TC4钛合金表面渗碳复合TiN(Ti)膜层的抗冲蚀性能研究

硬质膜层能够显著提高飞机发动机钛合金叶片的抗固体颗粒冲蚀性能,现有的软基体/硬膜层体系由于较高的脆性及界面不匹配性很容易被冲蚀,膜基界面极易发生脆性剥落。为了改善硬质膜层的抗冲蚀性能,结合辉光离子扩渗及等离子增强电弧离子镀技术,本文在TC4合金表面制备了具有梯度渗碳及TiN(Ti)膜层的复合渗镀层,并表征了结构对于复合渗镀层性能的影响。结果表明,相对于未强化的TC4基体表面单层TiN及12周期复合Ti/TiN膜层,复合渗镀层的显微硬度及膜基结合强度均同步得到了提高。冲蚀试验结果表明,TC4基体未渗碳前,表面单层TiN膜层呈现出脆性冲蚀开裂机制,12层复合Ti/TiN膜层由于多层复合结构的增韧效应,呈现出层状剥落及“冲蚀窝”损伤形貌。渗碳后,复合渗镀层的抗冲击韧性得到提高,单层TiN膜层在冲蚀条件下的膜基界面脆性开裂明显被抑制。渗碳复合12周期复合Ti/TiN结构的复合渗镀层具有最佳的抗固体颗粒冲蚀性能,表现出明显的韧性损伤机制,冲蚀失重率降低了十余倍。抗冲蚀性能的提高可归结于复合渗镀层较高的表面硬度、界面强度和强韧性匹配。     

基体预渗碳对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面TiN(Ti)硬质膜层性能的影响

硬质膜层在服役过程中,往往由于膜基界面强度的不足导致膜层过早的发生界面的剥落失效,这种剥落失效主要是由界面残余热应力诱导的显微裂纹的失稳扩展引发的。残余热应力主要来源于基体与膜层材料在热膨胀系数、弹性模量等物理性能的不匹配。为了降低这种不匹配性,在制备TiN硬质膜层之前,本文通过辉光离子扩渗技术在TC4基体表面形成具有一定深度、梯度结构的渗碳硬化层,然后利用等离子增强离子镀技术制备了单层及多层复合Ti/TiN膜层,研究基体预渗碳层对其表面不同结构TiN(Ti)硬质膜层性能的影响。结果表明,基体经过预渗碳强化处理后,相比于单一TiN或多层复合Ti/TiN硬质膜层,复合渗镀层的表面硬度能提高近2倍,膜基结合强度最高可达80N以上。同时,经过硬化后的基体显著抑制了其表面复合硬质膜层的界面脆性断裂倾向,复合膜层在外加载荷作用下的与基体的协同变形能力得到加强,强韧性显著提高。     

Ti6Al4V表面TiN/Ti复合膜的制备及摩擦学性能研究

采用直流磁控溅射法在Ti6Al4V表面制备TiN/Ti复合膜。分别用FESEM、GDEOS和XRD分析薄膜表面的成分及相结构;利用划痕仪分析膜基结合强度;通过球盘磨损机和轮廓仪测试磨痕形貌和磨损体积,评价膜层的摩擦学性能。结果表明,TiN/Ti复合膜表面致密光滑,呈金黄色金属光泽;膜基结合强度大于100 N;表面镀有TiN/Ti复合膜的Ti6Al4V合金虽没有减磨作用,但提高了耐磨性。     

离子辅助沉积TiN/Ti复合膜提高TC17钛合金高温微动疲劳抗力

为提高钛合金高温微动疲劳抗力,利用离子辅助电弧沉积技术在TC17钛合金表面制各了TiN/Ti复合膜层,研究了膜层的剖面成分分布、膜基结合强度、膜层显微硬度、韧性、常规摩擦学性能以及抗高温微动疲劳性能.结果表明:利用离子辅助电弧沉积技术可以获得硬度高、韧性好、膜基结合强度和承载能力优异的TiN/Ti复合膜层,该膜层具有良好的抗磨和减摩性能,能够显著地提高TC17钛合金在350℃高温环境下的常规磨损和微动疲劳抗力.然而,TC17钛合金表面喷丸强化后进行离子辅助沉积TiN/Ti复合膜,由于喷丸层残余压应力的显著松弛以及膜层易于开裂和脱落的缘故,微动疲劳抗力则不及喷丸强化或TiN/Ti复合膜单独作用.     

