Restoration of Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distributed Generation Systems Utilizing Fault Current Limiter

A new approach is proposed to solve the directional overcurrent relay coordination problem, which arises from installing distributed generation (DG) in looped power delivery systems (PDS). This approach involves the implementation of a fault current limiter (FCL) to locally limit the DG fault current, and thus restore the original relay coordination. The proposed restoration approach is carried out without altering the original relay settings or disconnecting DGs from PDSs during fault. Therefore, it is applicable to both the current practice of disconnecting DGs from PDSs, and the emergent trend of keeping DGs in PDSs during fault. The process of selecting FCL impedance type (inductive or resistive) and its minimum value is illustrated. Three scenarios are discussed: no DG, the implementation of DG with FCL and without FCL. Various simulations are carried out for both single- and multi-DG existence, and different DG and fault locations. The obtained results are reported and discussed.     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.     

Adaptive overcurrent protection scheme coordination in presence of distributed generation using radial basis neural network

The operational performance of conventional overcurrent protection relay coordination connected to a distribution network is adversely afected by the penetration of distributed generators (DG) at diferent buses in the network. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel adaptive protection coordination scheme using a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), which automatically adjusts the overcurrent relay settings, i.e., time setting multiplier (TSM) and plug setting multiplier (PSM) based on the penetration of DGs. Short circuit currents and voltages measured at diferent buses are acquired using the remote terminal units (RTU) connected to diferent buses within the terminal network. Communication between the various remotes and local end station RTUs is through hybrid communication systems of fber optic and power line communication system modules. The new adaptive overcurrent protection scheme is applied to the IEEE 33-bus distribution network with and without DGs, for single and multi-DG penetration using both the ETAP and MATLAB software. The simulation results show the proposed scheme signifcantly improves the protection coordination.     

A novel approach to increase FCL application in preservation of over-current relays coordination in presence of asynchronous DGs

Introducing Distributed Generation (DG) into Power Delivery Systems (PDSs) alters protection design of these networks. Commonly approach to overcome this problem is disconnecting DG units from PDS during fault. In case of asynchronous DG type, because of installing shunt capacitive compensators, using FCL for restoration of relay coordination is not useful in some cases. In this paper, a new approach for restoration of directional over-current relay coordination using three type of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) is presented. The proposed restoration approach is carried out without altering the original relay settings or disconnecting DGs from PDSs during fault. The process of selecting FCL impedance type (inductive or resistive) and its minimum value is illustrated. Two scenarios are discussed: no compensator and whit compensator. Various simulations are carried out for both single and multi-DG existence, different DG and fault locations. The application of this approach is implemented into an IEEE typical distributed network and the obtained results are reported and discussed.     

Adaptive relay co-ordination using a busbar splitting approach for a system integrity protection scheme

Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents. If sustained for a long time, such high currents can damage system equipment. Thus, it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time. In this paper, a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protection scheme (SIPS). Whenever a fault occurs, the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure. The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced. Busbar splitting eliminates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set (MBPS) and reduces the relay operating time, thus making it adaptive. The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions. The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP, and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination.     

Dual-setting directional over-current relays: An optimal coordination in multiple source meshed distribution networks

To guarantee a safe operating scheme against the probable faults, an accurate and fast relaying scheme is of high priority. This challenge seems to be more sophisticated in multiple source meshed distribution networks hosting distributed generations (DGs). In this case, the current experiences bidirectional flows. More recently, dual-setting over-current relays are evolved as competent countermeasures for such cases. In this way, establishing an optimal coordination strategy is recognized as the first prerequisite in assuring a safe protection scheme. To this end, the present study aims at minimizing the overall operating time of primary and backup relays. Typically, the coordination problem is carried out by adjusting two parameters namely, pick up current (Ip) and time dial setting (TDS). In contradiction, the proposed approach follows a user-defined settings supported by some operating rules. Thus, besides the aforementioned settings, the coefficients of the inverse-time characteristics are also optimized. In other words, more flexibility is attained in adjusting relay’s characteristic in regard of the network’s loading and topological changes. Furthermore, inclusion of operating rules in main objectives, not only reduces the sum of operating time of all relays, but also increases the efficiency of backup relays regarding the break points in meshed networks. In other words, the covering zone by each backup relay is increased. The proposed approach demonstrates a non-linear programming fashion which is tackled based on genetic algorithm (GA). Several numerical studies are carried out to interrogate the validity of the proposed approach encountering different fault scenarios. The obtained results are encouraging.     

Algorithmic-knowledge-based adaptive coordination in transmission protection

Changes in power system operating conditions can affect both the reach point of distance relays and the coordination of distance and overcurrent relays. To improve the performance of the protection system, an adaptive scheme of relay settings is proposed. That is possible since the protection relays became digital . This paper describes a system for online adaptive setting and coordination of protection relays in meshed networks where the backup protection is achieved in remote form. After changes in the state of the network, an expert system (ES) performs the detection and proposes the correction of erroneous settings of protection zones and miscoordinations between relays at different stations; through an algorithm based on a fast determination of a nonminimal set of "break-points" (BPs) relays , new time characteristics for the coordination are found. The results of the application of the developed system to a test network of 34 nodes, 55 branches, and 110 relays are shown.     

