五轴数控机床旋转轴几何误差测量与建模

利用球杆仪对五轴数控机床旋转轴的几何误差进行了测量及建模。在测试中,五轴数控机床采用两个平动轴和一个旋转轴同步运动,球杆仪采用径向、切向和轴向三种测试路径,并在此基础上对其进行几何误差建模。     

CKA6163变频数控车床床头箱的改进

详细分析CKA6163变频数控车床主轴箱刹车时间长、机械液压刹车与电机能耗制动不同步及换档时间长的原因,提出对刹车、换档结构的改进方案、措施,解决在实际生产过程中通过零件加工、部装、总装、调试以及用户使用过程中存在的问题,降低了生产成本,提高了加工效率。     

五轴数控机床几何误差建模方法研究

五轴数控机床是实现工件复杂表面精密加工的重要设备,而机床本身精度是保证加工精度的重要前提。以一台大型五轴数控加工机床为研究对象,分析各项误差,应用多体系统运动学理论,建立移动轴与旋转轴的几何误差数学模型,推导出刀具相对工件坐标系的位置与姿态误差表达式,为误差补偿提供精确数学模型,提高机床加工精度。     

超精密五轴机床的几何误差建模和灵敏度分析

基于设计出超精密机床的目的,研究了机床的几何误差建模和误差的灵敏度分析。基于刚体运动学和齐次变换矩阵(Homogeneous Transformation Matrix,HTM)建立了RTTTR配置的超精密五轴机床的几何误差模型,模型涉及37个误差分量。分别对37个误差分量进行了几何误差的灵敏度分析,分析结果将应用于超精密五轴机床的设计与制造上。     

基于五轴机床的叶轮实体建模与加工

由于整体叶轮的叶片是扭曲的,在建模和加工方面都有极大的困难。相比三轴加工机床,五轴机床具有较高的生产率和较好的加工质量等优点。根据实际工程数据,选用Pro/Engineer软件对实体叶轮进行造型,并对整体叶轮数控加工的走刀路径进行了分析和研究,针对干涉问题,选取刀轴自动避让功能,并定义刀轴限界功能。成功将NC程序从Powermill软件中导入到DEMAGE五轴机床。并以某离心式压缩机整体叶轮产品为例进行了加工验证,加工出了实体产品。实验结果表明选用的加工方法和工艺是非常成功的。     

数控机床参考点的设定

本文以数控车床为例介绍参考点设置的方法，供用户及同行参考。     

转台-摆头式五轴机床几何误差测量及辨识

为降低转动轴几何误差对转台-摆头式五轴机床精度的影响,提出了基于球杆仪的位置无关几何误差测量和辨识方法。基于多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换方法建立了转台-摆头式五轴机床位置无关几何误差模型,依据旋转轴不同运动状态下的几何误差影响因素建立基于圆轨迹的四种测量模式,并实现10项位置无关几何误差的辨识。利用所建立的几何误差模型进行数值模拟,确定转动轴的10项位置无关几何误差对测量轨迹的影响。最后,采用误差补偿的形式实验验证所提出的测量及辨识方法的有效性,将位置无关几何误差补偿前后的测量轨迹进行比较。误差补偿后10项位置无关几何误差的平均补偿率为70.4%,最大补偿率达到88.4%,实验结果表明所提出的建模和辨识方法可用于转台-摆头式五轴机床转动轴精度检测,同时可为机床精度评价及几何精度提升提供依据。     

Automatic selection of cutter orientation for preventing the collision problem on a five-axis machining

The rotation joints of a five-axis machine tool can offer freedom and appropriate rotation to prevent interference problem between workpiece and the cutter. However, to a five-axis machine tool, it is quite difficult to determine the collision-free cutter orientation. Over this problem, a two-stage cutting tool collision check method is proposed to prevent the collision problem during the cutting process on a five-axis machine tool. The proposed method is capable of determining the collision free ball-end cutter orientation automatically. The first stage is to obtain the tilting and collision-free angle range in the plane that is normal to the tool path obtained. Next, a checking cone generated from this collision-free tool axis range is used for the second collision check. The collision region is formed by the intersection of the neighboring surfaces. This implies a collision-free yaw angle range. The final cutting tool orientation is determined automatically by referring the original spindle axis and the least angular variation from the spindle axis. Finally, the implementation issue is discussed with example.     

