双向DC/DC变换器中耦合电感的应用研究

为了保证双向DC/DC变换器在降压模式的高效率、低损耗、节约能源等条件下,满足大功率负载的要求,将耦合电感应用到变换器中。对不同工作状态下电感电流的状态方程进行了分析,给出了耦合电感的最大电感电流脉动和最大磁通密度的数学表达式。采用耦合电感后电感储能能力变大、磁芯体积降低,使变换器能够满足"大电流-大功率"负载的要求。最后进行仿真验证,仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性和可行性。     

Power and energy management of grid/PEMFC/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power sources for UPS applications

This paper presents a hybrid power and energy source supplied by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the main power source in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. To prevent the PEMFC from fuel starvation and degradation and realize their seamless linking in the hybrid UPS system, the power and energy are balanced by the battery and/or supercapacitor (SC) as two alternative auxiliary power sources. Based on the modeling and sizing of hybrid power and energy components, the power and energy management strategies and efficiency measurements of four operating modes in UPS system are proposed. To evaluate the proposed strategies, an experimental setup is implemented by a data acquisition system, a PEMFC generating system, and a UPS system including AC/DC rectifier, DC/AC inverter, DC/DC converter, AC/DC recharger and its intelligent control unit. Experimental results with the characteristics of a 300 W self-humidified air-breathing of PEMFC, 3-cell 12 V/5 Ah of batteries, and two 16-cell 120 F/2.7 V of SCs in parallel corroborate the excellent management strategies in the four operating modes of UPS system, which provides the basis for the optimal design of the UPS system with hybrid PEMFC/battery/SC power sources.     

Performance comparison of input current ripple reduction methods in UPS applications with hybrid PEM fuel cell/supercapacitor power sources

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with different input current ripple reduction methods is proposed, and a comparison research has been conducted about these methods. The proposed UPS system consists of a 63-cell 300 W proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, two 16-cell supercapacitors (SCs) in series, a high-efficiency push–pull DC/DC converter and a half-bridge DC/AC inverter. Besides that the traditional push–pull DC/DC converter has inherent advantages of low input-current stress and high voltage conversion ratio, the SCs, LC filter, and an active clamp circuit are employed to reduce the input current ripples in the UPS system. First, the input current ripple generation and performance without an external component are analyzed and modeled in the PEM fuel cell. Then the input current ripple reduction methods mentioned above are proposed and operated in the designed UPS system. Finally, the experimental results show that the input current ripple can be further reduced by using different current ripple reduction approaches, and the active compensation method has better performance than the passive compensation method. The input current ripple is less than 5% of the rated input current.     

基于倍压单元耦合电感高增益DC/DC变换器

提出一种基于倍压单元的新型DC/DC高增益变换器.在传统Boost变换器的基础上引入倍压单元,提高变换器电压增益,并把2个储能电感进行磁集成,减小变换器体积和电感电流纹波.分析了该变换器的工作原理以及工作模态,推导了输出电压增益公式、各二极管和开关管的电压应力以及电感电流纹波.与传统Boost变换器相比,电压增益提高了...     

A high efficiency input/output magnetically coupled interleaved buck–boost converter with low internal oscillation for fuel-cell applications: Small signal modeling and dynamic analysis

Dynamic behavior of DC–DC converters plays a crucial role in stability of renewable energy exploitation systems. This paper presents small signal modeling of an input/output magnetically coupled interleaved buck–boost converter for fuel-cell applications to help the designers with the better understanding of converter dynamics. Aiming to have a continuous converter transfer function for a smooth transition between the operation modes and an improved inner dynamics, a damping network and an input/output coupling have been added to the interleaved structure of well-known cascaded buck–boost converter. Having the same step-up/step-down voltage transfer ratio, smooth transition and improved inner dynamics make this converter quite suitable for renewable energy applications. The paper presents a small signal ac equivalent circuit model of the proposed converter based on state space averaging (SSA) method. Simulation results show remarkable improvements in converter dynamic behavior in both time and frequency domains. Prototype setup of 360 W and 36 V output voltage for a fuel cell with a brand of “FCgen 1020ACS” Ballard Power Systems, Inc. was implemented. Experimental results are presented to verify the theoretical model and its expected merits.     