Coordination of dual setting overcurrent relays in microgrid with optimally determined relay characteristics for dual operating modes

Fault current magnitude in a microgrid depends upon its mode of operation, namely, grid-connected mode or islanded mode. Depending on the type of fault in a given mode, separate protection schemes are generally employed. With the change in microgrid operating mode, the protection scheme needs to be modified which is uneconomical and time inefficient. In this paper, a novel optimal protection coordination scheme is proposed, one which enables a common optimal relay setting which is valid in both operating modes of the microgrid. In this context, a common optimal protection scheme is introduced for dual setting directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) using a combination of various standard relay characteristics. Along with the two variables, i.e., time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS) for conventional directional overcurrent relay, dual setting DOCRs are augmented with a third variable of relay characteristics identifier (RCI), which is responsible for selecting optimal relay characteristics from the standard relay characteristics according to the IEC-60255 standard. The relay coordination problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, and the settings of relays are optimally determined using the genetic algorithm (GA) and the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. To validate the superiority of the proposed protection scheme, the distribution parts of the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus benchmark systems are considered.     

Data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme to enhance distance relay performance during power swing

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing.     

基于广域网和多智能体的自适应协调保护系统的研究

介绍了一个基于广域网和多智能体的自适应协调保护系统(MAWBACPS)。系统利用IP广域网实现电网广域信息的实时交换;利用多Agent系统在解决分布式在线问题的合作求解能力,实现保护之间动作的协调。提出了尽力自适应的协调保护新思想以及线路电流后备保护的网络化自适应整定的新方法。论文还介绍了MAWBACPS的结构、通信机制、协调控制策略以及相关的智能体设计。基于上述思想和方法研制了仿真系统,仿真试验结果表明:自适应定值计算所需的时间可以被控制在允许的范围内,从而在一般情况下均可实现电网后备保护的自适应协调动作。     

Communication-based Adaptive Protection for Distribution Systems Penetrated with Distributed Generators

In this article, a communication-based adaptive over-current protection scheme for distribution systems penetrated with distributed generators is proposed. A communication network between the over-current relays, the distributed generators, and the utility grid is employed to automatically update the settings of the protective relays. Moreover, the communication reliability is increased through the addition of a backup communication system. The proposed scheme has the advantage of operating during grid-connected and islanding modes of operation. The scheme employs two simultaneous algorithms. The first algorithm works when the system configuration is changed due to the connection/disconnection of a distributed generator or the utility grid. The second algorithm efficiently uses the exchanged information between the relays to identify the faulted section and hence speeds up fault clearance. The proposed scheme is tested for difierent fault conditions as well as for different system configurations. The results demonstrated that relay operating times, including the communication delay, are greatly reduced when the faulted section is identified and relay settings are adjusted accordingly. In addition, a negligible time delay was experienced when the backup communication network was put in service.     

运用MAS的配电网保护和控制

随着信息设施的不断改善,大量的分布式发电机(DGs)将会接入配电网.为此,运用多代理技术提出了一个新的配电网保护方案.该方案中,各种不同的继电器被设计成继电器代理,区域内的继电器相互合作以定位和隔离故障.通过感知在继电器处的电流突然变化,来选择二元状态信号(电流的方向,幅值大小等)作为保护用信号.每个继电器同时利用同一...     

基于自关断器件的新型桥式短路限流器拓扑与控制策略

提出一种基于自关断开关器件的新型桥式短路故障限流器。该种单相(三相)限流器由1个整流桥、1个直流电感和1个(3个)旁路电感组成。直流电感用来限制故障初期的短路电流上升速度,其电感根据控制电路的响应速度和系统电压、电流额定值,以体积、成本最小为目标进行设计。旁路电感用来将短路电流限制到继电保护要求的数值上,其电感量根据系统电压和继电保护要求的短路电流设计。短路限流期间的电源电流仍为正弦量,因而不会对阻抗继电器、传统的电压电流互感器和总的继电保护方案产生不良影响。新型限流器的主电路得到了简化,控制电路和控制方法非常简单,动态性能得以提高。文中详细论述了用于三相系统的限流器的主电路拓扑结构、控制策略、参数设计与优化方法等。仿真和实验结果证明了所提新型限流器的有效性和实用性。     

Protection relay system using information network for distribution system with DGs

