Textile Applications of Adjustable-Frequency Drives with Digital Ratio Control

The application of digital techniques to program and to process the input signals to adjustable-frequency inverters for the control of rugged ac motors is becoming widespread. It was perhaps inevitable that digital signal control would eventually be combined with the inherently digital adjustable-frequency power inverter to produce systems having high overall line speed accuracy, adjustable ``digital gearing' between sections, locked-in-step acceleration from creep to run speed, and in-train digital jogging. A short introduction to adjustable-frequency motor control is given, and the use of digital techniques for controlling adjustable-frequency inverters to produce digital speed systems is described. Early applications of the first solid-state inverters to synthetic fiber spinning and their continued use is described. Specific current applications of digitally controlled adjustable-frequency speed systems are discussed, and potential applications that demonstrate how the capabilities of such systems can be used to provide economic solutions to many textile industry drive problems are reviewed.     

Torque ripple minimization with optimized <Emphasis Type="Italic">i</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">sx</Emphasis></Subscript> estimation in vector control of current source inverter induction motor

In variable speed applications of high-power induction motors, current source inverters are usually used instead of voltage source inverters. Power switches delay and switching losses in high-power ranges, prevents inverters to operate properly in high frequencies. So the voltage and current waveforms of the motor supply consist of high harmonic content causing a high-torque ripple. One of the parameters that influences the torque ripple most is the stator flux reference value. Motors do not usually operate in their nominal load. Therefore, the optimum value of the flux is not equal to the nominal value. In this paper, an optimal i _sx reference for vector control system of current source inverter fed induction motor is produced by applying a simple estimator. Simulation results show that torque ripple has been reduced, especially in the loads less than their nominal power, as significantly as power factor has been improved. Also flux reduction causes to noticeable reduction in core and switching losses.     

DC环节谐振型逆变器的发展与应用

DC环节谐振型逆变器在工业中的应用，由于其所具有的明显优势，正在引起越来越多的人的关注。本文对这种类型逆变器的几种典型拓扑结构进行了分析与比较，指出了各自的优缺点，并给出了仿真结果，另外对于近年来随着DC环节谐振型逆变器而发展起来的相应的调制策略的研究进行了简单的介绍，最后指出了这种类型的逆变器在工业中应用时仍存在的一些问题。     

Operating Limits of Inverter-Driven Permanent Magnet Motor Drives

Recent developments of high-energy permanent magnet (PM) materials such as neodymium-iron-boron have focused attention on the use of PM synchronous motors supplied from inverters for a wide variety of speed control applications. PM motor drives are readily applicable where full torque is required up to full or base speed. They are, however, limited in their ability to operate in the power-limited regime where the available torque is reduced as the speed is increased above its base value. In contrast with the field weakening approach used in dc drives, the magnet is permanent. The torque-speed operating limits of PM motor drives, of conventional design are explored, and then design measures which can substantially extend operation into the power-limited regime are proposed. A trade-off between the low speed-torque limit and the extent of the speed range above base speed is achieved by variations in magnet dimensions and the depth of inset of the magnets in the rotor iron. Experimental results are presented for two motors of different design, each using neodymium magnets and each supplied from a current-controlled inverter with hysteresis control of current waveshape.     

Programmed PWM techniques to eliminate harmonics: a criticalevaluation

Programmed pulsewidth modulators (PWMs) eliminating several lower-order harmonics generate high-quality output spectra, which in turn result in minimum current ripple and reduced torque pulsations, thereby satisfying several performance criteria and contributing to overall improved performance. Several programmed PWM switching patterns to eliminate harmonics in the output spectra of single-phase and three-phase inverters are possible. Each of these leads to a specific advantage in single- and three-phase inverters, depending on the application. First, the superiority of programmed PWM techniques over the conventional carrier-modulated PWMs is established. Next, a critical evaluation of the programmed PWM schemes on the basis of applications for single- and three-phase inverters is used to provide a framework and guidelines for the selection of the appropriate technique for each application area. Evaluation criteria include harmonic loss factor and total harmonic distortion factors defined at the input and output of the inverter terminals. Finally, a simple low-cost solution for obtaining the required PWM switching points is proposed. Selected results are verified experimentally     