Soft switching DC/DC converter with high voltage gain and less current ripple

A new soft switching three‐level converter with two DC/DC circuits in the primary side and current double rectifiers in the secondary side is presented to realize the zero‐voltage switching operation, reduce the transformer secondary winding turns and the output current ripple, and lessen the voltage rating of rectifier diodes. Two DC/DC pulse‐width modulation circuits sharing same power switches with interleaved half switching cycle are adopted in the proposed converter to reduce the current rating of transformer primary windings. Two inductors and four diodes are adopted in the secondary side to achieve current double rectifier, reduce output ripple current, and decrease the transformer secondary winding turns. Based on the pulse‐width modulation scheme, the power switchers can be turned on at zero‐voltage switching operation. Laboratory experiments with a 1.44 kW prototype are provided to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大功率直流系统六相磁耦合非隔离型双向DC-DC变流器研究

针对大功率电力电子系统对高效率、高功率密度、高可靠性双向变流器的需求,采用交错并联磁集成技术,深入研究了适用于大功率系统的六相交错型非隔离全耦合双向功率变换器,同时研究了适用于该变换器的、具备多自由度可变耦合度的阵列式对称化六相耦合电感器。首次提出了可实现六通道变换器主电感之间对称化全耦合的磁集成理论;通过对主电感全耦合理论和变换器的工作模态的详述分析,推导了不同占空比区间下静态及动态等效电感,采用归一化的处理方法,给出最佳耦合系数设计准则,并同时给出了通用扩展型阵列式耦合磁件的设计方法;最后通过仿真和实验,对采用非耦合与全耦合电感的变换器进行性能对比测试,证明了理论分析的正确性。六相非隔离磁耦合技术能够降低每个通道的电流应力、增大功率输出容量、降低总电压电流纹波,并同时改善变换器每相电流纹波和动态响应特性,进一步提高功率密度,更适用于大功率直流变换系统。     

交错并联Boost PFC电路的应用研究

详细论述了电感电流断续模式下的Boost PFC交错并联电路,该控制电路能有效减小输入电流纹波和开关器件的电流应力、减小单个电感容量和前级EMI滤波器尺寸,提高PFC电路的功率等级和效率。分析对比了电感电流断续模式下,交错并联Boost PFC电路中分立电感和耦合电感的工作原理。由分析可知,采用电感直接耦合的PFC电路存在电感峰值电流增大,输入电流谐波含量高,功率因数低等问题。采用一种新颖的耦合电感绕线方式,并利用Gyrator-Capacitor法对该耦合方式建立模型,仿真和实验证明这种新颖的电感绕线方式能很好地克服电感直接耦合存在的缺点。     

交错并联双向DC/DC变换器Buck模式下的耦合电感设计规则

针对目前交错并联双向DC/DC变换器中耦合电感设计规范不全面这一问题,以三相交错并联双向DC/DC变换器为例,在Buck模式下占空比在1/3~2/3范围内,研究变换器采用分立电感和耦合电感,对稳态电流纹波及暂态电流的响应速度的影响。通过对比,证明采用耦合电感具有减小稳态相电流纹波或者增大暂态总输出电流响应速度的作用,且占空比越接近1/3和2/3,耦合越强,效果越明显。给出一个耦合电感的设计规则,在这一规则下选择电感的耦合系数,既能减小变换器的稳态相电流纹波,又能提高暂态总输出电流响应速度。最后,通过实验证明了耦合电感具有提高暂态总输出电流响应速度和减小稳态相电流纹波的作用,从而证明了设计规范的正确性。     

Analysis and comparison of current control methods on bridgeless converter to improve power quality

In this paper, the performance analysis of power factor correction (PFC) current control methods is presented for a bridgeless converter operating under continuous conduction mode (CCM). The bridgeless converter has been proposed using proportional-integral control (PIC), average sliding control (ASC) and predictive current control (PCC) methods to obtain unity power factor (PF) and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current. Several PFC methods have been developed to satisfy the international standards such as IEC 61000-3-2 and IEEE 519-1992. The detailed steady-state theoretical analysis of the bridgeless converter is presented, which is verified by simulations and experiments carried out on 600 W and 50 kHz. The performance of the current control methods for the bridgeless converter is investigated by a Matlab/Simulink program. The experiments performed in the laboratory under input voltage and load variation ranges verify the theoretical and simulation studies. The control methods are programmed by the TMS320F2812 DSP microprocessor.     