We propose a new protection scheme for selective and quick disconnection of a fault area in a distribution system, which can be flexibly adopted for a large‐scale introduction of distributed generators (DGs). When a fault occurs, relays provide a binary state signal which is activated if, for instance, the current at the corresponding relay location exceeds a certain value. Although each relay cannot locate the fault point with only its own signal, it can locate the fault by utilizing signals from other relays together with its own signal. Because only a binary state signal is transmitted instead of the actual physical variable such as the magnitude of the fault current, the network traffic is much less than when a conventional protection scheme for a transmission system using an information system is applied to a distribution system. The following are the main results of a simulation on our proposed protection scheme: (1) the proposed protection scheme can successfully disconnect only a fault feeder when the relays use signals provided from the sending end of the fault feeder and all other DGs on the same feeder, (2) in the case of a fault on a DG connected feeder, the DG can be disconnected within 0.06 s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 30–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20232     

反时限电流保护整定计算相关问题研究

分析比较了不同平坦度特性的反时限电流保护特点并提出其适用范围.通过建立反时限特性方程,对反时限电流保护之间的配合进行了理论分析,依据保护范围内时间差关系,得出满足选择性的2个结论:在被配合线路出口故障时上下级保护动作时间有级差;上级保护的电流倍数小于下级被配合保护的电流倍数.该结论适合于任意开环、闭环网络.在该结论基础上对反时限保护提出了切实可行的整定方案.最后,对定时限与反时限电流保护配合以及反时限与定时限电流保护 选择性配合进行了分析.     

An adaptive approach in distance protection using an artificial neural network

All relay settings are a compromise. Adaptive relaying accepts that relays that protect a power system may need to change their characteristics to suit the prevailing power system conditions. This philosophy has a wide range of applications covering many protective schemes. Here we consider a two-terminal transmission line, confirm that fault resistance and the location of faults can produce erroneous relay function and finally suggest ways to ensure the generation of the correct signal for relay operation. Retaining the microprocessor based framework, we show how artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be used effectively to achieve adaptive relaying for the above-mentioned problem. Adaptive relaying covers a large number of applications and the characteristics of relays vary widely, so the philosophy of adaptive relaying must vary accordingly. A modified multilayered perceptron model employs an additional node in the input layer. This additional input facilitates changes in the relay characteristic. The desired change in the quadrilateral relay characteristic is achieved by making appropriate changes in the thresholds and weights of the hidden layer neurons. A multiparameter adaptive scheme assumes that the additional input of the phase angle is available. Simulation results using ANNs for the different applications of adaptive relaying mentioned above are presented and discussed.     

LOCAL OPTIMAL COORDINATION BASED ADAPTIVE COORDINATION

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the development of an adaptive coordination scheme for the coordination of directional overcurrent relays for large interconnected power systems, using the concept of local optimal coordination under the changed system conditions. In response to a structural change or an operational change in the power system, the developed adaptive local optimal coordination algorithm automatically identifies the local disturbed region and re-coordinates only the settings of the relays which fall inside this identified local region in an on-line manner. The scheme developed is applied to the IEEE 57-bus test power transmission system. The results are validated through a full system coordination study and the usefulness of the reported algorithm is demonstrated.     

A new approach for calculating zone-2 setting of distance relays and its use in an adaptive protection system

This paper presents a method for calculating zone-2 setting of distance relays without causing coordination problems. The proposed method is based on the impedance seen by distance relays when faults are simulated on the reach of zone-1 of primary relays for the maximum and minimum generation outputs of the power system. It is shown that the proposed method increases the reach of zone-2 relays without causing coordination problems. The proposed method is modified for use in an adaptive protection system. It is shown that further improvements can be achieved when settings are calculated using the proposed method and the prevailing system conditions. Measures to alleviate the impact of communication failure are discussed. The proposed method and its adaptive version were applied to an existing power system and some results are reported in the paper.     

An on-line relay coordination algorithm for adaptive protectionusing linear programming technique

An adaptive system for protecting a distribution network should determine and implement relay settings that are most appropriate for the prevailing state of the power system. This paper presents a technique for determining coordinated relay settings. The technique uses the Simplex two-phase method; Phase I determines whether the constraints selected for illustrating the conditionality between primary and back up relays are feasible, and Phase II finds the optimal relay settings. A looped distribution system, protected by directional overcurrent relays, was used for testing the technique. The tests were conducted in a laboratory environment; some results from those tests are reported in the paper     

A new approach for optimal coordination of distance and directional over-current relays using multiple embedded crossover PSO

Proper coordination between distance relays and Directional Over-Current Relays (DOCRs) in power systems is one of the important conditions for the system security. The coordination problem in interconnected systems, because of complexity of the system, is complicated and a powerful optimization program must be used in order to do the best and optimal relay coordination.In this paper at first, a new problem formulation for optimal coordination of distance relays in presence of DOCRs, as the backup relays, is proposed. Then to deal with this complex problem, as another contribution, a new Multiple Embedded Crossover PSO (MECPSO) is proposed. In the presented MECPSO by updating velocity vector, diversity of the swarm is enhanced and exploration and global search capabilities of the PSO is improved as well. In the proposed approach, with considering the effect of in-feed or out-feed currents, the optimal second zone timing of distance relays and optimal settings of DOCRs are computed. The proposed method is tested on two case studies and encouraging optimal results are obtained.