、抗钙性能,在饱和盐水泥浆和含钙泥浆中也具有很好的降黏作用和分散作用;具有较好的热稳定性。     

CO_2浓度对煤焦燃烧及污染物排放特性影响的试验研究

在热重分析仪上进行了燃烧特性试验,考察了CO2浓度对徐州烟煤及其煤焦燃烧特性的影响,并在固定床反应器上研究了CO2浓度对烟煤燃烧过程中气态污染物排放特性的影响.结果表明:在相同CO2浓度下,随着CO2浓度的提高,煤及煤焦的着火温度略有上升,燃尽温度明显升高,煤焦的燃尽时间显著延长;SO2排放浓度随时间增加呈双峰析出,其排放量随CO2浓度的提高而减少;NO排放量随CO2浓度的提高而减少;CO排放量随CO2浓度的提高而增加;当温度低于烟煤的燃尽温度时,CO2对煤焦的气化作用使CO排放量大幅增加.     

燃煤锅炉掺烧松木气燃烧过程数值模拟研究

为了分析掺烧松木气对燃煤锅炉燃烧过程以及燃烧产物的影响,基于Fluent软件搭建了松木气与煤粉的混合燃烧模型,对300 MW燃煤锅炉的纯煤燃烧以及掺烧10%,20%,30%生物质气的4种工况进行数值模拟。在保证锅炉总输入热不变的情况下,得到了不同工况下锅炉炉膛内燃烧温度、烟气组分和NOx排放随炉膛高度的分布情况。模拟结果表明:与纯煤燃烧工况相比,掺烧松木气时炉内燃烧温度有明显下降,当掺烧比例分别为10%,20%,30%时,燃烧区域截面平均温度分别下降了46,88,104 K;掺烧松木气也会引起了烟气组分的变化,炉膛下部的O2体积分数明显增大,CO和CO2的体积分数明显减小;随着松木气掺烧比例的增加,锅炉炉膛出口处的NOx的质量浓度分别下降了47,148,198 mg/m3。     

污泥再燃脱硝特性试验研究

为分析再燃区温度、污泥含水率、过量空气系数和停留时间对污泥再燃脱硝特性的影响,对污泥再燃脱硝特性进行试验研究。采用配气法模拟流化床锅炉燃烧产生的烟气,使用污泥颗粒作为再燃燃料,通过立式管式炉进行再燃试验。结果表明:在再燃区温度为850～950℃时,随着再燃区温度升高,NO和N_2O的还原率均升高;水分对NO和N_2O的还原机理影响不同,含水率为10%～15%时,NO_x的还原率较高;在过量空气系数为0. 7～1. 0时,随过量空气系数升高,NO和N_2O的还原率减小;在停留时间为0. 45～0. 7 s时,随停留时间增大,NO和N_2O的还原率增大。     

CO2稀释对甲烷-高温空气扩散燃烧及NO生成特性影响的化学动力学分析

基于GRI-Mech 3.0详细化学反应机理,利用OPPDIF Code研究了CO2稀释比、预热温度及拉伸率对甲烷-高温空气层流对冲扩散火焰温度、热释放率、组分摩尔分数及NO生成特性的影响.研究结果表明,CO2稀释助燃空气能有效降低火焰中H、O及OH等基团摩尔分数,抑制燃烧过程链传播及链引发反应,从而减缓CH4氧化速率.随着助燃空气中CO2稀释比的增加,火焰最高温度逐渐降低,主氧化区及第二氧化区放热峰值变小,燃烧反应高温区变窄,NO生成指数E显著降低.当稀释比大于20%时,热力型NO随助燃空气温度升高规律并不明显.随着CO2稀释比的增加,快速型NO对NO生成量影响逐渐增强,成为高CO2稀释比下甲烷-高温空气扩散燃烧NO生成的主要路径.     