Time domain coupled simulation of machine tool dynamics and cutting forces considering the influences of nonlinear friction characteristics and process damping

A higher machining ability is always required for NC machine tools to achieve higher productivity. The self-oscillated vibration called “chatter” is a well-known and significant problem that increases the metal removal rate. The generation process of the chatter vibration can be described as a relationship between cutting force and machine tool dynamics. The characteristics of machine tool feed drives are influenced by the nonlinear friction characteristics of the linear guides. Hence, the nonlinear friction characteristics are expected to affect the machining ability of machines. The influence of the contact between the cutting edge and the workpiece (i.e., process damping) on to the machining ability has also been investigated. This study tries to clarify the influence of the nonlinear friction characteristics of linear guides and ball screws and process damping onto milling operations. A vertical-type machining center is modeled by a multi-body dynamics model with nonlinear friction models. The influence of process damping onto the machine tool dynamics is modeled as stiffness and damping between the tool and the workpiece based on the evaluated frequency response during the milling operation. A time domain-coupled simulation approach between the machine tool behavior and the cutting forces is performed by using the machine tool dynamics model. The simulation results confirm that the nonlinear frictions influence the cutting forces with an effect to suppress the chatter vibration. Furthermore, the influence of process damping can be evaluated by the proposed measurement method and estimated by a time domain simulation.     

Precision design for machine tool based on error prediction

Digitization precision analysis is an important tool to ensure the design precision of machine tool currently.The correlative research about precision modeling and analysis mainly focuses on the geometry precision and motion precision of machine tool,and the forming motion precision of workpiece surface.For the machine tool with complex forming motion,there is not accurate corresponding relationship between the existing criterion on precision design and the machining precision of workpiece.Therefore,a design scheme on machine tool precision based on error prediction is proposed,which is divided into two-stage digitization precision analysis crucially.The first stage aims at the technology system to complete the precision distribution and inspection from the workpiece to various component parts of technology system and achieve the total output precision of machine tool under the specified machining precision;the second stage aims at the machine tool system to complete the precision distribution and inspection from the output precision of machine tool to the machine tool components.This article serves YK3610 gear hobber as the example to describe the error model of two systems and basic application method,and the practical cutting precision of this machine tool achieves to 5-4-4 grade.The proposed method can provide reliable guidance to the precision design of machine tool with complex forming motion.     

Volumetric distortion assessment of a five-axis machine by probing a 3D reconfigurable uncalibrated master ball artefact

In this paper, a method is proposed that uses an artefact assembled in situ and exploiting the on-machine probing capability to perform a rapid volumetric distortion assessment of a five-axis machine. The 3D reconfigurable uncalibrated master ball artefact (RUMBA) is an assembly of the machine pallet and an adjustable number of master balls located within the machine working and probing envelop. The artefact design philosophy allows flexibility in the number and positions of the balls thus conferring the reconfigurability attribute. Reconfigurability allows adaptation of the artefact to the machine topology and geometry and its construction around a fixture and workpiece to reduce disruption to machine production. On the down side, the artefact is uncalibrated as its construction concept hinders precise knowledge of its geometry. During a test, combinations of all the machine axes are used to move and probe the master balls. A mathematical model is developed in order to identify the setup errors of each master ball and the probe. Simultaneous identification of the rotary axes’ linear offset with the setup errors is proposed to improve the parameter estimation and volumetric distortion prediction. The machine contribution to the volumetric distortion is then computed from the ball centre data excluding the setup errors. Tests are conducted in a laboratory on a horizontal machining centre. The results show that the proposed mathematical procedure is capable of removing the influence of the uncalibrated artefact geometry, excluding scale, and that the proposed design is suited to the machine environment.     

An integrated prediction model for the dynamics of machine tool spindles

ABSTRACT

The predictility of dynamics of the machine tool spindles is essential for machining precision. During machining, the machine tool components and the cutting process interact with each other. Accordingly, it is necessary to take the process-machine interaction effects into account in order to predict the spindle's dynamics accurately. This paper presents an integrated model for the prediction of a spindle's dynamics. The model synthesizes the interactive influence between machine dynamics and forces in grinding process. The thermo-mechanical model of the spindle with angular contact ball bearings was built by using the finite-element method. The analytical model was used to calculate the process forces. A coupled simulation was adopted to accomplish the interactive process between the two models. Basing on the integrated model, the bearing stiffness, the natrual frequency, the spindle tip stiffness and deformations of a grinder's spindle were investigated. The prediction of the deformation fluctuations at the spindle tip due to process-machine interaction was also achieved.     