Multi-objective optimization operation with corrective control actions for meshed AC/DC grids including multi-terminal VSC-HVDC

This paper presents a multi-objective optimal operation of meshed AC/DC power grids including multi-terminal voltage-source-converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-MTDC) systems. The proposed approach is modeled as a corrective security-constrained optimal power flow (CSC-OPF) problem, with the minimization of both the operation cost and power loss as the objectives. Moreover, it provides a cost-effective solution to assist in decision-making, and improves the system security during operation. The N − 1 contingency security criterion is enforced for both AC and DC transmission networks, and corrective control is used to eliminate or alleviate post-contingency security violations. The corrective control actions used in this paper include not only secure operation control actions, but also economical post-contingency corrective control of the multi-terminal VSC-HVDC. To increase the computation speed, a contingency screening technique is applied to CSC-OPF by efficiently selecting the most severe case of the N − 1 contingency, as obtained using a voltage security index (VSI). The proposed approach uses the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to find multi-objective OPF solutions by checking the post-contingency state feasibility while taking into account post-contingency corrective actions. Simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of this approach.     

Bi-directional electric vehicle fast charging station with novel reactive power compensation for voltage regulation

Excessive carbon emissions from the current transportation sector has encouraged the growth of electric vehicles. Despite the environmental and economical benefits electric vehicles charging will introduce negative impacts on the existing network operation. This paper examines the voltage impact due to electric vehicle fast charging in low voltage distribution network during the peak load condition. Simulation results show that fast charging of only six electric vehicles have driven the network to go beyond the safe operational voltage level. Therefore, a bi-directional DC fast charging station with novel control topology is proposed to solve the voltage drop problem. The switching of power converter modules of DC fast charging station are controlled to fast charge the electric vehicles with new constant current/reduced constant current approach. The control topology maintains the DC-link voltage at 800 V and provides reactive power compensation to regulate the network bus voltage at the steady-state voltage or rated voltage (one per unit). The reactive power compensation is realized by simple direct-voltage control, which is capable of supplying sufficient reactive power to grid in situations where the electric vehicle is charging or electric vehicle is not receiving charges.     

Nonlinear intelligent DC grid stabilization for fuel cell vehicle applications with a supercapacitor storage device

This paper presents an intelligent DC link control using a fuzzy logic controller based on the differential flatness control theory for hybrid vehicle applications supplied by a fuel cell (FC) (main source) and a supercapacitor (auxiliary source). The energy in the system is balanced by dc bus energy stabilization (or indirect voltage regulation). A supercapacitor module functions by supplying energy to regulate the dc bus energy. The FC, as a slow dynamic source in this system, supplies energy to the supercapacitor module to maintain its charge. The FC converter combines four-phase parallel boost converters with interleaving, and the supercapacitor converter employs four-phase parallel bidirectional converters with interleaving. These two converters are called a multi-segment converter for high power applications. Because the model of the power switching converters is nonlinear, it is preferable to apply model-based nonlinear control strategies that directly compensate for the nonlinearity of the system without requiring a linear approximation. Using the intelligent fuzzy control law based on the flatness property, we propose straightforward solutions to hybrid energy management and to the dynamic and regulation problems. To validate the proposed method, a hardware system is developed with analogue circuits, and a numerical calculation is generated with a dSPACE controller DS1104. Experimental results for a small-scale power plant (a polymer electrolyte membrane FC (PEMFC) of 1200 W and 46 A with a supercapacitor module of 100 F, 500 A, and 32 V) in the laboratory corroborate the excellent performance of this control scheme during vehicle motor drive cycles.     

Performance investigation of linear and nonlinear controls for a fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid power plant

In this paper, linear proportional–integral (PI) and nonlinear flatness-based controllers for dc link stabilization for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid power plants are compared. For high power applications, 4-phase parallel boost converters are implemented with a switching interleaving technique for a fuel cell (FC) converter, and 4-phase parallel bidirectional converters are implemented with a switching interleaving technique for a supercapacitor converter in the laboratory. As controls, mathematical models (reduced-order models) of the FC converter and the supercapacitor converter are given. The prototype small-scale power plant studied is composed of a PEMFC system (the Nexa Ballard FC power generator: 1.2 kW, 46 A) and a supercapacitor module (100 F, 32 V, based on Maxwell Technologies Company). Simulation (by Matlab/Simulink) and experimental results demonstrate that the nonlinear differential flatness-based control provides improved dc bus stabilization relative to a classical linear PI control method.     

DC/DC开关电源有源共模EMI滤波器的研制

开关电源中功率半导体器件的高速开通和关断过程会产生强烈的电磁噪声.传统方法是采用无源电磁干扰(EMI)滤波器来滤除噪声.基于补偿原理的有源EMI滤波器(AEF)是一种可替代无源滤波的新方法.根据其基本原理设计了一种DC/DC电源用的有源共模EMI滤波器(ACEF).仿真和实验结果均表明,该有源滤波器对共模噪声信号有较好的抑制能力.     