A novel voltage clamped snubber circuit topology suitable for a multilevel inverter with lowered power loss performance

This paper presents a novel prototype of lowered loss snubber circuit topology suitable for multilevel voltage source‐inverters and rectifiers for high‐power applications. The reduced power loss characteristics and voltage capability performances of the proposed voltage clamped snubber circuit are evaluated relative to conventional RCD snubber circuits designed for four‐level voltage‐source inverters using IGBTs on the basis of experimental results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(3): 70–78, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20015     

Converter Using SiC‐MOSFET for Ultra‐High‐Speed Elevator

In this study, we developed a converter based on SiC (Silicon Carbide)‐MOSFET for use in ultra‐high‐speed elevators, with a reduced volume of 15% compared with the conventional converter. We succeeded in reducing the power loss of the converter unit by 56% compared to the conventional converter in one round trip under high temperature condition. Recently, because of their useful characteristics, wide‐gap semiconductors, such as SiC and GaN, have gained considerable attention for use in various applications in the power electronics systems. Therefore, we studied the use of a converter in elevator systems based on SiC‐MOSFET. We used a 1200 V/800 A SiC‐MOSFET module for the converter unit. We developed a prototype of the converter unit and the control panel by applying for the SiC‐MOSFET module for an ultra‐high‐speed elevator. As a result, the setting area of the control panel (main part) becomes less than 43% of the conventional panel. We tried to demonstrate the working of a 68‐kW elevator by applying the prototype control panel. Because of the characteristic of the switching loss of SiC‐MOSFET, the power loss of the converter unit has almost no dependence on temperature. An energy‐saving effect of approximately 17% was achieved in the total elevator system in one round trip under high‐temperature condition.     

A comparison of three-level converters versus two-level converters for low-voltage drives, traction, and utility applications

This paper evaluates three-level topologies as alternatives to two-level topologies in converters for low-voltage applications. Topologies, semiconductor losses, filter aspects, part count, initial cost, and life-cycle cost are compared for a grid interface, a conventional drive application, and a high-speed drive application.     

一种新型的UPFC拓扑

提出了统一潮流控制器的一种新型拓扑,它包含两个交流侧面对面连接,而不是通过公共直流环节背对背连接的逆变器.该新型结构具有以下优点:1)两个逆变器间没有有功功率交换,两个逆变器仅提供或吸收无功功率;2)级联式逆变器可以用于这种结构,因而取消了传统的磁接口--曲折变压器,大幅度减少了功率损耗;3)在许多负载情况下,所需要的逆变器容量可以大大减少;4)模块化的级联式逆变器和它的冗余性使得这种新型结构更具设计的灵活性和实现的可靠性.仿真结果清楚表明:在所需的容量方面,新型拓扑比传统拓扑更具优势,实用,实现更容易.     

Multilevel inverter modulation schemes to eliminate common-mode voltages

It is well known that conventional two-level pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters generate high-frequency common-mode voltages with high dv/dt. Similarly, commonly used multilevel inverter modulation schemes generate common-mode voltages. Common-mode voltages may cause motor shaft voltages and bearing currents and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). Premature motor bearing failures and electronic equipment malfunctions have been reported to be directly related to bearing currents and EMI. In this paper, approaches to eliminating common-mode voltage when using multilevel PWM inverters are presented. It is shown that inverters, which have an odd number of levels, will generate zero common-mode voltage by switching among certain states. Therefore, motor bearing currents will be eliminated and conducted EMI will be reduced. Both sinusoidal PWM and space-vector modulation (SVM) schemes are discussed and detailed comparative simulation results between conventional and novel modulation schemes are provided. The value of the proposed technique is demonstrated experimentally by applying the novel SVM approach to a conventional multilevel inverter.     