数控机床关键点设置的开发与应用

详细地阐述了在机床数控系统上关键点设置的三种方法,并开发了关键点设置的人机界面,分析了关键点设置的三种方法的利弊,最后提出并分析了关键点位置确认的两种方法.     

Development of a parametric model and virtual machine to estimate task specific measurement uncertainty for a five-axis multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine

Any combination of contact and non contact sensors on a single coordinate measuring machine makes it a multi-sensor or hybrid coordinate measuring machine. The ability to change the probing device without re-establishing the part coordinate system is a significant advantage and consequently the reason for their wide acceptance and usage. In addition to the existing three linear stages in a conventional or hybrid coordinate measuring machine, the number of axes can be augmented with two rotary stages in order to make them more versatile. This not only complicates the metrology loop but also adds more parametric errors to existing list of known 21 errors for a three stage conventional measuring machine. Also different probing sensors in the system have different metrology loops. Literature survey reveals that there is no previous or current work on estimation of task specific uncertainty for machines of this class with a wide potential for measuring complex parts quickly and with great ease. The current work focuses on developing a virtual measuring machine of this class which incorporates a parametric model of a five-axis multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine, techniques to estimate the parametric errors in the model and error correction strategies for the same. The virtual machine is used to mimic real time measurements in order to come up with estimates for task specific measurement uncertainty.     

Error modelling and measurement for the rotary table of five-axis machine tools

Rotary tables are widely used with multi-axis machine tools as a means for providing rotational motions for the cutting tools on the three-axis machine tools used for five-axis machining operations. In this paper, we present a comprehensive procedure for the calibration of the rotary table including: geometric error model; error compensation method for the CNC controller; error measurement method; and verification of the error model and compensation algorithm with experimental apparatus. The methods developed were verified by various experiments, showing the validity and effectiveness of the presented methods, indicating they can be used for multi-axis machine tools as a means of calibration and precision enhancement of the rotary table.     

在线支持向量机在数控铣床刀具磨损预测建模中的应用

刀具磨损的自动监测是现代制造技术的关键技术之一,是保证自动化加工顺利进行的前提之一.在实际生产当中,对刀具磨损的检测,不能停机检测而只能采取在线的间接监测方法.提出一种基于在线支持向量机的数控铣床刀具磨损的预测方法.结果表明,所提方法具有参数调整时间快、泛化能力强的优点,可以比较准确地监控刀具磨损.     

机床的进给驱动(下)

提出了设计高端机床进给驱动的若干原则.分析了滑动和滚动导轨的结构形式及其优缺点.讨论了不同直线进给和圆周进给的结构形式及其发展趋势.最后对保证进给运动精度的测量传感系统作了全面的介绍.     

机床床身导轨的磨损及其对机床精度的影响

介绍机床床身导轨的精度对机床精度有决定性影响，它直接影响被加工零件的尺寸、形状和位置误差值；导轨的磨损是造成机床床身导轨精度下降的根本原因，并以不同的形式对被加工零件的误差产生影响；导轨的磨损包括磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和腐蚀磨损等，在不可避免的情况下，介绍所采取的一些措施。     

Developing a postprocessor for three types of five-axis machine tools

This paper presents a postprocessor capable of converting cutter location (CL) data to machine control data for three typical five-axis machine tools to establish an interface between computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems and numerically controlled (NC) machines. The analytical equations for NC data are obtained using the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and inverse kinematics. In addition, the developed postprocessor method is implemented through a trial-cut on a five-axis machine and verified on the coordinate measurement machine. Experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed postprocessor method which can be used to integrate the various five-axis machine tools employed in manufacturing systems.     

并联机床控制事务的矩阵描述

为了简化并联机床各种控制事务间的逻辑关系,分析了并联机床控制事务的各种时序关系,提出采用状态矩阵来描述机床的当前控制状态,采用控制矩阵来描述机床的控制逻辑,并通过比较控制矩阵和状态矩阵,实现并联机床各事务的控制。