离子注入对TC4钛合金TiN/Ti涂层结合力和抗砂尘冲蚀性能的影响

目的通过离子注入提高TiN/Ti涂层的结合力和抗冲蚀性能。方法先采用金属蒸气真空弧(MEVVA)离子源在TC4基体上分别注入四种离子(Mo、Ti、Nb、Co),再用磁过滤真空阴极弧(FCVA)技术制备TiN/Ti涂层。采用非球面测量仪、AFM、XRD和纳米压痕仪,对四种离子注入的TC4基体表面粗糙度、表面形貌、物相结构、纳米硬度和弹性模量进行表征,采用划痕仪测量涂层的结合力,采用涂层冲蚀考核平台对不同试样进行砂尘冲蚀性能试验。结果经过Mo、Ti、Nb离子注入的TiN/Ti涂层的结合力和抗冲蚀性能都有提高,其中Mo离子注入的TiN/Ti涂层的结合力达71 N、耐冲蚀时间为80 min,与未离子注入涂层相比,分别增加31.5%和77.8%,而平均冲蚀率降低39.5%,仅为0.0078mg/g。Co离子注入的TiN/Ti涂层的结合力仅为40 N,平均冲蚀率增大了19.0%,达0.0433 mg/g,其抗砂尘冲蚀性能明显下降。结论离子注入涂层的抗砂尘冲蚀性能与结合力密切相关,随着结合力的增大,TiN/Ti涂层的平均冲蚀率减小,其耐冲蚀时间增加,选择合适的离子注入可提高TiN/Ti涂层的抗冲蚀性能。     

基体材料表面粗糙度对Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN多层膜性能的影响（英文）

采用真空阴极电弧沉积技术,在4组表面粗糙度不同的Cr17Ni2钢基体上制备Ti/Ti N/Zr/Zr N多层膜。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、结合力划痕仪、砂粒冲刷试验仪和盐雾试验机分析测试多层膜的截面形貌、膜层厚度、相组成、硬度、膜/基结合力、抗砂粒冲刷性能和耐腐蚀性能等。结果表明:所制备的多层膜厚度为11.37μm,维氏硬度为29.36 GPa;多层膜能显著地提高Cr17Ni2钢基体的抗砂粒冲刷和耐盐雾腐蚀能力;基体材料表面粗糙度对膜层性能的影响很大,基体表面粗糙度越小,其膜/基结合力、抗砂粒冲刷性能和耐盐雾腐蚀性能越佳;为了获得具有良好综合性能的膜层,待表面处理的基体表面粗糙度必须控制在Ra0.40μm。     

钛表面微弧氧化+碳膜的制备与表征

为提升钛金属与碳膜的界面结合,增强涂层的防护作用,利用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在钛表面快速简易制备出与基体为冶金结合的多孔层结构,并以此为基采用离子束复合磁控溅射技术制备碳膜。采用SEM+EDS、AFM分析所制备膜层的微观结构,借助划痕仪、磨损试验机和电化学工作站表征膜层的结合力和性能。结果表明：表层碳膜并不能完全覆盖微弧氧化层的微孔,同时Ti基体表面微弧氧化层可有效增加表层碳膜与Ti基体的结合力;Ti基体/MAO层/碳膜的膜基体系在摩擦磨损过程中,摩擦系数小且波动很小,磨痕宽度最小,表现出最为优异的摩擦学性能;而新设计复合膜层的耐蚀性较传统的Ti基体/Ti打底层/碳膜的膜基体系要差,这与表层碳膜较薄,复合膜层仍呈现出微弧氧化层多孔特征有关,其导致腐蚀介质易于通过微孔而降低耐蚀性。     

