Machining localization and quality evaluation of parts with sculptured surfaces using SQP method

Using automatic localization to ensure sufficient machining allowance or derive reliable evaluation results of machining quality, it is possible to cope with the case where the coordinate system in a part design specification is different from that for machining or measuring the part. To achieve workpiece localization and machining quality evaluation, it is essential to find the optimum Euclidean transformation that aligns the nominal mode to the sample points from a workpiece. This paper describes a unified algorithm for workpiece localization and quality evaluation. The optimum alignment model is firstly established with minimax criteria, and then sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is proposed to solve the optimization problem. A computational algorithm of point-to-surface distance and a linear differential motion model of the objective function with respect to alignment parameters are subsequently provided. The results show that the SQP-based workpiece localization and quality evaluation method is computationally more efficient than those based on direct search algorithms. It is found that the proposed method is effective in machining localization and quality evaluation even with a large set of sample points.     

Conicity error evaluation using sequential quadratic programming algorithm

Form error evaluation plays an important role in processing quality evaluation. Conicity error is evaluated as a typical example in this paper based on sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. The evaluation is carried out in three stages. Signed distance function from the measured points to conical surface is defined and the cone is located roughly by the method of traditional least-squares (LS) firstly; the fitted cone and the measured point coordinates are transformed to simplify the optimal mathematical model of conicity error evaluation secondly; and then optimization problem on conicity error evaluation satisfying the minimum zone criterion is solved by means of SQP algorithm and kinematic geometry, where approximate linear differential movement model of signed distance function is deduced in order to reduce the computational complexity. Experimental results show that the conicity error evaluation algorithm is more accurate, and has good robustness and high efficiency. The obtained conicity error is effective.     

Accurate evaluation of free-form surface profile error based on quasi particle swarm optimization algorithm and surface subdivision

Although significant progress has been made in precision machining of free-form surfaces recently, inspection of such surfaces remains a difficult problem. In order to solve the problem that no specific standards for the verification of free-form surface profile are available, the profile parameters of free-form surface are proposed by referring to ISO standards regarding form tolerances and considering its complexity and non-rotational symmetry. Non-uniform rational basis spline(NURBS) for describing free-form surface is formulated. Crucial issues in surface inspection and profile error verification are localization between the design coordinate system(DCS) and measurement coordinate system(MCS) for searching the closest points on the design model corresponding to measured points. A quasi particle swarm optimization(QPSO) is proposed to search the transformation parameters to implement localization between DCS and MCS. Surface subdivide method which does the searching in a recursively reduced range of the parameters u and v of the NURBS design model is developed to find the closest points. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods, the design model is generated by NURBS and the measurement data of simulation example are generated by transforming the design model to arbitrary position and orientation, and the parts are machined based on the design model and are measured on CMM. The profile errors of simulation example and actual parts are calculated by the proposed method. The results verify that the evaluation precision of freeform surface profile error by the proposed method is higher 10%-22% than that by CMM software. The proposed method deals with the hard problem that it has a lower precision in profile error evaluation of free-form surface.     

基于自适应采样的曲面加工误差 在机测量方法

基于模具在机测量的自适应采样结果,提出一种新的获取自由曲面加工误差的方法。该方法首先基于自适应采样获取加工曲面上少量测点的坐标数据,利用NURBS曲面重构来拟合加工曲面;然后基于广义牛顿法计算重构的实际曲面和理论曲面的法向距离,获得自由曲面的加工误差,并对实验加工的模具模型曲面的轮廓度误差进行分析。实验结果表明,基于自适应采样的加工曲面重构方法能够在机测量且有效地获得自由曲面加工误差。     

评定二次曲面轮廓度误差的角度分割逼近法

提出一种基于角度分割逼近算法和粒子群算法计算二次曲面轮廓度误差的最小区域评定方法来准确评定任意位姿的二次曲面轮廓度误差。首先,给出了能够实现角度分割逼近算法的两条前提假设;基于假设,给出了更合理的算法网格布局递推公式。根据曲面轮廓度误差的定义建立了误差评定的精确模型。然后,采用角度分割逼近法求取测点到拟合二次曲面轮廓的距离;通过粒子群算法,以所有的点与二次曲面距离中的最大值为适应度值拟合出二次曲面一般方程,并实现被测轮廓与理论轮廓位置的匹配。最后,采用上述方法对某抛物面天线进行了评定,并与参数分割法、SMX-Insight和最小二乘法进行比较。实验结果显示：该方法测得的天线轮廓度误差为0.659 8 mm,比其它方法准确。结论表明：基于角度分割算法能够更有效地评定任意位姿二次曲面轮廓度误差,计算准确、迅速,而且无需确定待分割区域。     

基于形状特征的自由曲面建模技术

针对自由曲面重构建模中存在的问题,对曲面数字化及离散点参数优化技术进行了研究。基于自由曲面的形状特征,提出了一种曲面自适应数字化技术。建立了基于显式的最小二乘重构误差的参数优化模型,运用子空间共轭梯度内部反射牛顿优化技术实现了大规模数据点的参数优化。研究结果表明,自适应数字化技术大大提高了曲面的采样效率;参数优化模型合理且优化算法收敛迅速。     