Experimental analysis and optimization of key parameters of ZVS mode and its application in the proposed LLC converter designed for distributed power system application

This paper deals with experimental analysis of zero-voltage switching mode targeting high-frequency operation of chosen MOSFET type. After selection of specific type of transistor (IPW60R165CP) the experimental investigation has been made by changing parameters (e.g. dead-time, auxiliary capacitance of MOSFET, transistor current), that are influencing the ZVS commutation process. For these purposes we constructed the universal testing device, which is capable to secure realistic conditions of various types of commutation modes (hard switching, zero-voltage switching, zero-current switching). Afterwards the best settings of commutation mode have been utilized in proposed LLC converter suited for distributed power system application. Prototype is operating in ZVS region with optimized parameters. Switching frequency is from 130 kHz (input voltage 325 Vdc) to 210 kHz (input voltage 415 Vdc) with the output power of 1500 W. It is clear from the results that experimental analysis of the ZVS commutation mode brings expectation of transistor behavior which was totally confirmed also in the case of experimental analysis of LLC resonant converter.     

Power and efficiency analysis of high-frequency Wireless Power Transfer Systems

This paper discusses the losses analysis of low power high-frequency Wireless Power Transfer Systems (WPTSs). Ideal models for efficiency evaluation of WPTS can predict performances that are quite far from the real ones. The model proposed in this paper includes semiconductor devices losses, as well as modulation of duty-cycle and phase for the secondary side rectifier. The global influence of semiconductor devices and control parameters on the overall WPTS performances is numerically determined by solving the herein discussed non linear equations system. Experimental measurements realized on a 2 W@6.78 MHz WPTS demonstrate the validity of this analysis.     

损耗最小化输出滤波电感的设计

在开关电源中,输出滤波电感有储能和平滑滤波输出电压的重要作用。传统设计方法是以临界连续电流为依据根据经验选取输出滤波电感值。这种方法的缺点是没有严格考虑输出电感上电流脉动对变换器的影响,而电感电流脉动量直接影响输出电压的质量、输出电感的制作及电源整体工作的可靠性。该文基于电感电流脉动对变换器的影响,提出了一种损耗最小化的输出电感设计方法,并以Buck变换器为例进行了实验验证。     

Study on FRT compliance of VSC-HVDC connected offshore wind plants during AC faults including requirements for the negative sequence current control

In this paper three new control modules are introduced for offshore wind power plants with VSC-HVDC transmission. The goal is to enhance the Fault Ride Thought (FRT) capability of the HVDC system and the connected offshore wind power plant during balanced and unbalanced AC faults. Firstly, a positive-sequence-voltage-dependent (PSVD) active current reduction control loop is introduced to the offshore wind turbines. The method enhances the performance of the offshore AC voltage drop FRT compliance strategy. Secondly, an adaptive current limiting control strategy which operates simultaneously on the positive and the negative sequence current is discussed. It enables negative sequence current injection, while at the same time respecting the maximum fault current capacity of the HVDC converter station. Finally, a state machine is proposed for the VSC-HVDC system and for the offshore wind turbines respectively. It coordinates the fault and the post-fault response during balanced as well as unbalanced faults, ensuring a smooth shift from the normal operating point towards the fault and the post-fault period. The test system consists of a two level VSC-HVDC link, rated at ±250 kV, connecting an offshore wind power plant with 700 MW generation capacity. Simulation results with a detailed EMT type model in PSCAD/EMTDC environment are presented.     

Mitigation of voltage unbalance by using static load transfer switch in bipolar low voltage DC distribution system

In this paper, a method is proposed to mitigate voltage unbalance and to reduce power loss due to neutral current in a bipolar Low-Voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system by using a static load transfer switch (SLTS). Furthermore, an algorithm to determine the proper position of loads by using the SLTS is presented; this algorithm is developed by considering the neutral current at each load point. The underlying strategy of the SLTS method is that a local substation generates switching signals by using the proposed algorithm on the basis of data measured by a DC/DC converter; thereafter, SLTSs, which are placed in the DC/DC converter, are operated to reconfigure the structure of loads. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the conventional method for calculating the percent voltage unbalance for an AC system is modified and made applicable for a DC system. The modeling of a 1500 V bipolar LVDC distribution system carried out using the ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is also presented herein. Finally, a simulation carried out by employing the SLTS method under various load conditions is presented; the results show a decrease in power loss and mitigation of voltage unbalance.