复合离子束制备氮化物多层膜的抗冲蚀性能

为了在TC4钛合金上获得抗冲蚀性能优良的膜层,利用金属蒸发真空多弧(Metal evaporation vacuum arc,MEVVA)离子源和阴极真空磁过滤弧复合离子束沉积技术在TC4钛合金基材表面制备Cr/Cr-N、Ti/Ti-N、Cr-Ti/Cr-Ti-N、Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N 4种体系的多层膜。采用努普显微硬度计、划痕仪、微粒喷浆冲蚀试验机、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、体式显微镜等仪器对不同体系膜层的力学性能及形貌进行测试表征,对比研究各膜层体系抗冲蚀性能的机理。结果表明:该技术制备的膜层致密、交替层结构明显;不同膜层体系的抗冲蚀性能差异较大,尤以二元金属及其氮化物交替复合多层膜具有较好的抗冲蚀性能,其中CrTi/Cr-Ti-N体系的膜层抗冲蚀性能相比基体提高10.1倍以上,其次为Ti-Al/Ti-Al-N、Ti/Ti-N、Cr/Cr-N,分别提高6.1倍、4.1倍和2.3倍。     

不同热处理TiN/Ti多层涂层冲蚀损伤特征与机理

目的 通过研究分析不同热处理TiN/Ti多层涂层在冲蚀作用下的损伤特征,揭示不同热处理TiN/Ti多层涂层冲蚀损伤的机理。方法 采用磁过滤阴极真空弧沉积技术在TC4钛合金表面制备TiN/Ti多层涂层,利用热处理炉对试样进行不同的热处理(300℃/40 min,空冷;400℃/40 min,空冷;300℃/40 min,空冷+300℃/40 min,空冷),采用划痕仪、显微硬度计、扫描电镜、能谱仪等设备对热处理试样涂层的结合力、显微硬度、涂层损伤形貌特征、元素分布等进行表征,并在冲蚀试验平台上通过砂尘冲蚀性能试验(速度130m/s,角度45°)进行验证。结果 TiN/Ti多层涂层在低温(≤400℃)下经短时间热处理后,涂层的物相未发生变化,仍以TiN(111)、TiN(200)、TiN(220)和TiN(311)为主,涂层结构完整,最外层的TiN涂层没有发生氧化现象,涂层结合力基本未发生改变,显微硬度略有下降,由2 764.1HV分别降至2748.9HV、2 493.2HV、2 255.2HV。TiN/Ti多层涂层的抗冲蚀性能变化不大,冲蚀速率由0.117 mg/min分别变为0.100...     

Ti—N多层膜的显微结构和压痕行为

研究了Ti/TiN多层膜的显微结构,横截面试样的透射电镜研究和二次离子质谱深度分析均表明,该膜具有周期变化的多层结构,即:基体/FeTi/Ti/Ti_2N/TiN/Ti_2N/Ti/Ti_2N/TiN…Ti/Ti_2N/TiN.制备了压痕试样的断口试样,并用扫描电镜进行了观察.结果表明,多层硬膜在压痕试验时发生形变,出现压痕坑,在其周围形成材料堆积.随着所加载荷的增加,形变区扩大,越过膜/基界面进入基体,引起膜内的层间开裂和在膜/基界面上形成孔洞,研究结果表明,和单层TiN相比,Ti/TiN多层膜具有较好的韧性.     

DLC、TiN涂层对TC4钛合金抗砂尘冲蚀性能的影响

为提高TC4钛合金的抗砂尘冲蚀性能,采用金属蒸汽真空弧(MEVVA)离子源注入与磁过滤真空阴极弧(FCVA)沉积复合技术、磁控溅射技术在TC4钛合金表面制备DLC、TiN涂层。采用SEM、Raman、XRD、纳米压痕仪和划痕仪等方法对涂层的物相结构、硬度、弹性模量以及与基体的结合力进行表征。在冲蚀试验平台上考核试样在不同入射角度条件下的抗砂尘冲蚀性能。结果表明:DLC涂层表面结构致密,含有大量sp3键,硬度为62.1 GPa,弹性模量为391.64 GPa,结合力达80.4 N;TiN涂层表面存在许多熔滴颗粒及空穴,硬度为22.72 GPa,弹性模量为383.18 GPa,结合力达34.7 N。30°冲蚀条件下,涂层主要是通过提高基体表面硬度来抵抗砂尘粒子的微切削作用,从而提高TC4钛合金的抗砂尘冲蚀性能。90°冲蚀条件下,涂层通过延缓基体的塑性变形来实现TC4钛合金抗砂尘冲蚀性能的提高。     