二甲醚—空气—N2/CO2混合气燃烧特性研究

在定容燃烧弹中系统地研究了常温常压下,不同稀释气、不同稀释系数、不同燃空当量比时二甲醚-0空气-稀释气混合气的燃烧特性.基于容弹计算的准维双区模型和实测的燃烧压力数据,计算了燃烧温度及规范化质量燃烧速率.研究结果表明:随着稀释系数的增加,最大燃烧压力值、最高燃烧温度值以及规范化质量燃烧速率均降低,而火焰发展期和快速燃烧期随稀释系数的增加而增加.研究发现,CO2作为稀释气体时对燃烧温度降低的效果较N2作为稀释气体时更加明显.     

掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控共轨发动机上,试验研究了乙醇掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明:随乙醇比例的增加,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,最大压力升高率上升。随喷射推迟,滞燃期延长,燃烧相位延后,燃烧持续期在纯二甲醚时延长,而在掺混乙醇时则先延长后缩短,最大压力升高率先下降后上升。掺混乙醇和推迟喷射使预混燃烧比例增加。随喷射推迟,混合燃料的排气温度升高,喷射推迟到上止点后,排气温度随乙醇比例的增加而升高,排气温度高,则废气能量高,增压器增压比大,进气流量大,导致缸内压缩压力升高。在上止点前喷射时,掺混乙醇能使HC和CO排放保持在较低范围的同时,一定程度降低NO_x排放,掺混15%的乙醇较纯二甲醚最大降低约11%NO_x排放。随推迟喷射,NO_x排放降低,最大降幅达52%,在过分推迟燃料喷射时,因热效率低,循环喷射量增加,含15%乙醇混合燃料的NO_x排放会高于纯二甲醚。HC和CO排放随喷射推迟而升高,且升高幅度增大。     

二甲醚/空气/稀释气层流燃烧特性研究

利用定容燃烧弹试验和数值模拟的方法分析了稀释气种类及掺混量对二甲醚-空气预混合气层流燃烧速度、绝热火焰温度和火焰结构的影响。结果显示:随稀释系数的增大,混合气的层流燃烧速度,绝热火焰温度逐渐减小;在相同的稀释系数条件下,稀释气对二甲醚层流燃烧特性的影响程度按照由氩气(Ar)、氮气(N2)、二氧化碳(CO2)的顺序依次增强;层流燃烧速度随绝热火焰温度的增大而增大,Ar和N2稀释时层流燃烧速度和绝热火焰温度的关系曲线基本重合,CO2稀释时曲线处在较低的位置;Ar和N2在二甲醚燃烧过程中主要通过稀释作用和吸热作用产生影响,而CO2除这两个作用之外,还会参加化学反应,从而进一步影响绝热火焰温度和火焰传播速度。     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究不同类型生物质对煤粉耦合生物质再燃锅炉燃烧特性的影响,基于FLUENT模拟软件,选取某超超临界660 MW锅炉作为研究对象,搭建煤粉锅炉耦合生物质(气)再燃模型,对锅炉进行改造,在最顶层二次风喷口和燃尽风之间增添生物质(气)再燃喷口,分别对纯煤燃烧,生物质固体再燃,生物质气体再燃等不同工况的燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究燃烧区温度场,组分分布以及炉膛出口烟气中CO2和NOx质量浓度分布的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质再燃降低锅炉煤粉消耗量,使得主燃区燃烧温度降低,同时使得炉内燃烧火焰中心上移,炉膛出口CO体积分数上升,增加了排烟热损失;相比于纯煤工况,生物质固体和生物质气再燃均可以使炉膛出口CO2和NOx的体积分数降低,但是生物质气效果要明显高于生物质固体.其中食物垃圾气体再燃减少CO2排放与降氮效果最好,CO2减排率可达13.87％,降氮率可达24.13％.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

汽轮机零件防锈性能的改善

介绍了汽轮机零件的封存特点、防锈要求及防锈油性能对比试验的方法,通过对试验结果的对比分析,客观验证了各种防锈油的性能。试验表明,只有选择了合适的防锈油,才能保证汽轮机零件长期封存的质量。