基于多目标优化的空间直线度误差评定

根据最小区域定义及数学规划理论,建立了空间直线度评定的非线性规划模型,指出了这模型实质上是多目标优化的问题并将该优化问题转化成单目标优化问题。由于该非线性规划模型还是凸的、二次的,因此提出了用逐次二次规划的解法（SQP法）来实施。SQP法在评定过程中保留了模型中的非线性信息,对初始参数的要求低,且稳定、可靠、效率高。几个算例的结果均满足凸规划全局最优判别准则,这就有力的验证了上述结论。     

基于分割球面逼近和差分进化的复杂曲面轮廓度误差评定

为了评定复杂曲面轮廓度误差,提出了一种快速简便的分割球面逼近方法。该方法用球面逐步逼近测点垂足所在的曲面片来求得测点到设计曲面的最短距离,然后利用差分进化算法优化测点位置,结合分割球面逼近方法最终求得复杂曲面轮廓度误差值。将分割球面逼近方法和差分进化算法相结合,用于计算蜗杆齿面的轮廓度误差,仿真结果表明,该方法计算精度高于最小二乘法,能满足高精度误差评定的需求。     

光学自由曲面误差评定中匹配方法的研究

研究了光学自由曲面轮廓误差评定中被测曲面和设计曲面的匹配方法。在曲面中心重合和近似法矢重合的基础上,提出了五点预定位法,即先定义曲面中心,然后利用搜索的方法得到相互间距离最大的4个角点,通过这5个点的匹配实现曲面的预定位。在精调整中,提出了二次优化方法,即综合运用最小二乘法和最小条件原则进行曲面的高精度匹配,并进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明,匹配精度可达纳米级。最后通过一个非球面实测实验,证明了算法的有效性。     

基于正交距离回归齿面的齿轮误差评定

为了通过测量齿面拓扑轮廓来获取特征线误差,提出了一种基于正交距离回归齿面的误差计算方法。对该方法涉及的实际齿面与理论齿面匹配算法、拓扑轮廓误差的计算与分解及齿面特征线误差的评定算法进行了研究。首先,通过坐标测量方法获取的齿面拓扑数据,建立包含回归齿面参数的非线性方程。然后,求解非线性方程得到回归齿面参数的最优近似解,从而得到与实际齿面匹配的理论齿面,拓扑测量点相对理论齿面的正交距离即为齿面拓扑误差。最后,基于齿轮误差多自由度理论,对实际齿面进行局部自由度及全局自由度回归,进一步分解出齿面的齿廓误差和螺旋线误差。以一标准圆柱直齿轮的齿面拓扑测量点数据为例进行了误差计算,结果显示:计算的结果与直接进行特征线测量的结果差值小于0.5μm,表明提出的基于正交距离回归齿面进行齿轮误差评定的方法是有效的,可以应用于坐标类仪器检测齿轮误差。     

Correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm for free-form surface machining

The existing interpolation algorithm cannot meet the need of high-speed and high-accuracy machining of a free-form surface. So this paper proposed a correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm. Depending on the distance and angle evaluated from the adjacent command points, the machining path of free form can be divided into two machining types. For those regions where the accurate figure is critical such as corners, the convention linear interpolation is performed exactly between the adjacent command points. For those regions having a large radius of curvature where the smooth figure is critical, firstly, the interior point selection method based on circle transition is derived to reduce the tolerance between the machining path and the original surface; secondly, the interior point correction method based on the least-square method is proposed to reduce the calculation error and round-off error in the interior point and estimate the first- and second-order derivative vectors of the interior point; thirdly, the shape-defining point is selected by the bend direction of the machining path and fitted to a quintic spline curve which has the C2 continuity; fourthly, the fitting accuracy controlling method is proposed to ensure the machining accuracy; lastly, the curve interpolation is performed on the fitted smooth curve. Machining tests carried out on a vertical machining center show that the proposed algorithm can improve the machining efficiency and machining quality of a free-form surface.     

齿轮误差三维评定方法

研究了齿轮误差三维评定方法,以消除测量仪器定位误差对齿轮误差评定的影响,提高齿轮测量仪器的测量精度。分析了传统齿轮二维评定方法的弊端,提出将齿轮误差评定从二维评定模式转变为三维评定模式。该评定模式不再要求齿轮各项误差测量点位于特征面内,实现了三维空间内的齿轮误差测量与评定。为提高齿轮三维误差评定算法的效率,通过螺旋降维方法将三维数据降至二维数据,再对二维测量数据进行各项误差的评定。以特大型齿轮激光跟踪在位测量系统作为实验对象,对4级标准齿轮的齿廓误差进行了测量,并与传统的齿轮二维误差评定方法以及德国ZEISS公司InvolutePro软件的评定结果进行了对比。结果表明:传统齿轮二维误差评定方法有较大误差,三维齿廓评定方法与德国ZEISS公司InvolutePro软件评定结果一致,精度达到0.1μm,证明了提出的齿廓误差三维评定方法完全正确,可以消除仪器定位误差对测量结果的影响,提高了测量仪器的测量精度。     