Wear, erosion and corrosion resistance of CrTiAlN coating deposited by magnetron sputtering

A nanolayered CrTiAlN coating, which was deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate using unbalanced magnetron sputtering technique, was tested to evaluate its performances against wear, erosion and corrosion. The coating, with a higher hardness compared to CrN, demonstrates significantly higher dry sliding wear resistance than CrN and TiN coatings. Different from the brittle TiN coating, the CrTiAlN coating has a maximum erosion rate at an impingement angle of 45° and shows better erosion resistance than TiN coating at 90°. The CrTiAlN coated Ti6Al4V, when tested in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution, shows a markedly more noble corrosion potential in comparison with the uncoated Ti6Al4V substrate. Furthermore, it demonstrates a wide passive region with a low current density. All these properties make the CrTiAlN coating a good candidate for a variety of industrial applications.     

Triode plasma nitriding and PVD coating: A successful pre-treatment combination to improve the wear resistance of DLC coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have found great applicability in the automotive industry because of their low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. Nevertheless, their tribological performance can be greatly reduced on soft substrates such as titanium alloys. The hard DLC coating cannot usually follow elastic and plastic deformation of the substrate without failing. In order to overcome this property mismatch between hard coating and soft substrate, triode plasma nitriding was applied as a pre-treatment to improve the mechanical properties of the Ti6Al4V alloy and further enhance the load support for the DLC coating. DLC and multilayered TiN/DLC, CrN/DLC CrAlN/DLC coatings were deposited onto “standard” and plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V substrates. Triode plasma nitriding increased the load-bearing capacity of the coating/substrate system, as higher critical adhesion loads were recorded for DLC coatings on plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V substrates. This treatment also reduced the wear rate of the DLC coating/substrate. Further load support and lower wear rates were achieved by using TiN, CrN and CrAlN as intermediate layers on plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V substrates.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND INDENTATION BEHAVIOUR OF MULTILAYER Ti-N FILM

The microstructure of Ti/TiN multilayer film was studied.It was shown by trans-mission electron microscopy of cross-sectional sample and respective secondary neutralsmass-spectroscopy depth profiling that the film has a periodic alternate multilayeredstructure:substrate /FeTi/Ti/Ti_2N/TiN/Ti_2N/Ti/Ti_2N/TiN...Ti/Ti_2N/TiN,whereFeTi and Ti_2N were the transition layers formed during ion plating.Cross-sectionalfracture surface of indentation samples had been obtained and studied with scanningelectron microscopy.It was shown that the multilayer film deformed during indentation,formed an indentation pit and a pile-up of materials around the indentation pit.As theapplied load increased deformation region extended beyond the film/substratc interfaceand into the substrate,the interlayer crack in the film and hole formation at the film/substrate interface were initiated.It is also shown that the multilayered Ti/TiN filmoffered better toughness in comparison with single layer TiN film.     

Nanolayer (Ti,Cr)N coatings for hard particle erosion resistance

This paper discusses the synthesis and characterization of titanium chromium nitride ((Ti,Cr)N) thin films deposited onto AM355 stainless steel by multi-source cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (PVD) for improved erosion resistance. The effect of Cr evaporator current and substrate bias on the erosion resistance of the (Ti,Cr)N coating were investigated. The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scratch adhesion testing and erosion testing. The (Ti,Cr)N coatings deposited using multisource mode were determined to be nanolayered structures consisting of TiN rich and CrN rich layers. EPMA showed that the atomic percentage of Cr within the coating increased (increased Cr:Ti ratio) with increasing Cr evaporator current and that the (Ti,Cr)N chemical composition did not appear to change with varying bias. Using XRD and STEM, it was determined that all nanolayer (Ti,Cr)N coatings were multi-phased consisting of a B1 NaCl crystal structure. XRD also revealed that as the Cr evaporator current was increased, there was an increase in the CrN phase volume. Macroparticle incorporation increased with an increase in Cr evaporator current and decreased with an increase in bias. The nanolayer (Ti,Cr)N coatings ranged in Vickers hardness from 1700 to 2800 VHN_0.050. Coating adhesion increased as Cr:Ti ratio increased. In regards to erosion, (Ti,Cr)N coatings with a high number of TiN/CrN interfaces performed poorly against alumina media. As the Cr evaporator current was varied, the coating deposited with the highest Cr:Ti ratio (evaporator current of 85 A) and when bias was varied, the lowest substrate bias of - 50 V had the best erosion performance.     