A Home-type (H-type) Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Device Count: Analysis and Implementation

Abstract

Multilevel inverter (MLI) is increasingly recognized as a low distorted wave synthesizing power converter built using recent power semiconductor devices. However, MLIs suffer from the requirement of higher device count. In this paper, a 15-level Home-type (H-type) inverter topology is proposed to address this concern. The H-type inverter topology is cascaded to synthesize a higher number of levels in output voltage. Voltage ratings of the dc sources are designed to generate a large number of uniform steps in output voltage. Analysis of the proposed method is presented for required number of switches, dc voltage sources, driver circuits and blocking voltage of switches. Comparative study demonstrates that the suggested topology requires reduced device count compared to the similar topologies reported in the literature. Simulation and experimental studies have been carried out to validate the performance of proposed MLI topology.     

级联型逆变器的一种新型SVPWM方法

在有高性能调速要求的场合需要矢量控制、直接转矩控制等电机控制方法,级联型逆变器应用电压空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)技术可以实现对电机的高性能控制.随着电平数的增加,电压空间矢量数急剧增多,又存在着冗余开关状态,造成SVPWM算法过于复杂,难以应用于实际系统.本文提出了一种基于两电平SVPWM算法的新型多电平SVPWM方法,并通过Matlab 6.1的系统仿真验证了其正确性和有效性.     

考虑光伏逆变器电流裕度的主动配电网动态电压支撑策略

大量分布式光伏接入配电网的电压稳定问题是影响电网安全稳定运行的关键环节。为了适应高渗透率分布式光伏发电系统的接入,提高主动配电网的动态电压支撑能力,提出了一种考虑光伏逆变器电流裕度的主动配电网动态电压支撑策略。该策略在分析配电网电压灵敏度的基础上,考虑光伏逆变器的电流设计裕度,能够在电压跌落故障情况下充分利用光伏逆变器的最大允许电流,实现光伏逆变器有功功率输出最大化,从而提高主动配电网的短期电压稳定性。最后分析了逆变器电流裕度对静止无功补偿系统的影响,并与常规无功补偿系统进行了仿真对比分析,验证了所提出策略的可行性和有效性。     

单相高可靠并网逆变器电路拓扑

针对传统桥式并网逆变器存在桥臂功率开关管的直通问题,提出了一族单相高可靠并网逆变器电路拓扑。所提并网逆变器是由高可靠性单元相互组合而成。分析了双极性和单极性调制高可靠并网逆变器的工作原理,归纳出了高可靠并网逆变器的构成原则。以单极性双降压全桥并网逆变器为例进行了仿真验证。比较分析了传统并网逆变器和所提高可靠并网逆变器。分析结果表明：双降压半桥并网逆变器适合110~120 V电网电压场合,而全桥型高可靠并网逆变器适合220~240 V电网电压场合。     

Power Line Communication in Motor Cables of Inverter-Fed Electric Drives

It has been shown that an inverter-fed power line is a feasible medium for the transmission of modulated information. The communication channel includes the feeder cable terminated by two loads: the motor and the inverter. This link is a suitable alternative for the sensor cabling between motors and inverters in motor control and diagnostic applications. The use of the motor power cable in the speed feedback induction motor control application and the modelling of the formed communication channel are presented and discussed in this paper.     

Reduced common-mode modulation strategies for cascaded multilevel inverters

This paper presents modulation strategies for cascaded multilevel inverters that substantially eliminate common-mode voltage on the output phases. The paper begins by developing generic multilevel inverter reference waveforms that use only "allowed" space vectors to achieve reduced common-mode voltage. A graphical technique is then proposed that allows various carrier disposition modulation strategies for a diode-clamped inverter to be converted to equivalent modulation of a cascaded inverter for any fundamental reference waveform. This graphical technique is confirmed for both alternative phase opposition disposition and phase disposition equivalent modulation of a cascaded inverter, and is then used to create reduced common-mode modulation strategies for cascaded inverters from their equivalent counterparts for diode-clamped inverters under both continuous and discontinuous switching conditions. The strategies have been confirmed by both simulation and experimental results obtained using a cascaded five-level inverter.     