基于图像的线轮廓度评价算法研究

根据微型零件的成像特点,为了实现其轮廓的高精度测量,提出了一种基于离散点的轮廓度评价算法——被测轮廓与理论轮廓离散点间的最小距离法：首先提取出被测轮廓的边缘点信息,其次依据理论轮廓计算出一系列间距极小的坐标点并建立坐标系将被测轮廓点与理论轮廓点对应,最后计算出每个被测轮廓点到最近理论轮廓点的距离作为该点的轮廓度误差。实验结果证明,精度优于1.5个像素,此方法可有效的提高了线轮廓度的评价精度和效率。     

自由曲面数控加工刀具轨迹曲线的一种生成算法

提出一种自由曲面数控加工轨迹曲线计算方法。根据这一方法,可由自由曲面上一定数量的任意分布型值点来 计算曲面加工时的刀具曲线。算法的基本思想是,型值点影响并决定着其控制区域内的曲面形状,这种影响的大小与到 型值点的距离及权指数相关。分别给出了沿X向进给及Y向进给时刀具轨迹曲线的生成算法。讨论了算法中参数选取 对加工曲面形状及拟合精度的影响。     

基于定向距离理论的五轴加工刀具轨迹规划算法

针对环形刀五轴加工自由曲面的残留误差问题,在传统等残留高度算法的基础上,提出了一种基于定向距离理论的等最大残留高度刀具轨迹规划算法。首先根据微分几何理论计算已知刀触点的初始侧向行距,并在侧向行距方向进行偏置得到相邻刀触点;然后以基于定向距离理论的残高误差计算模型对相邻刀触点间的实际残高值进行计算;最后通过迭代计算规划出等最大残留高度的相邻刀具轨迹。如此循环,从而获得整个曲面的刀具轨迹。实验结果表明,相对于商用软件MasterCAM9.0,该算法在充分保证曲面加工质量的同时最大限度地减小了刀具轨迹的总长度,从而提高了加工效率。     

基于逆向工程的蒙皮曲面重构技术研究

针对蒙皮曲面生成时截面线相容性处理所带来的数据量过大问题,提出一种蒙皮曲面重构方法.从三次B样条曲线插值入手,基于垂距对自由曲面自适应数据采样,构建物体外形轮廓曲面.该方法可以有效去除截面线相容性处理所产生的大量的冗余控制顶点,在用户定义的精度内实现数据压缩和光滑的曲面造型.最后,应用该方法给出一个完整的基于逆向工程的蒙皮曲面构造过程.     

面齿轮磨削齿面齿形误差修正

以面齿轮齿面的形状误差为研究对象,建立了面齿轮齿面数学方程,通过三坐标测量仪（CMM）对面齿轮齿面进行了误差测量。为提高面齿轮齿面的精度,提高其理论和工程的应用价值,提出了一种基于序列二次规划（SQP）的面齿轮齿面误差评定方法。建立了齿面误差的识别方程,应用序列二次规划算法对机床加工参数进行优化求解,并与最小二乘优化法进行对比,应用修正后的机床调整参数,再次通过三坐标测量仪对修正后的齿面误差进行检测,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于遗传算法和分割逼近法精确计算复杂曲面轮廓度误差

在超精密复杂零件加工与检测技术中,高精度轮廓度误差的评估方法一直是一个研究重点。在分析研究现状基础上,阐明精确计算复杂曲面轮廓度误差需要解决的关键问题,阐述复杂曲面轮廓度误差定义,建立复杂曲面轮廓度误差的数学模型。在分析基于NURBS描述复杂曲面特点基础上,提出分割逼近法计算测点到曲面的最小距离快速简便算法。分析传统遗传算法存在计算精度与编码长度、计算工作量之间的矛盾,提出改进型归一化实数编码的遗传算法,建立相应的交叉算子和变异算子,确立分割逼近法和归一化实数值编码遗传算法相结合计算复杂曲面轮廓度误差的具体步骤。该算法易于计算机实现,且计算精确度高,可以达到任意给定的精度,非常适用于三坐标测量机。     

自由曲面测量若干关键问题的研究

结合国内外研究现状 ,对自由曲面测量中曲面CAD模型已知时测点的自适应分布、测量路径优化、自由曲面形状误差评定和 CAD模型未知时的测量规划和测点数据处理等几个关键问题的实现方法进行了分析研究 ,并对测点的自适应分布做了仿真研究 ,证明了其有效性     

自由曲面测量中曲面匹配的建模及算法分析

为了更好地消除自由曲面测量中的定位误差 ,提出了一种新型的、有效的基于最大最小原则的自由曲面匹配的数学模型。通过曲面的旋转、平移以及改进的坐标轮换法完成对实测曲面的预定位、精调整 ,较好地解决了曲面匹配的问题 ,为测量自由曲面轮廓度误差提供了良好的方法。论文最后的运行实例论证了该算法的正确性及可靠性