Characteristics and machining applications of Ti(Y)N coatings

The Ti(Y)N coatings were successfully deposited onto 18-8 stainless steel substrates by the hollow cathode discharge ion-plating method. The influence of the rare-earth element yttrium on the TiN coating properties was studied. The results show that the adhesion of the coating to the substrate were evidently enhanced by adding a small amount (0.2 wt.%) of the rare-earth element yttrium, showing a critical load of about 390 g which is much higher than that (230 g) of the TiN coating/substrate. Investigation on the corrosion resistance of the Ti(Y)N coating and the TiN coating was performed in 0.5 N Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 N H₂SO₄ + 0.1 N NaCl corrosion media by means of an electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization. The Ti(Y)N coating exhibited much better corrosion resistance than the TiN coating, whose passivity maintaining current is about one order in magnitude smaller than that of the TiN coating.The Ti(Y)N coatings deposited on some HSS-based tools were presented and compared with the TiN coating. The service lifetime of Ti(Y)N coated tools is approximately 36% higher (on the pinion shape cutters) and about 50% higher (on punch side pin) compared to that of TiN coated. The Ti(Y)N coatings showed such excellent performance. It is attributed to that the transition area of Ti(Y)N/substrate consisted of three sublayers which revealed a gradual change of phase structure and composition, so that the adhesion of the coating/substrate was evidently enhanced. Moreover, Ti(Y)N coating showed a preferred orientation with (111) plane which is favorable to improve wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating.     

钛基 / TiN 涂层接触应力有限元分析

目的研究在接触载荷作用下,钛基/TiN涂层的应力变化规律。方法利用ABAQUS软件建立可靠有限元模型,分析涂层厚度不同的钛基/TiN涂层系统在球压头作用下的接触应力。结果钛基/TiN涂层系统最大Mises应力出现在距表面约0.4a(a为接触半径)处的亚表层或者亚表层附近的界面处。在接触应力和弯曲应力作用下,涂层弯曲变形会影响涂层的径向应力和剪应力分布。结论在接触载荷作用下,涂层内存在接触应力和自身弯曲两种应力作用。分析结果有利于理解钛基Ti N涂层的失效机理。     

物理气相沉积Ti/TiN提高冷冲模具寿命研究

对Cr12MoV冷作模具钢表面进行了单一处理(PVD Ti／TiN)和双重处理(低温等离子氮化 PVD Ti／TiN),通过显微硬度、划痕和磨损试验综合分析了这两种不同处理涂层的摩擦学性能。而且,对PVD Ti／TiN涂覆的“控制臂翻边凸模”进行应用试验。研究结果和应用试验表明：较单一处理,双重处理改善了涂层与基体界面的结合,显著提高了Cr12MoV钢的表面承载能力和耐磨性,PVD Ti／TiN涂覆的“控制臂翻边凸模”寿命提高了2倍多。     

热腐蚀和盐雾腐蚀影响氮化物涂层冲蚀行为的机制

金属氮化物涂层是目前重点关注的航空发动机压气机抗冲蚀涂层体系。为了兼顾热物理化学环境和应力环境的影响,进行涂层的腐蚀-冲蚀耦合行为研究十分重要。本研究对比了TiN/Ti涂层与TiN/ZrN涂层的原始状态、热腐蚀后和盐雾腐蚀后的冲蚀行为。结果表明,对于TiN/Ti涂层,在涂层的缺陷处盐雾腐蚀时形成点蚀坑,这是发生冲蚀的薄弱环节,盐雾腐蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的抗冲蚀能力及结合力低于原始涂层和热腐蚀后的涂层。对于TiN/ZrN涂层,热腐蚀过程中液滴表面形成疏松的腐蚀产物和氧化物,使其在冲蚀时更容易脱落,热腐蚀过程中产生的层间热应力削弱了涂层的结合力。热腐蚀涂层冲蚀后呈现严重的螺旋状剥落,热腐蚀后TiN/ZrN涂层的抗冲蚀能力及结合力低于原始涂层和盐雾腐蚀后涂层。