Power converter control based on neural and fuzzy methods

The new power converter control approaches based on neural network techniques and fuzzy logic theorems are briefly reviewed and discussed in this paper. Current-controlled voltage source inverters offer substantial advantages in improving motor system dynamics for high-performance AC drive systems. The controller switches follow a set of reference current waveforms. Fixed-band and sinusoidal-band hysteresis current controllers have been studied. The first part of this paper develops neural network and fuzzy logic based current-controlled voltage source inverters. The models and learning techniques have been investigated by simulation. The implementation of neural networks is described and simulation results are presented. In the second part of this paper, the new UPS (uninterruptible power supply) with fuzzy logic compensator is proposed. The proposed fuzzy logic compensator is used to prevent voltage drop from nonlinear loads. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposed scheme is better than that of conventional deadbeat control methods for linear and nonlinear loads. The applications of fuzzy and neural network control to DC-DC converters operating at finite switching frequency are studied in the third part of this paper. The fuzzy logic and neural network controller for unity power factor rectifiers, half-bridge DC-DC ZVZCS converters, DC motor drives, induction motor drives and permanent-magnet motor drives are also discussed. Some simulations are presented in this paper.     

Motor Overvoltage Limitation by Means of a New EMI-Reducing PWM Strategy for Three-Level Inverters

Pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage-source inverters are known to provoke high-frequency disturbances in motor-drive applications, particularly when long cables are used. Indeed, the parasitic elements of the cable, along with steep voltage transitions due to semiconductor switchings, are responsible for the conducted electromagnetic emissions and high overvoltages on the motor terminals. Therefore, several specific PWM schemes have been proposed in order to reduce these phenomena without requiring large passive filters. However, strategies that reduce common-mode currents (mainly conducted electromagnetic emissions) tend to increase the overvoltages generated on the motor. This paper focuses on a new PWM strategy that reduces the common-mode currents generated by three-level inverters. It provides a control algorithm that makes sure that the motor overvoltages never exceed those of conventional strategies while improving the electromagnetic-compatibility performance of the drive.     

一种新型直流环节谐振逆变器的空间矢量脉宽调制方法

为了实现一种结构简单，控制方便，高效率，高功率密度的逆变器的应用，该文提出一种适合于直流环节谐振逆变器的SVPWM的数字控制策略，使每个开关周期只需要一次谐振网络的谐振就可以实现逆变桥的三个桥臂开关管的ZVS，大大减少了谐振网络的工作次数，这对减少开关损耗，提高开关频率，提高直流母线电压利用率都有很大的好处。归纳出新型SVPWM的发生逻辑并采用FPGA产生所需的SVPWM驱动脉冲以减小DSP的计算时间开销。此新型数字控制策略与传统的数字空间矢量控制之间接口非常方便，传统SVPWM的输出可作为FPGA的输入，从而可保留传统SVPWM的控制算法部分。仿真波形和实验结果验证了新型空间矢量PWM算法的正确性和可行性。     

ANALYSIS OF POWER CONVERTER CONTROL USING NEURAL NETWORK AND RULE-BASED METHODS

ABSTRACT

Current-controlled voltage source inverters offer substantial advantages in improving motor system dynamics for high-performance ac drive systems. The controller switches follow a set of reference current waveforms. Fixed-band hysteresis and sinusoidal-band hysteresis controllers have been studied. The first part of this paper develops neural network and fuzzy logic based current-controlled voltage source inverters. The models and learning techniques have been investigated by simulation. The implementation of neural networks is described and simulation results are presented. In the second part of this paper, the new UPS (uninterruptible power supply) with fuzzy logic compensator is proposed. Proposed fuzzy logic compensator is used to prevent voltage drop from nonlinear load. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of proposed scheme is better than that of conventional deadbeat control method for linear and nonlinear load. In the third part of this paper, the application of fuzzy control to DC-DC converters operating at finite switching frequency is studied. Several control methods currently used for buck, boost and buck/boost converters are compared to the fuzzy converter control. Simulation results for several control methods are presented. The simulations show that the fuzzy control method has better dynamic performance and less steady state error.